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Environmental and open public health aspects have an important and increasing role, especially in the exploration of natural fibers from recycle materials. The aim of this study is to synthesis cellulose from office waste paper and use it as a reinforcement filler to develop biocomposites. Epoxy reinforced kenaf fiber and cellulose composite were prepared in this study using polymer casting technique consisting of grinded kenaf fibre (natural fibre) 5% and epoxy 95% as reinforcement element. Cellulose was synthesized from recycled office papers and used as a filler to prepare cellulose/kenaf reinforced epoxy composite. Effect of cellulose to the mechanical properties of the composite were investigated. Samples were fabricated by weight percentage of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% of cellulose content. For mechanical properties impact test, Rockwell harness and tensile testings were conducted.

This article reports the use of wastepaper pulp as a direct source of cellulose for producing superabsorbent polymer. The white papers obtained from the offices in Adamson University were cut into 1 inch square pieces and drenched with distilled water and borax. This procedure was done couple of times to achieve a pH of 8 and consistency of 1%-2%. Commercial cotton was used as control to compare and differentiate the properties and structures with the superabsorbent polymer (SAP). Various trials have shown the value of 60 acrylamide beads to produce SAP with optimum performance. FTIR analysis shows properties that are characteristics of cellulose-based SAP. In the present investigation, the influence of temperature, effect in varying salt concentrations, swelling rate and water retention at constant temperature were evaluated. The SAP’s maximum swelling capacity ranges from 0.6561 g to 1.0638 g regardless of the amount of NaCl used. The swelling rate of the SAP proves that it gets heavier with time. Hence, it can be implied that the ability of the SAP to retain water is good. The temperature dependence data revealed the sorption process was favorable at higher temperature. The SAP will absorb the highest amount of solution at 500C given that the solution is pure.

This paper reports the properties of newly developed electrically conductive natural fiber paper sheet made up of kenaf fiber (KF) incorporated with polyaniline coated kenaf fiber (KF-PANI). This study proposed on dispersion of conductive filler in different amount (wt %) into kenaf pulp for developing different electrical conductivity. The conductive sheet (KF/KF-PANI) revealed a percolation concentration at 25 wt% of KF-PANI. Its scanning electron micrograph showed good paper formation with no significant damages.

With many years of research, color ink-jet printing technology has reached the requirements of color ink-jet printing. The significance of this experiment is to find a suitable method to improve the quality of color ink-jet printing paper. In this work, the dispersion effect and types of sodium polyacrylate (PAAS) on nano-SiO2 solution are discussed, and the most suitable PAAS dosage is selected. When the dosage of PAAS is 8%, the dispersibility of nano-SiO2 solution is much better, with an average color density of 1.60, a gloss of 59% and an ink absorption value of 10.2 cm. Adhesives also have a great influence on color ink-jet printing paper. When the amount of PVA is 30% of nano-SiO2, the average color density is 1.62. Glossiness and ink absorption are also the best.

Direct hydrogen fuel cells are generally heavy and rigid systems based on metal or plastic materials, which are not suitable for various miniwatt and flexible devices. In this study, we have developed a lightweight and flexible fuel cell based on paper substrate embedded with an Al foil inside, which is used as an in-situ hydrogen source by reaction with an electrolyte solution during operation. Benefited from the inhibited hydroxyl transportation by the porous cellulose network, the vigorous Al corrosion reaction is well controlled even though strong alkaline electrolyte is adopted, so that the fuel cell can be discharged for more than 5 hours at 1 mA cm-2 (0.83 V) with only 3.5 mg Al foil. The corresponding faradaic and energy efficiencies are as high as 72% and 18.3%, respectively. The fuel cell flexibility is also quite good when facing different bending angles. Considering its moderate power output, this flexible paper-based hydrogen fuel cell is especially suitable for powering various miniwatt and flexible devices, such as wearable electronics, biosensors, RFID tags, etc. However, higher power can be obtained by suitable stacking of the fuel cell.

Heat Recovery Ventilators (HRV) are gradually becoming more popular in urban cities and buildings as it is able to effectively maintain the indoor air quality while also using minimal amounts of energy. The key component in the HRV is the Paper Heat Exchanger, which allows the heat exchange of indoor and outdoor air through a crossflow, while also filtering out stale air and dust particles. This article investigates the effect of manipulating the supply and exhaust air velocity on the enthalpy and temperature exchange efficiency of a paper heat exchanger. Data is obtained from experimental results, where the experiments are conducted in a test lab using heat recovery ventilators (HRV) installed with paper heat exchangers. Two paper heat exchangers from different suppliers were tested inside a HRV installed in an air conditioned room. The HRV fan speed was varied at a fixed interval of 0.5 m/s, and the air velocity was measured by using a wind speed meter. At the same time, a USB data logger was used to collect relative humidity and temperature of the air at the supply inlet, indoor air inlet, and return air outlet to determine temperature exchange efficiency and the enthalpy of air. The results of the testing shows that the HRV was able to achieve a temperature exchange efficiency of 47 to 63% and enthalpy exchange efficiency of 63 to 94% for PHEX-A, and a temperature exchange efficiency of 28 to 48% and enthalpy exchange efficiency of 57 to 85% for PHEX-B. The data shows that PHEX-A has higher efficiency than PHEX-B.

A PI/cellulose composite separator was prepared by adsorbing bacterial cellulose on a PI separator prepared via a papermaking process. The PI/cellulose separator exhibited good thermal stability and electrolyte wetting properties compared to commercial celgard 2340 separator. The amount of bacterial cellulose added was 20%. Bacterial cellulose fills the porosity of the PI separator. The PI/cellulose composite separator possesses excellent thermal stability even at 200 °C and high electrolyte wettability with a contact angle of 58°.

