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Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) and bone morphogenetic protein-15 (BMP-15) are two members of the transforming growth factor -β (TGF -β) superfamily, which participate in the proliferation and differentiation of granulosa cells and oocytes in the ovary. The GDF-9 and BMP-15 secreted by oocyte affect the development and quality of oocytes, and regulate ovarian function, by the interaction between oocyte and cumulus cells. The abnormal expressions of GDF-9 and BMP-15 affect follicular development and zona pellucida structure, which may be an important link leading to infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). BMP-15 activates the Smad1/5/8 signaling pathway, which is closely related to insulin resistance (IR) in PCOS patients. However, the precise quantification of serum GDF-9 and BMP-15 levels is difficult, and the levels of serum GDF-9 and BMP-15 are difficult to be used as specific markers for the diagnosis and treatment evaluation of PCOS. This article reviews the roles of GDF-9 and BMP-15 in follicular development, the effects of abnormal expression of GDF-9 and BMP-15 on follicular development and IR in PCOS patients, and discusses the potential application value of GDF-9 and BMP-15 in the diagnosis and treatment of PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]