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Adenosine monophosphate deaminase (AMPD) and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) are both key enzymes that rely on adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to regulate energy metabolism and play an important role in cellular metabolism. The article introduces the influence of AMPD and AMPK on the activity of lipid metabolism-related enzymes and their reciprocal regulatory interactions mediated by insulin signaling molecules. The paper analyzes their collaborative regulation mechanisms in cellular energy metabolism and lipid synthesis in pathways such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and lipid metabolism, providing an overview of research outcomes related to the application of AMPD and AMPK in animal production. The review summarizes the impact of AMPD and AMPK, as well as their interactions, on lipid metabolism mechanisms. Through a comprehensive study of lipid metabolism pathways, the study aims to enhance understanding in animal production. Additionally, by further elucidating lipid synthesis pathways to understand the lipid accumulation mechanism in oleaginous microorganisms, the study aims to provide insights for increasing lipid production in oleaginous microorganisms, producing palatable animal feed, and improving animal welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to develop a method to rapidly detect the content of tylosin tartrate. In Clark-Lubs buffer solution with pH 6.6, malachite green can induce strong resonance light scattering due to the construction of supermolecule aggregates, and tylosin tartrate can react with malachite green cations, resulting in the decomposition of supermolecule aggregates constructed by malachite green, which significantly weakens the resonance light scattering intensity of the system. The maximum detection wavelengths are at 285 nm and 332 nm. Due to the additive nature of the resonance light intensity ( I), the two wavelengths are superimposed for measurement. The linear range of tylosin tartrate is 0.2-0.6 mg/L, the linear regression equation is IRLS= 5 299 C-766.4, the correlation coefficient ( R) is 0.999 8, and the detection limit is 0.004 1 mg/L. The result indicates that the method is simple and sensitive, and can be successfully applied for the determination of tylosin tartrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sugarcane top is one of the main by-products of sugarcane, which is rich in resources and comprehensive in nutritional value, and is one of the sources of roughage for ruminants. Silage is an effective method to preserve and develop sugarcane top feed, but the high content of carbohydrate and yeast makes natural silage easy to deteriorate, and the high content of fiber will affect the digestibility and palatability of the feeding animals. At present, the research on sugarcane top silage mainly focuses on the use of various additives, mixed silage with other materials, the effect of sugarcane top silage on ruminants, and the influence of sugarcane harvest time, varieties and silage time on silage. In this paper, the effects of additives, mixed silage and other factors on the quality, nutritional value, aerobic stability and feeding effect of sugarcane top silage were summarized, which provided reference for promoting the utilization of sugarcane top and the preparation of high-quality silage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lonicera japonica Thunb. mainly contains phenolic acids, flavonoids, polysaccharides, saponins, iridoid and other active components, which have the functions of antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, liver protection and immune regulation. In the paper, the active components and biological functions of Lonicera japonica Thunb. are introduced, and the regulation of the active components of Lonicera japonica Thunb. on the biological barrier, immune barrier, chemical barrier and physical barrier of animal intestinal tract are reviewed, so as to provide a reference for accurate and effective use of Lonicera japonica Thunb. in animal breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epidermis of fish is covered with a layer of mucus secreted by epidermal mucus cells. Epidermal mucus serves as a physical and immune barrier between fish and the external water environment, and its composition and secretion are affected by the distribution, quantity, development stage of epidermal mucus cells and the changes in the external environment. With the development of the aquaculture industry both at home and abroad, the application research on fish epidermal mucus has gradually increased. In the paper, the composition, function and application of fish epidermal mucus are reviewed, in order to provide reference for the extraction, development and industrial application of the active components in fish epidermal mucus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alginate oligosaccharides are a kind of low molecular weight polymer composed of 2~10 monosaccharide molecules linked by the same or different glycosidic bonds. Alginate lyase is an important tool for the enzymatic preparation of AOS. AOS prepared by the enzymatic method is superior to AOS prepared by other methods in purity, performance and structure. In this paper, the origin, structure and enzymatic properties of alginate lyase were reviewed, and the applications of alginate lyase in aquaculture, such as feed additive, microalgae cultivation, immune regulation, antioxidant and antibacterial, were summarized. The research direction of alginate lyase and the application prospect of alginate lyase in aquaculture were prospected, which provided reference for the application of alginate lyase and AOS in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginseng by-products mainly include ginseng