Wastes from paper industry are mostly combustible. It is possible to recycle them with energy recovery. These wastes have a high moisture content (up to 60%) and thus a small calorific value. An alternative to waste incineration is the production of solid recovered fuel. The benefits are: easy adjustment of the physical and chemical properties of the fuel (via the change of proportions of ingredients), low moisture and high calorific value. The study involved the following types of cellulose wastes: - Belmer - the rejects from recovered paper, Krofta - deinking sludge, sludge - wastewater treatment sludge, bark - the rejects from virgin pulps. The results of investigations of waste produced in one of the biggest Polish paper mill - are shown. Following aspects were investigated: energy properties, content of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, chlorine and nitrogen, chemical composition of ash. Authors proposed two formulas of the biomass fuel. The properties of the fuel such as the content of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, chlorine or nitrogen, the chemical composition of the ash were investigated. Due to the fact that the combustion of the biomass fuel is preferred in view of law regulations (zero CO2 emission, green certificates) the content of biodegradable fraction was examined. It has been shown that the fuel is a biomass one. Fuel from waste can be a substitute for approx. 25% of primary fuel (coal) used by the paper mill.

Recently, the best method to make the concrete industry more sustainable was using the waste materials to replace the natural resources. Currently waste paper sludge is a major economic and environmental problem in this country. In this research, the alternative method is to dwindle the usage of natural resources and the usage of cement in the construction. This method is to replace the usage of cement with the waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) and to use the recycle aggregate collected from the construction is used. The WPSA has ingredient likely cement such as self-cementation but for a low strength. The research was conducted at heavy laboratory UITM Pulau Pinang. Meanwhile, the WPSA is collected at MNI Industries at Mentakab, Pahang. The recycle aggregate is a separated half, which were fine aggregate and the coarse aggregate with the specific size. In this research, the ratio is divided into two (2) which is 1:1 and 1:2 for the aggregate and difference percentage levels of WPSA. The percentage levels of WPSA that use in this research are 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%. A total of 36 cubes were prepared. Aim of this research is to develop a simple design approach for the mixture proportioning of WPSA and recycle concrete aggregate (RCA) within the concrete and to assess the effect of concrete mix with different percentage of WPSA and RCA ratio on the properties. It is found that the best design mix that achieves control low strength material (CLSM) is on 30% of WPSA with the ratio 1:2 on day 28 of compression test.

We have studied experimentally the dynamics of the separation of a sheet of paper into two halves in a peeling configuration. The experimental setup consists of a peeling device, where a fracture front is driven along the plane of the paper, with a constant force. The theoretical picture is how an elastic line interacts with a random landscape of fracture toughness. We compare the results with theoretical simulations in several aspects. One recent finding concerns the autocorrelation function of the average front position. The data from the experiments produces so-called cusps or singularities in the correlation function, as predicted by the functional renormalization group theory for elastic lines. Comparisons with simulations with either a short range or a long range elastic kernel demonstrate that the latter agrees with the experimental observations, as expected.

Vibration transmissibility is an important factor to characterize the vibration absorption performance of cushioning packaging materials during transportation. Reasonable prediction of vibration transmissibility can guide antivibration design and reduce packaging cost. As a kind of green cushioning material, paper honeycomb sandwich structure is widely used in transport packaging because of its good machinability. But at the same time, it also has strong water absorption capacity. To a great extent, the vibration transmissibility of paper honeycomb sandwich structure may be affected by ambient humidity. In this research, the vibration transmissibility of paper honeycomb sandwich structures with various structure sizes under different humidity was tested by sine frequency sweep experiments. The rule of maximal vibration transmissibility with moisture content, cell length of honeycomb, and thickness of sandwich structure was analyzed. The results show that the maximal vibration transmissibility of paper honeycomb sandwich structure increases with the increase of moisture content, cell length of honeycomb, and thickness of sandwich structure. In order to construct the relationship between maximal vibration transmissibility and various factors, the moisture content was standardized. Finally, the maximal vibration transmissibility evaluation equation of paper honeycomb sandwich structure containing standardized moisture content and size of sandwich structure was obtained, which is of some reference value for vibration prediction of paper honeycomb sandwich structures.

A major problem arising from the widespread use of forestry biomass and processed timber waste as fuel is related to the production of significant quantities of ash as a by-product from the incineration of such biomasses. A major portion (approximately 70%) of the wood waste ash produced is land-filled as a common method of disposal. If the current trend continues with waste products, such as paper mill sludge landfills, a large amount of space would be required by 2020. A revenue study was conducted as a result of investigations into the use of paper mill sludge as recycled materials and additives in concrete mixes for use in construction projects. The study had to provide the assurance that the concrete produced had the correct mechanical strength. Concrete mixes containing paper mill sludge were prepared, and their basic strength characteristics such as the compressive strength, flexural strength, ultra pulse velocity and dynamic modulus elasticity were tested. Four concrete mixes, i.e. a control mix, and a 10%, 20%, and 30% mix of paper mill sludge as cement replacement for concrete were prepared with a DoE mix design by calculating the weight of cement, sand and aggregate. The performance of each concrete specimen was compared with the strength of the control mix. As a result, when the percentage of paper mill sludge in the concrete increased, the strength decreased. Overall, a high correlation was observed between density and strength of the concrete containing paper mill sludge.

Flame spread over combustible solid must be precisely identify in fire hazard and this is the basic problem in fire safety engineering field. To explore the flame spread mechanism over combustible solid, the downward flame spread behaviour over paper and bagasse has been investigated in this experiment. It found that the combustion pattern for paper was slightly different from the bagasse on the front view and this was analysed through the observation. The result also showed that the flame spread rate for paper is higher compared to the flame spread rate for bagasse. It seem that, although bagasse is the combustible solid the rate of flame spread is lower and the usage of bagasse can help to control the flame spread.

We study the evolution of mechanical properties of paper samples during cyclic experiments. The issue is to look at the sample-to-sample variation, and we try to predict the number of loading cycles to failure. We used two concurrent methods to obtain the deformation: the strain was calculated from vertical displacement measured by laser interferometer sensor, as well as, computed by digital image correlation technique from pictures taken each 2s by a camera. Acoustic emission of fracture was also recorded, and an active ultrasonic wave method using piezoelectric transducers is used to follow the viscoelastic behaviour of each sample. We found that a sharp final increase of different variables like deformation, strain rate and fluctuations, are signs of an imminent rupture of the paper. Moreover looking at the evolution of these quantities during the first cycle only is already an indicator about the lifetime of the sample.

