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This paper discusses the application of the infrared (IR) spectroscopy method to grain of prestigious maize inbred lines to determine its conformational and functional properties. The IR spectra of prestigious maize inbred lines grain has been registered in: ZPPL 186, ZPPL 225 and M1-3-3 Sdms. The existence of spectral bands varying in both, number and intensity and their shape, frequency and kinetics has been determined. Infrared spectral bands are determined by transmittance (%) and frequency (cm-1) of chemical bonds' valence oscillations and deformation oscillations in functional groups: alkanes, alkenes, alcines, alcohols, ethers, carboxylic acids, esters, aldehydes and ketones that are characteristic for biogenic compounds of carbohydrates, vitamins, pigments and dietary fibres. By analyzing IR spectral bands, conformational and functional properties of bio-genic compounds can be detected in grain of observed prestigious maize inbred lines., U ovom radu razmatra se primena metode infracrvene spektroskopije pri istraživanju zrna elitnih inbred linija kukuruza radi utvrđivanja konformacionih i funkcionalnih svojstava zrna. Registrovani su infracrveni spektri zrna inbred linija kukuruza: ZPPL 186, ZPPL 225 i M1- 3-3 Sdms. Utvrđeno je da kod infracrvenih spektara postoje različite spektralne trake koje se međusobno razlikuju kako po svojoj brojnosti u spektru i po svom intenzitetu, tako i po svojem obliku, svojoj frekvenciji i svojoj kinetici. Svaka spektralna traka definisana je intenzitetom apsorpcije infracrvenog zračenja, tj. transmi-tancom u (%) i frekvencijom oscilacija u (cm-1) valentnih i deformacionih oscilacija hemijskih veza koje postoje kod sledećih funkcionalnih grupa: alkana, alkena, alkina, alkohola, etra, karboksilne kiseline, estra, aldehida i ketona. Te funkcionalne grupe su karakteristične za biogena jedinjenja iz sastava ugljovodonika, vitamina, pigmenata i dijetetskih vlakana. Analizirajući trake infracrvenih spektara mogu se dijagnostikovati konformaciona i funkcionalna svojstva zrna ispitivanih inbred linija kukuruza.

It is generally known that a phenotype is formed on the basis of the capacity of its genotype affected by environmental factors. Yield stability is statistically expressed through the GxE interaction. The interaction is a part of the trial variation that includes the factor of the genotype and the factor of the environment. The presence of the qualitative interaction significantly makes difficult the selection of the best genotypes in the process of breeding. As long ago as the early 1960s, many researchers noticed that the application of linear regression could, in many cases, define adaptability and stability of a genotype. However, in cases when data are not well adjusted to the linear model, better results can be gained by the application of the multivariate models (PCA, AMMI, GGE). The estimated maize hybrid stability was compared in this study by linear (Finlay and Wilkinson and Eberhart and Russell models) and multivariate statistical models (AMMI model). Very similar results were obtained by all three models. It was probably due to one dominant factor in the hybrid x environment interaction (different precipitation sums for the environments and the length of the growing season for hybrids). The advantage was given to the AMMI model, as the model with one axis analyses the interaction equally well as linear models, while the model with two axes extracted another part of systemic variation of the interaction effect not adjusted to the linear model., Opšte je poznato da se fenotip formira na osnovu kapaciteta svog genotipa pod uticajem faktora spoljašnje sredine. Prisustvo kvalitativne interakcije značajno otežava izbor najboljih genotipova u procesu selekcije. Još su ranih šezdesetih godina istraživači primetili da se primenom linearne regresije može, u velikom broju slučajeva, definisati adaptabilnost i stabilnost genotipa. Međutim, u slučajevima kada podaci nisu dobro prilagođeni linearnom modelu bolji rezultati se postižu primenom multivarijacionih modela (PCA, AMMI, GGE). U ovim istraživanjima izvršeno je poređenje procene stabilnosti hibrida kukuruza pomoću linearnih (Finlay i Wilkinson, Eberhart i Russell, modeli) i multivarijacionog modela statistike (AMMI model). Sva tri modela su dala veoma slične rezultate. Prednost se ipak daje AMMI modelu jer model sa jednom osom podjednako dobro kao i linearni modeli analizira interakciju, dok je model sa dve ose izdvojio još jedan deo sistematske varijacije interakcijskog efekta koji nije prilagođen linearnom modelu.