residue, and unused ginseng stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and roots, etc. They are rich in ginsenoside, ginseng polysaccharide, and other active substances, and have a variety of biological functions such as improving immunity, anti-fatigue, bacteriostasis, and anti-virus. At present, ginseng by-products are primarily treated as waste, which not only maximize their effects but also resulting in a waste of resources. Ginseng by-products have good application prospects in animal production. Ginseng residue, as well as ginseng stems and leaves, can be used as dietary components or additives, and the ginsenoside found in ginseng stems and leaves can also serve as an adjuvant for animal vaccines. Therefore, the paper reviews the biological functions and application in animal production of ginseng by-products, to provide a reference for improving the comprehensive utilization rate of ginseng by-products and improving animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walnut cake and walnut meal are the by-products of walnuts after oil extraction. Walnut cake and meal are rich in nutrients such as protein and vitamins, but are high in dry matter and crude fiber. Walnut cake and meal have the advantages of large yield and low price, which can be used as a substitute for conventional protein feed in animal production, and can decrease the fodder in the premix of corresponding dosage of the trace elements and vitamins. The paper mainly reviews the nutritional value of walnut cake and walnut meal, the production process and their applications in the animal production, to provide a reference for the rational application of walnut cake and walnut meal in animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensive scale feeding of cattle and sheep in China co-exists with the traditional grazing mode. The traditional grazing mode is easily affected by climate, season and other factors, and the unstable forage supply and unbalanced feed nutrition become the restricting factors for the development of the cattle and sheep industry. The use of a total mixed diet can not only solve the problem of nutritional instability of cattle and sheep feed, improve production efficiency, but also make full use of agricultural and industrial by-products, protect the environment, and achieve green, healthy and sustainable development of the cattle and sheep industry. The paper reviews the research progress of the preparation principle and technology of total mixed diet and its effect on the production stage of cattle and sheep, aiming to provide a reference for the use of total mixed diet in the production of cattle and sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The winter cold stress of dairy cows has become one of the important problems affecting the healthy development of animal husbandry. Cold stress will lead to the decrease of feed intake, milk yield and reproductive performance of dairy cows, and seriously harm the economic benefits of dairy farmers. Inner Mongolia is located in a cold region, where animals are in a cold environment for a long time, and the impact of cold stress is more common. In order to more specifically understand the effects of cold stress on the production performance of dairy cows, the paper reviews the effects of cold stress on the behavior, milk yield, neuroendocrine, biochemical indexes, immune, antioxidant function, intestinal flora and other aspects of dairy cows, and summarizes the effective prevention and control measures to prevent cold stress of dairy cows, to provide reference for further research on the prevention and relief of cold stress in dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of Chinese-style agricultural modernization, improving the resilience of feed industry chain is an important way to achieve high-quality development of agricultural economy. From the perspective of practical value, improving the resilience of feed industry chain is a pragmatic move to drive supply-side reform, a realistic choice to meet market demand, and a solid foundation for building a strong agricultural modernization country. From the perspective of endogenous power, the improvement of scientific and technological innovation ability, the optimization of national policy environment and the expansion of feed market scale are the endogenous power to enhance the resilience of feed industry chain. The paper puts forward some suggestions on improving the scientific and technological innovation level of feed industry chain, constructing the innovation and development mechanism of feed industry chain and building the ecological network of feed industry chain, in order to provide help for comprehensively improving the resilience of feed industry chain and accelerating the process of Chinese-style agricultural modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromium is a necessary trace element for livestock and plays an important role in animal metabolism, which mainly exists in the form of trivalent chromium. As a component of glucose tolerance factor (GTF), it is to promote the function of insulin, participate in the metabolism of glucose, lipid, nucleic acid and protein. It can lower blood sugar, reduce fat deposition, maintain RNA structural integrity, and promote amino acid absorption and transport. Chromium is widely used in livestock production, and it has a good effect on regulating organism homeostasis and alleviating animal stress. In dairy cow production, chromium can regulate rumen pH value, the concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and volatile fatty acid (VFA). It can relieve heat stress, enhance the immunity of dairy cows, improve postpartum negative energy balance and promote postpartum recovery of dairy cows through blood sugar regulation. The reproductive performance of dairy cows is affected by