The paper presents results of a comparative analysis of parameters of two kinds of solid dielectrics used in air insulation systems to prevent occurring partial discharges. The research works regarded materials made of: cellulose pressboard and aramid paper. All measurements were performed under laboratory conditions by changing the value of partial discharges generation voltage until breakdown occurred in the inhomogeneous environment that was simulated using needle-plate (made of copper) electrode system. The main contribution which resulted from studies is a statement that potential use of aramid paper as a dielectric can extend the life of a high voltage electric device as compared to standard cellulose pressboard usage due to higher electric resistances to breakdown or detection of corona voltage. Results shown that the aramid paper has greater electric resistance to breakdown in comparison to cellulose with no difference between both on detecting corona of partial discharge.

The flame-retarded paper-based polyvinyl chloride (PVC) wallcoverings were successfully prepared, using plant fiber paper as base material and adding inorganic flame retardants and flame-retarded plasticizer as additives. Flame retardancy, thermostability, smoke suppression and mechanical properties were tested regarding to the prepared wallcoverings. The results showed that 2ZnO·3B 2 O 3 ·3.5H 2 O could improve flame retardancy and thermostability of paper-based PVC wallcoverings; plasticizer tricresyl phosphate increased flame retardancy of the prepared materials auxiliarily. Also, flame-retarded paper-based PVC wallcoverings with higher flame retardancy, smoke suppression and mechanical property was prepared using plant fiber paper with fix quantity of 90 g/m 3 as base material, using 2ZnO·3B 2 O 3 ·3.5H 2 O as inorganic flame retardant, and using tricresyl phosphate as plasticizer. For the flame-retarded paper-based PVC wallcoverings in this study, the limit oxygen index (LOI) reaches 32.3, maximal smoke density is 16.91 %, and the horizontal and longitudinal wet tensile strength reaches 1.38 kN·m −1 and 1.51 kN·m −1 respectively. Meanwhile, its flame retardancy meets the requirements about flame retardancy for material Class B 1 listed in Chinese National Standards GB 8624-2012, Classification for burning behavior of building materials and products . This research creates an effective path to prepare paper-based PVC wallcoverings with high flame retardancy.

Eucalypt wood is an important raw material with multiple uses applied for furniture, pulp and paper, charcoal, biomass, and construction. Sixteen tests were performed to evaluate physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus triantha, which could estimate the possibility of utilization of this woody material in construction. In all, about 267 repeats were realized. Two moisture contents were regarded according to the Brazilian and American standard documents: fiber saturation point (30%) and standard dried point (12%). Results were statistically treated with t-test and demonstrated increases in six mechanical properties from Eucalyptus triantha wood species: rupture moduli in perpendicular and parallel compressions and static bending; elasticity moduli in parallel tensile, perpendicular compression, and static bending. Volumetric mass and bulk densities were practically stable. Physical and mechanical properties estimation evinced that Eucalyptus triantha wood can be used in structural elements.

The aim of research was to observe and to describe biodestructions of fabrics that usually used inside a home, to estimate the destruction (total number of destruction “N” and destruction index “K”). The samples of fabrics were placed into a thermostat in sterile Petri dishes on moistened sterile filter paper in order to stimulate the microflora occurred on fibers. Incubation carried out in a thermostat at a +24-28 °C, humidity of 90-100% and exposed for 8 month. The samples examined with a microscope. As a result of the study of fiber’s damage, the types of damage were identified as follow: layering, fretting, mottling, fouling, spotting, swelling, granular disintegration, delamination, thinning, and damage of the fiber wall. Initially the most destructed was detected sample of natural silk and hemp according to the highest value of destruction index K. However, after 8 months of exposure, this sample turned out to be the most resistant to biodegradation. The data obtained based on the evaluation of the biostability of fabrics made from various textile fibers showed that the usage of natural silk, hemp and polyester able to supply textile with resistance to biodegradation by spontaneous microflora.

The application of bamboo by-products such as bamboo branches, chips to recycle and produce pressed bamboo pulp is an urgent task in Vietnam. It perfectly replaces natural wood with artificial wood embryos from bamboo powder, which has both economic benefits of reserving the source of raw materials, environmental protection The paper presents a study on the influence of technological parameters on the tensile strength of pressed bamboo plastic fiber that is a new product of a project of our laboratory.

International audience; Liquid biofuels for compression ignition engines are often based on vegetable oils. In order to be used in compression ignition engine the vegetable oils have to be processed because of their high viscosity or it is also possible to use vegetable oils in fuel blends. In order to decrease the viscosity of the fuel blends containing crude vegetable oil the alcohol-based fuel admixtures can be used. The paper describes the effect of rapeseed oil–diesel fuel–n-butanol blends on combustion characteristics and solid particles production of turbocharged compression ignition engine. The 10% and 20% concentrations of n-butanol in the fuel blend were measured and analysed. The engine Zetor 1204, located in tractor Zetor Forterra 8641 with the power of 60kW and direct injection was used for the measurement. The engine was loaded through power take off shaft of the tractor using mobile dynamometer MAHA ZW500. The measurement was carried out in stabilized conditions at 20%, 60% and 100% engine load. The engine speed was kept at 1950 rpm. Tested fuel blends showed lower production of solid particles than diesel fuel and lower peak cylinder pressure and with increasing concentration of n-butanol in the fuel blend the ignition delay was prolonged and premixed phase of combustion was increased.

