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Mushroom poisoning, also known as misetism, can lead to death, even in the present day, where medical facilities are highly developed. Of the 100 fungal species that cause poisoning, about 10 can cause fatal poisoning. Early detection of these fungal toxins is vital rdin case of poisoning. In this review, the methods by which fungal toxins are detected are collected in a single source. The main toxins; Amatoxins, Fallotoxins, Virotoxins, Coprin, Giromitrin, Ibotenic acid and Muskimol, Muscarin, Orellanin, Psilocin and Psilocybin. In the analysis methods; Thin layer chromatography, Eliza method, LC-MS/MS, HPLC, Gas Chromatography, LC-QTOF. The purpose of this review; The aim of this study is to provide a reliable source for researchers by combining the analysis methods of the main mushroom toxins which cause fatal poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushroom poisoning is still a serious health problem for Turkey. The mushroom species which cause fatal mushroom poisoning have been reported to contain at least 98% alpha-amanitin. The knowledge of the poisonous mushroom species including alpha- amanitin is important for the treatment and prevention of these poisonings. In this review, the mushrooms containig alpha-amanitin and causing deadly mushroom poisinings were listed and given information about their poisonus effects. According to literature, nine poisonous mushroom species which include alpha-amanitin have so far been reported from Turkey. These are Lepiota brunneoincarnata; Lepiota castanea; Lepiota helveola; Lepiota subincarnata; Amanita phalloides; Amanita verna; Amanita virosa; Conocybe filaris and Galerina marginata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lateral flow immunoassays have low cost, long shelf life, high precision and selectivity, a low detection limit. These tests can give quick results and are used all over the world. Lateral flow immunoassays can be used in wide area such as pregnancy test, drug screening tests, microbiological diagnostic tests and food safety tests. A person can see the results of these tests clearly with eyes so there is no need for any other analysis machine in order to see the results. These tests are usually used as a qualitative method but if we add most test lines that have different detection limits at the same test, we can obtain half quantitative tests. Antigen-antibody reactions that have a specificity are used mainly at these tests so their accuracy rates are over %98. There are two types as sandwich model and competitive model. A person that read this article can answer questions that “how a pregnancy test works?” or “how can we make a new lateral flow immunoassay?”. In addition we hope that this article can help people who try to do new lateral flow immunoassays. For our researches, this article is the first article about card tests in Turkish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Nilvadipine is a dihydropyridine-type calcium channel blocker with emanating neuroprotective properties in various models of neuronal diseases. This study aimed at investigating the prophylactic effect of nilvadipine on memory impairment and hippocampal malodialdehyde (MDA) levels in global brain ischemia model induced by 4-vessel occlusion ischemia (4-VO) in rat. Materials and methods: The 4-VO ischemia was induced in Wistar rats by occluding the vertebral arteries permanently by cauterization. The common carotid arteries were twice occluded bilaterally for 10 minute at 60 minute interval. One week after 4-VO the memory was evaluated measuring the correct and error choices in 8-armed radial maze. The ischemia-reperfusion-induced damage was evaluated measuring level of MDA in the hippocampus using thiobarbituric acid method. The study involved three groups: sham, ischemia-control and ischemia nilvadipin. Nilvadipine (3.2 mg/kg/day) was administered for 7 days prior to 4-VO Results: The 4-VO impaired memory performance by decreasing the correct choices (long term-reference memory) and increasing the error choices (short term-working memory) (p<0,001). Nilvadipine improved the performance by increasing the correct choices (p<0.002) and decreasing the error choices (p<0.05). Nilvadipine decreased (p<0.001) the elevated MDA induced by 4-VO. Conclusion: The prophylactic treatment with nilvadipine improved memory impairment and reduced the elevated hippocampal MDA induced by 4-VO. The prophylactic use of nilvadipine could be beneficial for inhibiting the ischemia related memory impairment in risky patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Alpha-amanitin is purified only around 90% purity using existing methods. In this study, it was aimed to describe the method in order to obtain high-purity alpha-amanitin using preparative HPLC. Methods: Amanita phalloides mushroom was collected, extracted and purified 2 times using preparative HPLC. Validation of the toxin was performed by comparison of retention time and ultraviolet spectrum at HPLC. Results: Alpha-amanitin was obtained with 93% (±1.24) purity after first purification process. Alpha-amanitin was obtained with 99,8% (±0.26) purity after second purification process. It was seemed that purified toxin and standard were given maximum absorbance at 303 nm and minimum absorbance at 263 nm, and the structure of the spectrums for both was similar. Conclusion: Alpha-amanitin with >99% purity can be obtained by this method at low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Beta amanitin has been used in experiment and has been purified only around 90% purity using existing methods. In this study, it has been aimed to describe the method in order to produce high-purity beta amanitin using preparative HPLC. Methods: Amanita phalloides mushrooms hve been collected, extracted and purified 2 times using preparative HPLC. Validation of the toxin has been performed by comparison of retention time at HPLC and ultraviolet spectrum. Results: Beta amanitin was obtained with 91% (±2.36) purity after first purification process. Beta amanitin was obtained with 99,2% (±0.38) purity after second purification process. It seemed that purified toxin and standard were given maximum absorbance at 303 nm and minumum absorbans at 263 nm, and the structure of the spectrums for both was similar. Conclusion: Beta amanitin with >%99 purity can be produced by this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Beta amanitin has been used in experiment and has been purified only around 90% purity using existing methods. In this study, it has been aimed to describe the method in order to produce high-purity beta amanitin using preparative HPLC. Methods: Amanita phalloides mushrooms hve been