regulating reproductive hormone levels. Based on the biological mechanism of chromium, the paper reviews the application of chromium in regulating rumen fermentation, improving the production and reproductive performance of dairy cows, to provide a reference for efficient application of chromium in dairy cow production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper was to analyze the influence of corn 'price-subsidy separation' policy on the stability of pork supply chain, so as to maintain the stability of pork supply market. Based on the panel data of 19 major corn producing provinces in China from 2012 to 2021, the impact of corn 'price-subsidy separation' policy on the stability of pork supply chain in China was tested by double difference method. The results show that, on the basis of controlling a series of other factors, with the increase of corn price, the implementation of corn 'price-subsidy separation' policy could positively improve the stability of pork supply chain in China, and the improvement effect was about 0.042. Further study showed that the policy of 'price-subsidy separation' of corn has obvious influence on the upstream stability of pork supply chain, and the upstream stability of pork supply chain had increased by 0.106 7% after the implementation of the policy. The study indicates that 'price-subsidy separation' policy of corn can promote the stability of pork supply chain in China, and the effect is stronger in the upstream of pork supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stevia rebaudiana is rich in glycosides and polyphenolic bioactive substances, which have the function of antibacterial, antioxidant and lowering blood glucose and lipids. With the rapid development of animal husbandry, Stevia rebaudiana and its extracts have been widely used in livestock and poultry production. In the process of stevioside production and processing, a large number of by-products, stevia residues, are produced. Stevia residues have the potential to be used as unconventional feed raw materials. In the paper, the application progress of active substances and by-products of Stevia rebaudiana in livestock and poultry production is summarized, which can provide a reference for the research and application of Stevia rebaudiana as a functional feed additive in livestock production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanut meal is a by-product of peanut oil extraction. It is rich in protein, soluble polysaccharides, vitamins, and other conventional nutrients, as well as a variety of functional factors, including flavonoids, antioxidant peptides, tannins, phenols, steroids, and triterpenoids. Peanut meal can be used directly as feed, and it can be processed through microbial fermentation and microbial enzyme synergistic treatment to improve the quality of peanut meal. Fermentation can make the proportion of amino acids in peanut meal more balanced, reduce or eliminate aflatoxin B1 and antinutritional factors in peanut meal. The direct substitution of peanut meal and fermentation products for part of soybean meal and fish meal in livestock and poultry feed can not only realize the reuse of peanut meal resources, but also improve the production performance of livestock and poultry, increase the economic benefits of livestock and poultry farms. Therefore, the paper introduces the nutritional composition of peanut meal, discusses its utilization in feed, its application in animal production, and its impact on the economic benefits of livestock and poultry breeding, so as to provide reference for the efficient utilization of peanut meal in the livestock and poultry breeding industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oils and fats are an important source of energy for animals and a good carrier of fat-soluble nutrients, which can participate in various life activities of the body and are widely used in animal production. With the improvement of the scale of aquaculture, many kinds of oils and fats have been used in animal diets to improve production efficiency of aquaculture. The paper reviews the research progress on the application of dietary fat in the laying poultry industry, introduces the characteristics of digestion and absorption of oils and fats in laying poultry and the nutritional effect of oils and fats on laying poultry, discusses the effects of feeding with different kinds and levels of oils and fats on laying performance, egg quality, nutrients in eggs and health of laying poultry, in order to provide reference for the efficient application of oils and fats in laying poultry feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermented feed is rich in probiotics, organic acids and other components, which is easy to digest and absorb by animals, and has high nutritional value. The palatability of the fermented feed is good, with a low content of anti-nutrient factors. It can improve the digestibility and utilization rate of animal feed, stabilize the structure of animal intestinal microorganisms, and enhance the immunity of the body. The paper mainly elaborates the concept and action mechanism of the fermented feed, reviews the effects of the fermented feed on the intestinal health, feed utilization rate, feeding cost and animal production performance, analyzes the problems existing in the application of the fermented feed in animal production, and prospects the future application of the fermented feed, in order to provide reference for the efficient utilization of fermented feed in animal breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein is the main component of aquatic feed. Fish meal, as the main protein raw material, has seen a rapid increase in price in recent years. So the development of new protein ingredients has become a hot issue in aquaculture. However, the new protein ingredients contain anti-nutrition