Since cotton ginning in Uzbekistan is carried out mainly by saw gins, this article proposes a technology for the process of cotton ginning, regeneration, and purification of fibrous waste. The process of regeneration and purification of fibrous waste is an urgent problem for the cotton ginning industry since the composition of fibrous waste contains about 80% of spun fiber. Technology “The process of separating the fiber from seeds” was carried out in two stages: in the first stage of separating the fiber from seeds, a low density of the raw roller of the saw gin took place, while the productivity remained unnamed. After the first stage of separating the fiber from the seeds, the fiber was cleaned in fiber cleaners. The fibrous waste separated in the fiber cleaner was mixed with the seeds after the first stage of separating the fiber from the seeds and fed to the second stage of separating the fiber from the seeds. This paper proposes a technology for the regeneration and purification of fibrous waste, separated during fiber purification. The influence of the length of the seed comb pegs when ginning a mixture of progressed seeds and fibrous waste on gin using the 1DR-119 regenerator on the gin parameters and the quality of the resulting fiber has been studied. A diagram of an experimental technological process is proposed and the results of production tests carried out at “JSC Dalverzin Buttermilk Cleaning” are presented. Experimental dependences of productivity, quality indicators of fiber, and seeds on the length of the splitting of the seed comb were obtained. In this case, the length of the pegs of the seed comb was studied in the aisles from 95 to 125 mm. The results of the experiments showed that with the lengthening of the heads of the seed comb, the residence time of the seeds in the working chamber increases, which entails a slight decrease in productivity and an increase in the share of short fiber in the product, but when the length of the heads of the seed comb is 125 mm, lint prevails in the mass of fibrous products. Having a lower specific gravity compared to fiber, causing a decrease in the seed throughput of the regenerator gin. Analyzing the results of studies of the effect of the length of the pegs on the quality indicators of fiber and seeds after the second stage of ginning, it was revealed that with a decrease in the pubescence of the seeds emerging from the working chamber, their mechanical damage increases, which leads to an increase in the fiber of broken seed and such a hard-to-remove defect as a peel with fiber. Based on the research results obtained during processing on the 1DR-119 regenerator gin of a mixture of ginned seeds with the fibrous waste of fiber cleaners at different lengths of the seed comb splints, the most acceptable length of the seed comb is 105-115 mm, since this produces a standard fiber with a staple mass length of 30.1 – 29.9 mm, meeting the standards.

This paper presents preliminary research of lignocellulosic biomass torrefaction by using microwave heating. The experimental setup was developed using a microwave oven with 2.45 GHz frequency. The torrefaction effect was studied by varying the microwave power level (160-480 W) and reaction time (5-30 min). The two Polish biomass feedstock, agricultural residue (wheat straw) and energy crop (Miscanthus giganteus) were used in this study. Fuel properties like H/C and O/C ratio were assessed from elemental composition. Mass yield and energy yield of the torrefied fuels were also determined. It was found that higher microwave power levels contributed to higher heating rate and reaction temperature, and thus produced the torrefied biomass with higher heating value and lower H/C and O/C ratios.

The characteristics of four kinds of sludge obtained from different drinking water treatment plants in Australia and China were contrastively analyzed in this study using x-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction. The conducted SAI test determined the pozzolanic reactivity of drinking water sludge ash (DWSA), which was derived from the grinding and calcination of drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS). The results indicated that the Al2O3 and SiO2 were the main components of DWTS, and the main crystalline minerals in DWTS were quartz, kaolinite, and aluminum sulfate hydroxide hydrate, which can be transformed into the reactive amorphous state after calcination at 800 ºC. Also, the SAI index of DWSA-derived mortar samples met the requirement, indicating a satisfying pozzolanic reactivity. Therefore, the DWTA was possible to be recycled as a pozzolan in cement-based materials.

The quality of the produced yarn mainly depends on the properties of the raw material, its preparation for spinning, the condition of the equipment, and the preservation of the natural quality of cotton fiber during processing. The question of the number of defects in cotton fiber and their total content is a very important issue for cotton spinning. The non-standardized number of defects in the raw material reduces the quality indicators and yarn yield, which requires additional technological processes; therefore, on the part of production, the requirements for reducing the share of cotton fiber defects are constantly increasing. During processing in blowing and cleaning units and on carding machines, the cotton fiber is mechanically damaged. To observation the damaged fibers, we used the Congo-Roth red paint according to the method of Ch. Dore. Despite the carding is considered the last stage in the process of cleaning the fibers from impurities and defects in the spinning system, 30% of impurities and fiber defects still remain on the card sliver. Besides, it should be noted the carding machine is also considered an additional occurrence of defects, in particular (neps), which reduce the quality indicators of the card sliver and the finished product.

Due to the high viscosity and stickiness of dehydrated sludge, the combination of foaming pretreatment and drying process is an effective method to improve the drying performance of dehydrated sludge. In this study, alkali and industrial lignin fiber addition followed by mechanical whipping was employed for foaming the dewatered sludge. Using alkali alone as foaming agent, the optimal NaOH addition was found at 2.5 wt%, which was superior to adding CaO. Considering the maximum foaming efficiency, 2% industrial lignin fiber FH-300 collected as a conditioner and 1% NaOH was optimal. The foams in dewatered sludge were highly stable. The total number of bubbles of sludge with different densities had big differences. The diameters of bubbles concentrated on the range of 0.1 mm-0.3 mm.

