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Hunger and poverty in Haiti can be seen from the economic problems, political wars, international interference, and the high monetary sum paid for the country's independence in 1825 to France. These conjectures have contributed to the actual situation, a country immersed in political, economic, and social crises. The objective of this article is to analyze the evolving and definitive permanence of hunger from the perspective of external intromissions in Haiti. This article is a theoretical discussion of the essay type. The main ideas used for its construction were the following authors: Fleischmann Ulrich, Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Ricardo Seitenfus. Amartya Sen, Vanessa Braga Matijascic; Susan Stanford Friedman, Frantz Rousseau Déus, Arturo Escobar, Mohammed Ayoob e Jean-Bertrand Aristide. It was concluded that the Haitian people and Haitian institutions must deal with their daily problems without any outside interference and reinforce the commitment to respect the sovereignty of an independent country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how the social relations of class, race, and gender present in the social formation of South Africa resulted in the constitution of a pigmentocratic system of social welfare. The study is qualitative and it's based on the theory of the consubstantiality of class, race, and gender social relations produced by South African critical sociology. For the survey of corpora, literature review and analysis of official documents were carried out. Documents from the last years of the colonial period up to the year 1996 were analyzed. The study identified that the segregation relations generated a comprehensive system of social welfare oriented towards the social empowerment and social protection of white families. Meanwhile, Blacks, Coloureds, and Asians have become increasingly deprived of rights. Even with the end of apartheid, the South African welfare system continues (re)producing pigmentocracy. It stems from the neoliberal conditions that led the transition to democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]