factors, which are not conducive to the digestion of aquatic animals. Therefore, it is necessary to degrade anti-nutrition factors, release nutrients, and improve the nutritional value through enzymatic hydrolysis. The paper discusses the status of enzymatic hydrolysis of different protein raw materials and their application as substitutes for fish meal in aquaculture, to provide a reference for the extensive application of enzymatic hydrolysis protein raw materials in aquatic feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla is an important homologous plant, and it is also a high quality feed raw material. It is rich in nutrients, mainly crude protein, crude fiber and crude fat. The main compounds in Perilla include volatile oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids, terpenoids, anthocyanins and polysaccharides, with different component activities. Perilla has the functions of antiinflammatory, anti-bacterial, antioxidation, anti-tumor, anti-allergy and other pharmacological activities. The components of rosemary acid, luteolin, apigenin and caffeic acid in Perilla can be used as an animal feed additive, which can increase feed utilization, improve meat quality and lipid metabolism disorders, enhance gastrointestinal function and antioxidant capacity, and improve production performance. In the paper, the nutritional composition, pharmacological activity and application of Perilla in animal feed are reviewed in order to provide a reference for the rational application of Perilla in animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the intensive development of animal husbandry, the demand for feed soybean meal increases. In order to promote the development of animal husbandry and ensure the supply and quality safety of feed in China, it is necessary to reduce the proportion of soybean meal and increase the development of protein feed resources and the supply of highquality feed. Cottonseed meal has high protein content, and the vitamin content is similar to that of soybean meal. Compared with soybean meal, cottonseed meal has a wide range of sources and is more affordable. However, cottonseed meal contains gossypol, which limits its application in animal production. Therefore, the dephenolization technology of cottonseed meal, the application of cottonseed meal instead of soybean meal in animal production and matters needing attention are summarized in the paper, which provides a reference for resource utilization of cottonseed meal, reducing livestock and poultry breeding cost and improving animal product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc is an essential trace element for fish, which plays an important role in maintaining the normal growth, development and nutrient metabolism of fish. Both zinc deficiency and excess in feed have a negative effect on the growth, development and nutrient metabolism of aquatic animals. Therefore, the paper summarizes the metabolic process of zinc in fish, the current molecular mechanism of zinc regulating fat metabolism in fish, and prospects the research direction of zinc in fish feed and nutritional metabolism, aiming to provide a reference for strengthening the development of new feed such as amino acid chelation of zinc and the exploration of the molecular mechanism of promoting nutritional metabolism in fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper was to explore the biological function of the antimicrobial peptide Caerin 2.1, and to analyze the characteristics of the antimicrobial peptide Caerin 2.1 by the online bioinformatics software. The results showed that Caerin 2.1, an antimicrobial peptide derived from bombesin, was composed of 25 amino acids and was a cationic polypeptide. Its secondary structure mainly contained an α -helix, a few β structures and irregular curls. Its theoretical isoelectric point was 9.99, and its net charge was +2. It was stable, hydrophobic, expressed intracellularly and had three phosphorylation sites. The study indicates that the prediction analysis of Caerin 2.1 can provide information basis for modification of natural antimicrobial peptides to obtain stable and safe alternatives to antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper was to explore the effect of adding different levels of soybean active peptides to the diet on the growth performance, carcass traits, serum biochemical indexes and intestinal microorganisms of finishing pigs. A total of 120 finishing pigs with a weight of (72.40±1.10) kg were randomly divided into four groups, with three replicates in each group and 10 pigs in each replicate. The finishing pigs in the control group were fed a basic diet, and group A, group B and group C added 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% soybean active peptides in the basic diet, respectively. The experiment lasted for 42 days. The results showed that the average daily gain of the finishing pigs was significantly increased by adding soybean active peptide (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the feed-to-weight ratio of the group B was significantly reduced (P<0.05), and the feed-to-weight ratio and average back fat thickness of the group C were significantly reduced ( P<0.05). Adding soybean active peptide could improve the meat color and significantly reduce the dripping loss of the finishing pigs in the group B and group C (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the content of serum MDA in the experimental groups decreased significantly (P<0.05), the content of serum BUN in the group B and group C decreased significantly (P<0.05), the content of IgM and T-AOC increased significantly (P<0.05). The activity of serum AST and GSH-Px in the group C decreased significantly, and the content of IgG increased significantly (P<0.05). The flora with a relative abundance of more than 1% at the phylum