Synthetic coagulants currently used to treat dye wastewater in the water treatment industry has been found to produce large amounts of waste and is bad for the environment. The research then presents two different methods of preparing Hibiscus Sabdariffa as a natural coagulant which are direct method and freeze-drying method to possibly replace synthetic coagulant in treating dye wastewater. The two different methods of preparing natural coagulant Hibiscus Sabdariffa are compared in terms of protein retention and coagulation performance at removing dye from dye wastewater. This is to determine which method of preparation is better at preparing a Hibiscus Sabdariffa as a natural coagulant to be used in the water treatment industry. Three analysis are done to determine the optimum concentration of Hibiscus Sabdariffa powder and freeze-drying duration is based on (i) surface morphology, (ii) water solubility and (iii) water activity. Optimum concentration of Hibiscus Sabdariffa powder is 20wt% and 24-hour freeze-drying duration. Another analysis is done to compare protein retention of each methods of preparation using (iv) Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy testing. Protein in Hibiscus Sabdariffa prepared using freeze drying is completely retained based on Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy results. Supporting data of protein retention properties of freeze drying is proven by water activity in Hibiscus Sabdariffa powder is at 0.478 and below the 0.6 threshold value. Water activity of 0.478 means that there is not enough water content in Hibiscus Sabdariffa powder for microorganisms to grow and degrade the protein. Optimum coagulant dosage and pH value that Hibiscus Sabdariffa prepared using the two different methods best works in is determined based on two experiments called (v) effects of coagulant dosage on dye removal percentage and (vi) effect of pH value of preparation methods on colour removal percentage. Coagulation performance of both preparation methods are also determined using experiment (v) and (vi). Hibiscus Sabdariffa prepared using freeze drying has better coagulation performance with higher colour removal percentage at lower required coagulant dosage and higher dye removal percentage at varied pH values compared to direct method. As a result, freeze drying is better in terms of coagulation performance compared to direct method at preparing natural coagulant Hibiscus Sabdariffa. Coagulation performance of natural and chemical coagulant is compared using (vii) jar test comparison between natural and chemical coagulant on colour removal. This is to determine if coagulation performance of natural coagulant is comparable to chemical coagulant. Coagulation performance of natural coagulant is only slightly lower than synthetic coagulant at colour removal percentage of 91.2% compared to 92.3%. This makes the coagulation performance of natural coagulant comparable to synthetic coagulant allowing it to be an alternative to synthetic coagulant based on coagulation performance. Therefore, Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) will then be conducted to compare the better method of preparation of natural coagulant which is freeze-drying of natural coagulant Hibiscus Sabdariffa to chemical coagulant alum. Life Cycle Analysis done is to determine, evaluate and compare natural against chemical coagulant based on 3 sustainability aspects economic, environment and social aspects. This is to determine the feasibility of natural coagulant Hibiscus Sabdariffa in the water treatment industry on whether it is a possible alternative or replacement to the currently used synthetic coagulant alum. Based on Life Cycle Analysis natural coagulant is the better alternative compared to chemical coagulant based on impact towards the environment and health and well-being of society. However, the implementation of natural coagulant in the water treatment industry is still not feasible as production cost of natural coagulant is 126.86 times more expensive compared to chemical coagulant. As a result, currently Hibiscus Sabdariffa as a natural coagulant is not able to replace synthetic coagulant alum in the water treatment industry.

Biomass pyrolysis is an advanced process which leads to obtaining products as chars, primary tars and gases. Depending on pyrolysis conditions and reactor construction, the pyrolysis could be divided into three categories: slow, intermediate and fast. This work concerns the experimental analysis of an intermediate pyrolysis of biomass residues in a fixed bed reactor. As raw materials, pine bark and wheat straw were selected. Experiments were carried out at three temperatures: 400, 500 and 600 °C under constant volume flow rate of inert gas equal to 100 ml/min. Biomass samples were kept for 150 seconds in the hot zone. The main goal was to compare yields, elemental composition, and calorific values of received products under studied process conditions. The ultimate analysis of chars and organic fractions of oils was performed. Obtained results from ultimate analysis allowed to determine higher heating values by a theoretical correlation. The products of pyrolysis obtained at 600 °C characterized by the most energetic parameters. The higher heating value for organic fraction of tars was 31.62 MJ/kg while for char was 29.47 MJ/kg.

Experimental studies of the electrical conductivity of whole berries, peels, and pulp of apples and grapes were carried out according to the methods that the measurement voltage should not exceed the threshold and the measurement time should be minimal, and mechanical damage to the cells during contact with the electrodes was not allowed. To study the electrical conductivity (electrical resistance) of apples, grapes, and their constituent elements, a device is developed that represents a three–electrode system. The study of the specific volume resistance of the pulp of apple and grape. Development of a methodology for a three–electrode system to determine the electrical conductivity of the pulp and skin of fruits and grapes. Three–electrode system showed sufficient accuracy for apple and grape the electrical conductivity. The volumetric resistance of the skin was much greater than the pulp. The tissue resistance of fruits and grapes with an increase in the frequency of the measuring current decreases exponentially.

A study of drying parameters on the drying process of Pisum Sativum bean was carried out. The effects of drying temperature of moisture air from 40°C to 80°C on the drying time and on the drying kinetics were demonstrated not only on conventional electric dryers but also on heat pump dryers. Besides, checking the steady operation of the heat pump dryer was also considered. The results show that, when temperature rises, the shorter time and the faster removal of moisture content can be obtained for both dryer systems. Drying in an electric heater at 80°C took only 1 hour 45 minutes, but the broken skin of pea seeds happened. The comparison of heat pump dryer and electric dryer was presented with the shorter drying time on heat pump than electric dryer as a result of removing water vapor from moisture air at the evaporator of heat pump, it led to the reduction of specific humidity of air entering the drying chamber. And the last impressive result which can be seen is that the drying rate of a heat pump is higher than an electric dryer at the same drying temperatures beside the energy consumption of electric dryer is 2.76 times as much as that of heat pump dryer.

Physicomechanical and tribotechnical properties of structural composite materials based on thermoplastic polymer and organomineral ingredients operating under friction and wear conditions during contact with pulp (raw cotton) have been investigated. The regularities of changes in the physical, mechanical and tribotechnical properties of structural composite materials during contact interaction with raw cotton were determined, the dependence of their properties on the type and content of graphite, mineral and fibrous fillers in structural composite materials was studied. It has been established that the nature and structure of fillers has a certain effect on the physical and mechanical properties of composite materials based on polypropylene. At the same time, fiber-filled compositions have the highest mechanical strength. It was also found that when mineral fillers are introduced into composite polymer materials, their coefficient of friction with raw cotton increases significantly, while the wear rate decreases, except for fillers with a plate structure (kaolin, talc), when used, a decrease in the coefficient of friction is observed. The introduction of carbon-graphite fillers into the composition of composite materials leads to a significant decrease in the coefficient of friction, temperature and static electricity charge in the friction zone with raw cotton. The introduction of fillers with a fibrous structure leads to a significant decrease in the rate of wear of the composites. It provides high strength and resistance of the material under thermomechanical action. Effective compositions of structural composite materials for work under conditions of contact interaction with fibrous mass have been developed, and their physical, mechanical and tribotechnical properties have been investigated.

