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Introduction. The health status of the population and the economic development of the country are interrelated. The economic costs of compensatory payments associated with an increase in the incidence of diseases among company employees are constantly growing. The indirect costs of employers related to the health of employees are made up of absenteeism and presenteeism of employees. Determining the prevalence of frequency and level of presenteeism and the costs associated with it requires a special approach. The aim is to present the experience of adapting the tool for measuring the level of presenteeism among employees of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. In 2020, experts from the NMRC TPM developed a set of tools (a questionnaire for employers and a questionnaire for employees). The 5-block employee questionnaire includes a translated and adapted version of the Stanford Presenteeism Scale. This unit assesses the degree of decline in productivity due to health conditions and, accordingly, when planning health promotion programs, calculate the opportunities to reduce presenteeism and increase productivity. Results. As a result, 553 completed questionnaires were received from employees. Among the interviewed employees, there were 33.5% of men (n = 187), the average age was 39.8 10.7 years, the average age of women was 42.6 11.1 years. Mostly employees had an average level of presenteeism (n=271, 57.3%), while low and high levels were observed in 41.2% (n=196) and 1.5% (n=6), respectively. The average level of presenteeism was in 96 men (59.9%) and 175 women (55.9%). Presenteeism is most prevalent among employees aged 40 to 49 (33.2%, n=157), and least prevalent among employees over 60 (5.7%, n=27). The minimum level of presenteeism was observed among technical specialists (6.1%, n=29), as well as among managers (10.1%, n=48). Conclusions. The Stanford Presenteeism Scale is characterized by conciseness, multiplicity, ease of obtaining and interpreting the results, which ensures the reliability of its application and allows us to recommend using the SPS for real practice. This paper describes the process of adaptation of the Stanford scale of presenteeism for Russian workers, in particular, the choice of this scale for adaptation in Russia is explained.

Introduction: Good sleep is an important determinant of health. Poor sleep quality is associated with poor health outcomes. Restrictive measures introduced due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the spring 2020 have led to unprecedented changes in human lives worldwide warranting research on different aspects of the influence of restrictive measures on human health and behavior. Aim: To study associations between the restrictive measures during COVID-19 pandemic and sleep characteristics in Russia. Moreover, we studied factors associated with changes in sleep patterns. Methods: We conducted a national online survey between 26 April 2020 and 6 June 2020 when the tightest measures were in place. Eligible participants included all Russian adults aged 18 years and over. The questionnaire contained 31 items and included mostly close-ended questions. Sleep quality was assessed before the COVID-19 pandemic and in the last 7 days during the study period. The respondents were asked to determine whether they were getting enough sleep, whether they had trouble falling asleep, and whether they woke up earlier than they wanted. Results: In spring 2020, 2 432 individuals from 62 regions of Russia completed web-based questionnaires. Most of them were from the Republic of Tatarstan (n = 804), Irkutsk (n = 474), Sakhalin (n = 225) and Tver regions (n = 152). For most of the respondents, the sleep characteristics analyzed in the study did not change. Negative changes in comparison with the period before the pandemic were noted a fifth of respondents while positive changes were reported by by 12-30 %. A third of respondents (30.3%) reported that the number of days without getting enough sleep decreased , ranging from 13.8 % in Sakhalin Oblast to 56.9 % in Tver Oblast. Adherence to the self-isolation regimen (OR = 2.15, 95 % CI 1.62-2.86), the presence of children (OR = 0.7, 95 % CI 0.59-0.84) and living in rural areas (OR = 1.58, 95 % CI 1.26-1.98) were the main correlates of sleep problems. Conclusion: Most of responders did not report changes in sleep quality. However, substantial regional differences were identified. identification of characteristics associated with negative sleep changes may contribute to development of targeted measures to mitigate the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction: Protecting and promoting health of employees through the implementation of measures to correct risk factors in the workplace is an important mechanism for achieving the strategic goal of increasing healthy life expectancy. Aim: To develop and pilot a package of tools for planning and implementing workplace well-being programs. Methods: In 2019, the federal project "Strengthening Public Health" was launched, within the framework of which model corporate programs were developed and published, including measures aimed at correcting smoking, poor nutrition, insufficient physical activity, psycho-emotional overstrain and excessive alcohol consumption. A set of tools has been developed to facilitate the development and implementation of workplace well-being programs, maximally focused on the needs of a particular enterprise. The set of tools include a questionnaire for the employer and a questionnaire for employees. Results: The set of tools has been tested by mailing to the chief freelance specialists in medical prevention of 28 regions of the Russian Federation, who responsible for the implementation of workplace well-being programs in the regions. Five hundred and eighty-eight completed questionnaires were received (among them 35 from employers, and 553 from employees). The analysis of the piloting results allowed us to make a number of adjustments to the questionnaires and confirm the importance of studying workers' presentiment in planning workplace well-being programs. The improved questionnaires are available online at https://atriya.gnicpm.ru/ . Conclusion: We developed the set of instruments which must be useful for implementation of the workplace well-being programs. Surveys of employers contribute to obtaining a snapshot of the attitudes and priorities of employers in the region to plan targeted measures to stimulate the implementation of workplace well-being programs at the regional level. Questionnaires for employees can be used for an indepth assessment of the priorities on the concrete workplace and development of a targeted program to the needs of a particular enterprise.