level in each experimental group included Firmicutes, Proteobacterium and Bacteroides, and the relative abundance of Proteobacterium in the group C was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The flora with a relative abundance over 1% at the genus level included Actinomycetes, Coprococcus, Clostridium and Enterobacter, and there was no significant difference in the relative abundance of each genus compared with the control group (P>0.05). The study indicates that adding 0.4%~0.6% soybean active peptide to the diet can improve the growth performance, modify carcass traits, adjust serum biochemical indexes, and affect the intestinal microbial composition of finishing pigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZEA is a highly toxic and low molecular weight mycotoxin produced by Fusarium strain, which is widely present in maize, wheat and other crops. In the process of rabbit breeding, the use of ZEA contaminated feed will cause serious damage to the rabbit's liver, kidney, digestive system, immune system and other structural functions. As an estrogen analogue, ZEA also affects the growth and reproductive performance of rabbits by interfering with estrogen levels. In the paper, the metabolic process of ZEA in rabbits and its toxicity to rabbits were reviewed. The research progress of microorganisms (such as yeast, Bacillus, etc.), natural plant extracts (such as curcumin, quercetin, etc.) and antioxidants (such as selenium, melatonin, etc.) in alleviating the toxicity of ZEA were emphasized. It is expected to provide some reference for solving ZEA pollution problem and promoting healthy development of rabbits breeding industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids widely exist in various organs of higher plants, and have biological functions such as high efficiency, low toxicity, promoting absorption, promoting growth and regulating immunity. Flavonoidsin can improve growth performance of animals, enhance body immunity, improve body antioxidation, which have a wide range of application prospects in animal husbandry. The paper reviews the biological functions of plant flavonoids, and summarizes the application research progress of plant flavonoids in aquatic animal growth, to provide reference for further development and utilization of plant flavonoids in aquaculture industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is a big country in the production and consumption of edible fungi, and the production and processing of by-product fungus bran has a huge output. The fungus bran is rich in crude fiber, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, Mn, Zn, Cu and other elements, and also contains polysaccharides, flavonoids, xylooligosaccharides, laccase, peroxidase, melanin, cordycepin and other active functional ingredients. If heavy metal, mycotoxin, pesticide residues and harmful microbial content meet the limit requirements, the fungus bran has the potential to be developed into a new type of feed for ruminants. After fermentation, probiotics were introduced into the fungus bran, which enriched the chemical and active components of the fungus bran, greatly improved the palatability, and further increased the applicability of the fungus bran as feed. In the paper, the nutritional composition, safety and application of various common fungi in ruminant breeding were discussed, so as to provide reference for the research and application of fungus bran feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new type of physiological active substance, functional oligosaccharides have the characteristics of green, natural environmental protection and no residue, and can replace some antibiotics in the production of piglets. At the same time, functional oligosaccharides can be fermented and utilized by intestinal microorganisms to produce short-chain fatty acids, regulate intestinal flora structure, which have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, maintain intestinal barrier integrity after weaning, and thus improve intestinal health of piglets. The paper summarizes and analyzes the mechanism and application of functional oligosaccharides in the production of weaned piglets, to provide reference for its application in the production of piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was to improve the effect of cellulose degradation in dairy manure biodegradation, carry out screen, identification and enzyme activity measurement of high-temperature resistant cellulose degradation strains. The experiment used high temperature period in cow dung ectopic fermentation bed material (5 d, ≥50 °C) as the source of bacteria, adopted the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and Congo red culture medium method. Separation, purification and culture were carried out at 50 °C, and filter paper strip disintegration test and cellulase activity determination were used for screening. The result showed that three high temperature resistance of cellulose degradation bacteria strains were screened out a2, a4 and a8. The filter paper could be completely disintegrated within 10 d, and the carboxymethyl cellulase activities within 5 d were 104.32, 168.92 and 114.98 U/mL, respectively. According to 16S rDNA sequencing and homology analysis, a2 was identified as Streptomyces thermovulgaris, a4 and a8 were identified as Bacillus licheniformis. The study indicates that the three strains have the characteristics of high temperature resistance and high enzyme production, which can be further applied in application of high temperature resistance to degrade cellulose in cow manure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is based on the monthly price data of major livestock products in China from January 2002 to July 2022, the UVSVM model was used to investigate the dynamic feedback relationship between random price fluctuations