Ethylene yield is significant in showing the performance of the steam cracker furnace in the olefin plant. This study was conducted in the actual large-scale olefin plant to see the impact of various variables towards the ethylene yield. The analysis was conducted utilizing Regression Analysis in Minitab Software Version 18 to develop a reliable ethylene yield model. The model concluded that ethylene yield in the studied plant was contributed by the factor of -0.000901, 0.02649, -0.282, 0.16, -0.0834, 0.1268, and 0.0057 of Hearth Burner Flow, Integral Burner Flow, Steam Drum Pressure, Super High-Pressure Steam (SHP) Boiler Feed Water Flow, SHP Flow, Naphtha Feed Flow, and Stack NOx Emission respectively. The Response Optimizer tool also showed that the ethylene yield from naphtha liquid feed utilizing pyrolysis cracking can be maximized at 32.55% with control setting at 9,476.41 kg/hr of Hearth Burner Flow, 608.56 kg/hr of Integral Burner Flow, 112.93 Barg of Steam Drum Pressure, 109.11 t/hr of SHP Boiler Feed Water Flow, 86.42 t/hr of SHP Flow, 63.49 t/hr of Naphtha Feed Flow and 126.23 mg/m3 of Stack NOx Emission.

Finishing is one of the fundamental steps of textile production and still, nowadays it largely depends on empirical knowledge. Aim of finishing processes is to impart the required functional properties to the fabric and, in particular, decatizing is the process that lends the fabrics dimensional stability, enhances the luster and improves the so-called ‘fabric hand’, corresponding to the sense of touching a textile. In this paper, we consider wool fabrics and, by exploiting the available process physical knowledge, we derive a model that can predict certain fabric characteristics, such as its temperature and moisture content, correlated with the fabric dimensional stability. We also design a simulation environment according to the model and we use it to easily generate synthetic data, obtaining information about the steaming process under different conditions. By analyzing the data, we can obtain knowledge about how to maximize the fabric decatizing process efficiency.

A more simple methodology of producing parboiled rice is subject to be investigated in this work with proposed the method, the gelatinization of rice starch, commonly taking place at the steaming step in the traditional process, and drying are combined and replaced by a hot air fluidized bed dryer. A pilot-scale continuous fluidized bed, with a maximum capacity of 140-150 kg/h, has been designed, constructed and tested. Suphanburi 90 paddy variety with high amylose content was dipped into hot water at temperatures of 70, 80, 83°C for 4.0, 3.3, 3.2 h, respectively, to get the moisture content around 47-55% db and dried at 150-170°C using air speed of 3.5 m/s. The paddy bed depth within the dryer was 3 and 5 cm. In the dryer operation, the exhaust air was fully recycled and reheated again by 30 kW electrical heaters to the desired temperature. The experimental result has shown that parboiled rice with a different degree of starch gelatinization could be produced by this technique. The degree ranged between 80-100% as examined by differential scanning calorimeter. The exit moisture content was given in a range of 14-21% db, relying on the drying temperature and soaking time. The aforementioned exit moisture contents were not a detrimental effect on head rice yield although the tempering was not included. The head rice yield was given in the range of 59-66%, depending on the degree of starch gelatinization. The starch granules lost their original shape as revealed by scanning electron microscope.

The increase in demand for fuel oil has brought higher challenges to the high value-added process of heavy oil vacuum residue, especially for delayed coking units. For optimization of product distribution, the effects of reaction temperature and chemical additives were discussed. The results show that high temperature and 1 wt% of the heteropoly acid (HPA) could increase the light oil yield in the experimental delayed coking simulation device.

In this analysis mahua oil biodiesel isselected as one of the best alternative fuel to diesel.Transesterficiation processisusedforbiodieselproduction.Serious concern on the emissions, in particularthe nitrogen oxides (NOx), PM (particulate matters) and carbondioxide (CO2)led to think about additives to improve the overall performance. In this investigation additives are used to improve the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of Mahua biodiesel (B) and Diesel (D) blends. B20 blend is used as basic blend to compare the performance.Ethanol (E) and Propanol (P) used as additives indiesel-biodiesel blend with 5%,10% and 15%and tested in VCR diesel engine. Ethanol shown better performance in particular as compare to Propanol. The reduction of NOx, CO, CO2, HC emission in diesel engine and also increase performance in addition of 10% ethanol. From this conclude the result ethanol is alternative to improve efficiency of diesel engine by using the blended biodiesel.

This contribution focuses on the design and the characterization of innovative mix designs of high consistency mortars with biochar additions in different percentage with respect to the cement weight. Biochar is a by-product material that gives the cementitious mix a sustainable connotation from an environmental point of view. The mix designs presented here are characterized by a good dimensional stability in the fresh state, peculiarity that gives them the possibility to be extruded and so, to be used in automated construction processes. In addition to the mechanical properties (flexural and compressive strength), the assessment of the CO2 emission of representative mixes is presented. Different biochar content and maximum diameter of the aggregate are studied, obtaining interesting indications on these parameters to optimize mechanical properties. Finally, on the basis of the CO2 emission assessment, certain venues for future research work to minimize CO2 emissions are reported.

The results of experiments to study the drying process of crumble peat with water-soluble organosilicon additives are presented. The analysis has found that a hydrophobic agent can be used to reduce the initial water content in moulding and, thus, to reduce energy consumption and improve the production performance. Subject to the optimal concentrations of additives, a significant increase in strength at the same drying intensity can be achieved which improves the quality of the finished product.