Introduction: Excessive salt intake (ESI) is a well-established risk factor of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Russia is among the countries with the high salt consumption. Population-based strategies to reduce salt intake have a potential for significant contribution to reduce the burden of NCDs. Modeling studies to justify the need and quantify the potential of these measures have been performed in several countries, but the evidence from Russia is still scarce. Aim: To forecast the efficiency of selected population-based prevention strategies to reduce salt intake in Russia. Methods: Potential efficiency of two population-based strategies was assessed. Introduction of the national excise tax on sodium used for industrial food production was the first strategy. The second strategy was a long term health literacy mass-media campaign aimed to reduce salt intake combined with a voluntary reduction in salt content in processed foods by manufacturers. Russia-specific impact of ESI on NCDs and population attributive risk (PAR) were calculated using previously assessed economic burden (EB) of ESI. The prediction period was 15 years. The changes in PAR after the introduction of population-based prevention strategies and changes in the EB of selected NCDs were calculated. Results: The first and the second programmed had a potential to reduce ESI prevalence by 2.99 % and 7.49 %, respectively. The corresponding numbers of prevented cases of NCDs were 23 352 and 57 874. Avoided direct medical costs exceeded 390 million rubles for the first strategy and over 969 million rubles for the second. The cumulative economic effect over 15 years was 4.10 billion rubles for the introduction of the new tax while the predicted cumulative economic effect of the second programme was 9.9 billion rubles. Conclusions: Although the population-based prevention strategies selected for this study have not yet been implemented in Russia, both have a significant potential to reduce the burden of NCDs and have substantial economic efficiency.

Unhealthy diet is associated with high morbidity and mortality from chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) which in turn are associated with high economic costs. A significant proportion of these costs is attributed to insufficient fresh fruits and vegetables in the diet worldwide with large country-to-country variation warranting research in various settings including Russia. The aim: to assess the economic burden of insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables in Russia in 2016 due to their contribution to the development of major NCDs. Methods: The calculation was made using population attributive risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and cancer from meta-analyses and the data on the prevalence of fruits and vegetables consumption and the abovementioned diseases in the Russian population. The economic costs from the main NCDs were calculated using the human capital method. The share of health care system costs and economic losses due to morbidity and mortality from NCDs associated with fruits and vegetables underconsumption was assessed. Results: The contribution of insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables to the morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases, coronary heart disease and stroke were 5 % each (95 % CI: 3.0-6.2), 5% (95 % CI: 3.7-6.2) and 10 % (95 % CI: 4.9-15.9), respectively. Corresponding proportions for lung cancer was 8.9 % (95 % CI: 3.7-14.4). The economic burden associated with this risk factor, amounted more than 134 billion rubles (95 % CI: 78.8-173.3 billion rubles), 0.16 % of GDP of the Russian Federation in 2016. Indirect losses due to premature mortality (86 %) prevailed in the structure of the economic burden. Conclusions: The high prevalence of fruits and vegetables underconsumption in Russia and its significant contribution to the morbidity and mortality from NCDs are associated with significant economic costs from this risk factor.

Aim: to study the impact of anti-smoking measures within the Federal Law N 15-FL on the number of hospitalization of patients with acute cardiovascular conditions in the Samara and Arkhangelsk Regions and the Chuvash Republic. Methods: Monthly hospitalization rates for acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina were analyzed usinginterrupted time series by means of the STATA 15.0 software package, which includes the ITS module in three regions of the Russian Federation from 01.01.2012 to 31.12.2017, and by gender (men and women) and age (0-59 years and 60 years and older). Results. Reduction in hospital incidence after each stage of the anti-tobacco policy was obwerved in two of the three regions. In the Samara Region we observed a reductionby 16.3 % in 2013 and by 18.4 % in 2014 for unstable angina and by 10.6 % in 2013 and by 10.5 % in 2014 for acute myocardial infarction, respectively. In the Arkhangelsk Region the number of hospitalizations decreased by 14.3 % in 2013 and by 14.4 % in 2014 for unstable angina, and by 7.5 % in 2013 and by 7.7 % in 2014 for acute myocardial infarction. No significant decrease was observed in the Chuvash Republic. Gender stratification revealed a decrease in the hospital incidence of acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina in women in the Samara and Arkhangelsk Regions, and in men - only in the Samara region. The percentage of reduction in unstable angina was higher than in the acute myocardial infarction. An analysis of age groups in the Samara Region showed a decrease in the number of hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina in both age groups, and in the Arkhangelsk Region only in people over 60 years of age. Conclusions: anti-tobacco legislation introduced in Russia in 2013 and 2014 is likely to have contributed to a decrease in the number of hospitalizations for acute cardiovascular diseases, but the effect varied across genders and age-groups.

Aim. To study of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components among residents of the Kyrgyz Republic.Methods. This study was conducted within the framework of the international «INTEREPID» project, in which, in addition to Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan participated. Study type is cross-sectional epidemiological study. A cohort was formed randomly, consisting of 1672 people, representative of sex and age structure of the population. In addition to completing the questionnaire, we performed the following examinations: estimation of height, body weight and waist size, measurement of blood pressure and heart rate, electrocardiogram, as well as the determination of a number of biochemical parameters: sugar and creatinine levels in blood and lipid profile (low density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins and triglycerides levels).Results.Among the residents of the Kyrgyz Republic the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 30.9% with predominance of its occurrence among women (33.3% vs. 27.7% in men, pConclusion. Among the residents of the Kyrgyz Republic the high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was registered with certain gender and ethnic features of its components occurrence.