and prices of three types of livestock products: Pork, beef and mutton. The result indicates that the random fluctuations in pork prices have a significant impact on pork prices and change in pork price levels will have a positive impact on the short-term random fluctuation in pork price. The random fluctuations in beef and mutton prices have little impact on their respective price. Changes in the price level of beef and mutton will have a negative impact on the random fluctuations in short-term prices. It is proposed to improve the regulatory mechanism of pork reserves and achieve stable supply and prices in the pork market, policy recommendations for taking multiple measures to stabilize the supply of beef and mutton and promote the stable operation of beef and mutton prices, in order to ensure the supply of livestock product and promote high-quality development of agriculture and rural economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garlic products are rich in nutrition and possess antibacteria, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and the ability to lower blood sugar and lipids, as well as improve animals' appetite. Garlic products can improve the production performance and product quality of animals, and enhance the immunity. The paper summarizes the function of garlic products and their application in animal production, and summarizes and discusses the problems existing in the application of garlic products in animal production, in order to continuously improve the function and value of garlic products, and provide reference for the continuous promotion and application of garlic products in animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean dregs are a by-product of soybean processing, with high nutritional value. In addition to various nutrients such as protein, dietary fiber and minerals, they also contain many active substances, such as soybean isoflavones and soybean polysaccharides. Soybean dregs can be directly used in livestock and poultry breeding, and can also be improved by microbial fermentation and cooperative fermentation of bacterial enzymes to degrade anti-nutritional factors in soybean dregs feed, and improve the nutritional value of soybean dregs feed and the utilization rate of nutrient components. Fermented soybean dregs can promote the growth and development of livestock and poultry, improve the production performance of livestock and poultry, improve the antioxidant capacity and improve the body resistance. On the basis of introducing the nutrient composition of soybean dregs, the application of soybean dregs in feed and its application in livestock and poultry breeding were discussed in the paper, in order to provide reference for the further popularization and applying of soybean dregs in breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vine tea is a medicinal and food plant, which is rich in flavonoids. The main components of vine tea are dihydromyricetin and myricetin. Rattan tea and its main active components have antioxidant, antibacterial and immunomodulatory functions. The use of probiotics to ferment vine tea for biotransformation can improve the active ingredient content and biological activity of rattan tea. In recent years, the application of vine tea as a new feed additive in animal production has attracted wide attention. Therefore, this paper briefly summarizes the active components and biological activity of vine tea, and outlined the biotransformation of vine tea through probiotics and its application in animal production, to provide a reference for the efficient utilization of vine tea in animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corn straw is an important non-grain feed resource, which is not suitable for feeding animals directly because of its high crude fiber content. Biological fermentation technology can reduce the content of anti-nutrient factors in corn stalk, improve its nutritional value and feeding value, and is widely used in the chemical production in corn stalk feed because of its simple operation and green environmental protection. The bio-fermented corn stalk plays a significant role in regulating animal health and has a broad application prospect in animal breeding. The nutritional characteristics of corn stalk before and after biological fermentation, the methods of biological fermentation of corn stalk and its application in animal feed were reviewed in this paper to provide a reference for the rational application of corn stalk in animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main physiological function of animal body fat is to store energy, which can be divided into subcutaneous fat (SF), intramuscular fat (IMF) and visceral fat (VF) according to the distribution location, and white fat (WAT), brown fat (BAT) and beige fat (BeAT) according to the structure, source and function. Fat metabolism is divided into anabolism and catabolism, which affect the production efficiency, production cost and meat quality of animals. As a local characteristic breed, yak bears the significant responsibility of contributing to local animal husbandry economies, and its fat metabolism regulation mechanism is complex. The paper summarizes the effects of age, breed, sex, feeding management, nutrition factors, regulation of various fat metaboly-related genes and non-coding RNA on fat metabolism of yak from the content of fat classification, fat metabolism and its influencing factors and related genes, so as to promote the breeding of excellent varieties and provide a research idea for fat metabolism of yak, it provides reference for the improvement of aquaculture efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feed quality is very important for the development of animal husbandry and directly affects animal health and product safety. Under the right conditions, mold