Permeable concrete is a special concrete which consists of cement, coarse aggregate and water. Due to rapid growth of globalization and urbanization, the construction of concrete roads increasing day by day which leads to decrease in percolation of storm water, surface runoff occurring to the decrease in ground water table. In previous concrete, single sized aggregate is used to maintain the void ratio in the concrete. The cement paste is bonded with aggregate with a void ratio of 20%. In this investigation, concrete of M20 grade with water cement ratio of 0.38 is used. The properties of concrete were increased by using Rice husk ash and Bagasse ash in changed percentages (10%, 20%, 30%) by weight of cement and with the combination of rice husk ash and bagasse ash 10% (5%RA + 5%BA), 20%(10%RA+10%BA), 30%(15%RA+15%BA) are used. The compressive strength of cubes, split tensile of cylinders are casted, tested after 7 days and 28 days. After testing, the optimum percentages of replacement of admixtures are found in the Permeable concrete. Therefore the strength and durability properties of permeable concrete with the addition of bagasse ash and rice husk ash with partial replacement of cement are compared with conventional concrete.

Hydrogen is one of the clean energy carriers and it is obtained from fossil and renewable energy sources and waste of the food industry. In this study, whey, which is the waste of the cheese factory, was gasified using a high-pressure batch reactor at different temperatures (300, 350, 400 ºC) and an updraft tubular reactor at (650, 700°C). In order to find out suitable gasification conditions, the effect of reaction parameters such as catalyst type (K2CO3 and NaOH), temperature (300-700 °C) and time (30-120 min) were investigated. The highest hydrogen yield (14.47 mol H2/kg Whey Powder-2) was obtained with 2.51 M NaOH at 120 min. reaction time at 400 °C.

B5, diesel mixed with 5% biodiesel, is currently being developed to replace diesel, but there was lower engine performance. To improve the B5 properties, the addition of oxygenated additive is a better method. This research aims to study the performance of a high-speed direct injection (HSDI) diesel-engine generator at speed 3,000 rpm and different loads by using B5 blended to n-butanol and ethanol as increased to 20%. Results show that the use of B5-butanol-ethanol blends decreased engine performance as increasing ethanol; however, the release of nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and black smoke was remarkably reduced as compared with B5. However, the use of B5 blended to 5% n-butanol, and 5% ethanol increased the electrical power to 0.33%, while electrical efficiency was added to 1.13%, and SFC was similar to B5. Therefore, this ratio can be applied with the diesel engines in the future.

The main objective of the present work was to study the influence of different operating conditions in the microwave drying of drill cuttings and an eventual degradation of the condensed liquid collected during this operation. For this, a Central Composite Design (CCD) was used, considering three independent variables at three levels: initial olefin content (7.5, 10, and 12.5% w/w), power (250, 500, and 750 W), and time (5, 10, and 15 min); the residual olefin content being the response analyzed in the conducted tests without monitoring or control of the cutting’s temperature. All three variables studied were statistically significant, presenting a positive or negative effect on residual olefin content. As expected, the initial olefin content had a negative effect on the response. On the other hand, when considering the applied power and the drying time, the effect on decontamination yield was positive. The results showed that cuttings can be decontaminated at lower levels than those required by environmental legislation (offshore drilling), reaching residual olefin mass contents of less than 1%. Finally, the organic phase of recovered liquids, after the condensation of vapors produced during drying, was analyzed by gas chromatography technique. It was observed greater olefin degradation in the longer and higher power tests, especially in samples of condensed liquid collected inside the microwave oven.

Artificial support material was examined to determine the removal capacity of organic pollutants and nutrients on laboratory scale using PFR system. The experiment was performed using artificial water with similar characteristics to Cikapayang River in three PFRs of 10.78 L. The PFRs were made of PVC pipes filled with an inert chemical substrate as an artificial support material. The process of pollutants removal in the PFR relies on a biological layer (biofilm) grown on the surface of the material support. Three type of C:N:P ratio used in this study were 30:15:1, 75:25:2, and 180:35:3. The results showed that the maximum removal efficiency of TSS, TN, TP, and COD in the preliminary tests were 85%, 87%, 71% and 79%, respectively. Moreover, the maximum water absorption capacity result was up to 30.8%. Organic substrate removal rate compared with first order and Strover-Kincannon substrate removal models prediction. The best fit model for this experiment was Stover-Kincannon model, with the average correlation coefficient up to 90% for all of the three reactors. SEM analysis shown that the microorganisms shape is coccus with the average size of 5 µm.

Landfill leachate possesses high concentrations of ammonia, micropollutants, and heavy metals, and are characterised for low biodegradability. For this reason, conventional treatment technologies may result ineffective for complete pollutant removal. Electrochemical oxidation allows most of the of recalcitrant pollutants to be oxidised effectively within an easy operational and acceptable retention time, without the need to provide additional chemicals, and without producing waste materials. The mineralisation efficiency and electrode durability depend on the nature of the electrode material. The conventionally adopted anodes can contain critical raw materials (CRMs), and are subject to extreme corrosion conditions. CRM-free electrodes, such as carbon and graphite-based, exhibit a lower efficiency, and are subject to faster deactivation, or, as for lead-dioxide-based electrodes, can constitute a hazard due to the release into the effluent of the coating corrosion products. In this study, the relationship between electrode type, CRM content, and the removal efficiencies of organic compounds and ammonium-nitrogen (N-NH4) was investigated. Material criticality was estimated by the supply risk with economic importance indexes reported in the 2017 EU CRM List. The COD and N-NH4 removal efficiencies were obtained from a literature analysis of 25 publications. The results show that, while single and multi-oxide-coated electrodes may contain low amounts of CRM, but with limited efficiency, boron-doped diamonds (BDD) may constitute the best compromise in terms of a reduced content of CRM and a high mineralisation efficiency.