collected, extracted and purified 2 times using preparative HPLC. Validation of the toxin has been performed by comparison of retention time at HPLC and ultraviolet spectrum. Results: Beta amanitin was obtained with 91% (±2.36) purity after first purification process. Beta amanitin was obtained with 99,2% (±0.38) purity after second purification process. It seemed that purified toxin and standard were given maximum absorbance at 303 nm and minumum absorbans at 263 nm, and the structure of the spectrums for both was similar. Conclusion: Beta amanitin with >%99 purity can be produced by this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study is to measure the level of alpha amanitin toxin using HPLC method from Amanita phalloides mushroom collected in the province of Düzce in 2010. Method: One of the mushrooms as a whole body. The other one was extracted after seperated into parts. The measurement was done by HPLC using 303 nm UV wavelength and 250x4,6 mm C18 5 μm particle included column. Ammonium acetate+methanol+acetonitrile (80+10+10, v/v/v) was used as a mobile phase, and the flow rate was set 1 ml/min. The results were given as a toxin quantity in 1 g dry mushroom. Results: The amount of alpha amanitin was measured as 4,806 mg (±0,033) in the whole body, 3,522 mg (±0,024) in the cap, 5,318 mg (±0,056) in the lamellar, 0,903 mg (±0,004) in the ring, 2,577 mg (±0,037) in the stipe, 0,698 mg (±0,008) in the volva. Conclusion: The level of alpha amanitin in Amanita phalloides from Duzce Province is differ from different countries. Higher and lower levels of toxin than our data obtained investigations are present in the literature. The reason of this differences might be several factors like extraction methods, analysis methods and environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study is to measure the level of alpha amanitin toxin using HPLC method from Amanita phalloides mushroom collected in the province of Düzce in 2010. Method: One of the mushrooms as a whole body. The other one was extracted after seperated into parts. The measurement was done by HPLC using 303 nm UV wavelength and 250x4,6 mm C18 5 μm particle included column. Ammonium acetate+methanol+acetonitrile (80+10+10, v/v/v) was used as a mobile phase, and the flow rate was set 1 ml/min. The results were given as a toxin quantity in 1 g dry mushroom. Results: The amount of alpha amanitin was measured as 4,806 mg (±0,033) in the whole body, 3,522 mg (±0,024) in the cap, 5,318 mg (±0,056) in the lamellar, 0,903 mg (±0,004) in the ring, 2,577 mg (±0,037) in the stipe, 0,698 mg (±0,008) in the volva. Conclusion: The level of alpha amanitin in Amanita phalloides from Duzce Province is differ from different countries. Higher and lower levels of toxin than our data obtained investigations are present in the literature. The reason of this differences might be several factors like extraction methods, analysis methods and environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate teriparatide and alendronate sodium on bone mineral density of postmenopausal women. Materials and methods: Thirty-three postmenopausal women who had been treated with teriparatide and alendronate sodium were evaluated, retrospectively. Patients with a secondary osteoporosis cause were excluded from the study. Pretreatment and one year after regular treatment bone mineral density results of lomber vertebra and femur were compared. Results: There wasn’t any statistically difference in femur bone mineral density results between each treatment group. There wasn’t a statistically difference between pretreatment and posttreatment results in both groups, either (p>0,05). There was a statistically difference on lomber vertebra bone mineral density results of patients who were treated with teriparatide (p<0,05). Recovery rate of lomber bone mineral density results were found to be statistically higher in teriparatide group when compared to alendronate group (p<0,05). Conclusion: In order to clarify the role of teriparatide in the treatment of osteoporosis; larger group of patients with randomized clinical trials on longer follow up periods are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epigenetics, proposed by Condrad Hal Waddington at the beginning of the 1940 describes heritable changes that affect gene expression without changing DNA sequencing. After researches, it has been found that the epigenetics modifications perform important task in many biological processes and diseases like cancer. In this review we summarize the information in literature related with epigenetic mechanisms and their relationship with cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Caffeine has a stimulating effect on the central nervous system functions and are included naturally in beverages such as tea and coffee while it is added later some beverages such as cola. Different amounts of caffeine are consumed with these drinks in many countries. In particular, the amount of caffeine in Turkish coffee is not clear. In our study, caffeine levels were measured at beverages and Turkish coffee from different markets in Turkey. Method: Three samples were collected from each of teas, coffees, Turkish coffee, soft drinks and energy drinks at beverages sold different brands and forms. After maintaining standardization in the preparation of beverages, the amounts of caffeine were analyzed with ultraviolet determination method by HPLC. Results:The highest concentration of caffeine in drinks in the measurement was found to be the Turkish coffee (858mg/L). Caffeine levels were measured in normal tea 840 mg/L ,in soluble coffee 509 mg/L, in tea bags 218 mg/L, in coke 148 mg/L and in energy drinks 169 mg/L. Discussion and Conclusion: Caffeine containing drinks are consumed through the entire life from childhood to senescence. Received moderate amounts of caffeine provide positive benefits such as increased motivation, alertness, self-feeling energetic. Furthermore gradually with the increase of amount consumed caffeine cause unwanted symptoms such as headache, nervousness. Therefore the knowledge of amount caffeine at daily use drinks in a country is important for health of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The long QT syndrome (LQTS) is characterized with arrhythmic attacks, repeating syncopes, seizures, and ventricular arrhythmias leading to sudden death. Arrhythmias with a potential of mortal course develop due to elongation of ventricular repolarization, either acquired or inborn. Herein the present paper, a case of congenital LQTS, admitted after a sudden cardiac arrest and totally recovered with implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD), was focused on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]