can grow in the feed and produce toxins, and once the contaminated feed is ingested by animals, it can lead to problems such as reduced animal production performance, tissue and organ lesions and reproductive disorders, which seriously affects the economic benefits of animals themselves. Because of the enrichment of the food chain, mycotoxins may also harm human health eventually. The breeding of ruminants such as cattle and sheep occupies a large proportion in Chinese animal husbandry, and the feed used for feeding ruminants is susceptible to mold attack before harvest and during storage, resulting in mycotoxin contamination. At present, the research on mycotoxin contamination in feed at home and abroad mainly focuses on single-stomach animals such as pigs and poultry, and there are few reports on ruminants. Therefore, the paper discusses the types of mycotoxins in ruminant feed, pollution status, influence on ruminant tissues and organs, and prevention and control measures, to provide reference for healthy breeding of ruminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adding immune enhancers to feed can maintain fish health and enhance disease resistance. Some insects contain rich bioactive substances, which can improve the health of fish, among which the Black soldier fly is more studied and applied. Black soldier fly is rich in nutrition, short growth and reproduction cycle, high feed utilization rate, low feeding pollution, and rich in antimicrobial peptides, chitin and lauric acid, which has broad application prospects as an immune booster and health promotion agent in fish culture. In the paper, the biological characteristics and principle of Black soldier fly as immune enhancer are summarized, the application of Black soldier fly in various fish immune enhancer in recent years is summarized, and the appropriate proportion and form of replacing fish meal and other feed ingredients are discussed, to provide reference for the efficient application of Black soldier fly in fish culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IMF content is a key index affecting meat quality, and IMF has a positive effect on sensory indexes such as tenderness and marbling. Intramuscular adipose progenitor cells reside in the interstitium of muscle fibers, while skeletal muscles such as longissimus dorsi, pectoralis muscle and femoris muscle are the main sites of IMF deposition. Expanding intramuscular adipose progenitor cells pool and enhancing their commitment to adipogenic fate, in addition to their differentiation into lipid-laden adipocytes, provide attractive targets to facilitate marbling fat deposition thus improve palatability of meat. Therefore, the paper expounds the deposition mechanism of animal intramuscular fat, in order to provide data support for the breeding of new high-quality livestock breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to the direct use of corn as energy feed, about 30% of the annual output is used to produce corn starch, sugar and ethanol and other deep processing products in China, while producing corn husk, corn pulp, corn embryo meal, corn protein meal, DDGS and other by-products. These by-products generally have problems such as high crude fiber content, low available energy, mycotoxin pollution, etc. If the quality and efficiency of these by-products are improved by processing technology, their feeding value can be significantly improved. In the paper, the nutritional characteristics, value-added processing and utilization technology of corn processing by-products and their application in animal production are reviewed, which can provide reference for the effective improvement of feed value, and also have important significance for alleviating the contradiction of feed resource shortage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protein and amino acids content of oat are higher, and its nutritional composition is close to that of corn, so it has high feeding value. But oats contain anti-nutritional factors, including non-starch polysaccharides such as β-glucan, xylan and cellulose as well as fungal toxins such as aflatoxin and vomitoxin, which have strong anti-nutritional effects. Current methods of reducing anti-nutritional factors in oats include the addition of enzymes and the addition of probiotics or plant-active ingredients. The paper analyses the feeding value of oats, introduces the anti-nutritional factors in oats and their mitigation measures, and summarizes the progress of domestic and international applications of oats in feed for livestock, to provide a reference for the reduced substitution of corn and soybean meal in feed, which is great significant to solve the shortage of conventional feed ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cottonseed meal is a high-yielding, nutrient-rich and unconventional protein feed resource, which is of great significance to solving the shortage of protein feed resources in China. However, there are anti-nutritional factors in cottonseed meal, and long-term feeding cottonseed meal will cause adverse effects on the growth, development and reproduction of poultry, which limits its application in poultry. Therefor understanding the nutritional properties and detoxification methods of anti-nutritional factors in cottonseed meals is vital for the application of cottonseed meals in poultry production. The paper reviews the characteristics of nutritional and anti-nutritional of cottonseed meal, the standard methods of detoxification of cottonseed meal, and the application of conventional and detoxified cottonseed meal in poultry production, to provide a reference for the scientific application of cottonseed meals in poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Feed Research is the property of Editorial Board of Feed Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)