There are plenty of biomass resources in Thailand such as agricultural residues from plantations and industrial or woody processes. Biomass in the form of a pellet has more energy density than the original form moreover it is easier to handle and has a higher strength. This study selected woody parts from commonly found trees in Southern Thailand, fuel pellets were made to examine the physical properties and microstructure. Para-rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) sawdust and the branches and leaves of She Oak (Casuarina Equisetifolia) and the Cajuput tree (Melaleuca Cajuputi) were collected from the local area to make pellets by a single unit pellet mill at 130oC and 450 psi of compression temperature and pressure, respectively. The physical properties were characterized via pellet density, moisture content, heating value and compressive strength. Moreover, the microstructure of cross section area of pellet samples from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures were proposed to observe the bonding mechanism. The results show that the different raw material provided different properties. The highest pellet strength, density and heating value was achieved from Cajuput leaves.

The green coconut’s shell is considered to be waste while it represents most of its volume and weight. The objective of this research was to analyze the influence of the addition of 1% (by weight) of green coconut’s (Cocos nucifera) fibers in the unsaturated behavior of compacted mixtures of clayey soil, with fibers randomly distributed in the soil matrix. Both the pure soil and the mixture were submitted to filter paper tests according to Chandler and Gutierrez (1986) and Marinho (1994), in order to obtain their characteristic curves and verify their differences, using the relation suction-humidity proposed by Chandler, Crilly and Montgomery-Smith (1992) and van Genuchten’s (1980) adjustment method, which was also used to estimate the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and relative permeability to air and water as functions of the degree of saturation. The results revealed that the addition of fibers provided greater water percolation in the drying path, and greater air flow during wetting. This behavior is a reflection of the greater retention capacity provided by the fibers, which promotes a more gradual change in the degree of saturation, in relation to the ‘pure soil’, which is a very interesting characteristic for applications subject to large variations in humidity.

The use of various fibres such as steel, glass, sugarcane bagasse, and others has a considerable impact on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. Sugarcane bagasse fibre is a byproduct from the sugarcane industry that can be reused as a concrete fibre. This paper objective is to work on the behaviour of sugarcane bagasse fibre on low calcium fly ash and slag based geopolymer concrete of G40 which is equivalent to M40 grade, when it is exposed to 5% sulphate attack with the help of experiments. The specimens were casted, GPC and GPCF Cured in an oven at 60 ° C for 24 hours, then let to cure in the atmosphere until the test is complete. After 28 days, the specimens were immersed in sulphates such as Na2SO4 and MgSO4 for 15, 45, and 75 days, and then tested according to codal standards on 15, 45, and 75 days. The comparisons were made in a controlled concrete environment (CC), controlled concrete with sugarcane bagasse fibre (CCF), geopolymer concrete (GPC) and geopolymer concrete with sugarcane bagasse fibre (GPCF). From the results it is observed that CCF and GPCF showed more resistant than CC and GPC when it is subjected to sulphate attack.

Finding a proper way to manage the enormous amount of waste plastic that is globally produced, is one of the main environmental challenges of our times. Among the different types of chemical recycling, Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) appears as a potential method for the treatment of plastic waste mixes, for sustainable production of biocrude or chemicals with high added value. In this work hydrothermal liquefaction reactions were carried out on a polymeric residue, obtained from an industrial plastic waste collection and recycling process. The residue has a heterogeneous composition consisting not only of polymers but also paper and metals. Two batch experiments were performed in a stainless-steel Parr autoclave at 340 °C, investigating a residence times of 5 hours and the use of an alkaline catalyst (NaOH). The oils obtained from the reactions, as well as the aqueous phases, have been analysed by different analytical techniques such as: FT-IR spectroscopy, GC-MS, GC-FID, IC. The operating conditions used in this work, allowed the degradation of cellulose and polymers with reactive sites for hydrolysis such as PET, nylon and PVAc, while polyolefins (PE, PP) were not attacked. The use of a basic catalyst favoured a greater hydrolysis rate.

Currently, the research on the application of bamboo wood plastic fibers to 3D printing technology in Vietnam is limited. Almost all studies mainly focus on the application of natural polymers (wood, rubber, coir..) but ignore a rich natural polymer source, popular in Vietnam: bamboo. In addition, the quality of wood plastic fibers applied in 3D printing technology has not responded to the requirements of consumers. The durability of 3D printed parts that is based on wood plastic fibers is not high. Surface gloss of parts after implementation is still rough. During the 3D printing process of wood plastic fibers material, the nozzle is still always clogged due to the blockage of wood pulp. Therefore, the study of technology and equipment for the fabrication of bamboo wood fibers and research on the effect of technological parameters on the finished bamboo-wood-plastic fiber properties is necessary and should be urgently carried out. The paper proposes a new approach to structure modularization of the bamboo wood plastic fiber forming machine by using mostly standard parts, thus improving the quality and reducing the cost of the machine and bamboo wood plastic fiber material for the 3D printer.

Ion implantation is a technique which is widely used in industry for unique modification of metal surface for medical applications. In semiconductor silicon technology ion implantation is also widely used for thin layer electronic or optoelectronic devices production. For other semiconductor materials this technique is still at an early stage. In this paper based on literature data we present the main features of the implantation of CdTe single crystals as well as some of the major problems which are likely to occur when dealing with them. The most unexpected feature is the high resistance of these crystals against the amorphization caused by ion implantation even at high doses (10 17 1/cm 2 ). The second property is the disposal of defects much deeper in the sample then it follows from the modeling calculations. The outline of principles of the ion implantation is included in the paper. The data based on RBS measurements and modeling results obtained by using SRIM software were taken into account.

In recent years, natural polymer coagulant has become a hot spot in the field of coagulants due to its safety, harmlessness and biodegradability. This paper introduced the status quo of research of natural polymer coagulants such as starch, chitosan, cellulose and lignin coagulants. And some hot applications in water treatment were discussed, such as heavy metal wastewater, dye wastewater, microalgae collection and sludge dewatering. Finally, the development trend of natural polymer coagulants was prospected.