Although the reveal of heterotic groups in maize significantly increased testing efficiency, field trials are still unreplaceable and most time and fund consumable in the process of the hybrid development. The efficiency of breeding programmes could be significantly increased if the hybrid performance could be predicted prior to the field evaluation. Although different marker techniques have been developed and included into current breeding programmes, the satisfactory results have not been obtained yet. The present study is an attempt to inexpensively and rapidly discover indicators that could even partially facilitate the selection of parental pairs in the process of the hybrid development prior to the field evaluation. The phenotypic description of inbred lines according to the UPOV Descriptor was used for the estimation of the phenotypic distances for which it had been assumed that they could, to a certain degree, be an indicator of heterosis. The phenotypic characterization according to the UPOV Descriptor was done for 28 elite inbreds, that are often used in our commercial breeding programmes, and for 24 inbreds originating from the same source, as well as, for an inbred of the unknown origin and their phenotypic distances were estimated. The cluster analysis resulted in the classification that was in high compliance with known information on the origin. It was empirically concluded that great distances of parent inbreds result in good hybrids. Furthermore, high values among certain inbreds belonging to the same heterotic groups are observed on the morphological distance matrix and crosses among them should indeed be tested in the field prior to making any general conclusion on the reliability of the morphological distance in the prediction of heterosis., Efikasnost oplemenjivačkih programa bi se znatno mogla povećati ako bi bilo moguće predvideti proizvodne performase hibrida pre evaluacije u polju. Fenotipska karakterizacija linija po UPOV deskriptoru je iskorišćena za izračunavanje fenotipskih distanci za koje smo pretpostavili da u određenoj meri mogu biti indikator heterozisa. Urađena je i fenotipska karakterizacija po UPOV deskriptoru 28 elitnih linija koje se često koriste u komercijalnom programu oplemenjivanja u Institutu za kukuruz 'Zemun Polje', 24 linije poreklom iz istog izvora kao i jedne linije nepoznatog porekla i na osnovu rezultata urađena je Klaster i Korespondenciona analiza. Klaster analiza je dala grupisanje koje je u visokoj saglasnosti sa poznatim informacijama o poreklu. Empirijski je zaključeno da velike distance roditeljskih linija daju dobre hibride. Međutim, na matrici morfoloških distanci se uočavaju visoke vrednosti između nekih linija koje pripadaju istim heterotičnim grupama i ukrštanja između njih bi svakako trebalo testirati u polju, pre izvlačenja nekog generalnog zaključka o pouzdanosti morfološke distance u predviđanju heterozisa.

The protection of breeders rights provides the chance to establish the exclusive right which will enhance the chances for protection of intellectual property and therefore provide the greater accumulation of the necessary founds for the further investments in the area of plant breeding. Concerning this UPOV has established detail guidelines for conduction of DUS tests for more then 170 plant species. Considering that the living systems are in the constant interaction with the environment, and most of the traits are polygenic, mistakes are always possible, regardless of the very precisely established procedures for description of traits in the Guidelines. On the other hand the subjectivity of the human factor is always present. Errors could be the result of the mistakes in writing during the estimation in the field or while transferring the data into the computer. Also errors could occur as the replacement of the estimates between two neighboring plots. Specificity of genotype and missing estimate could also enter confusion in the evaluation of traits. Application of some cultural practices, especially herbicides applied after seedling emergences, could lead to the false estimate. Assuring the timely detection of the false estimate and its verifying and correction, during the experiment, is of a great importance, so that errors could be avoided in characterization of genotype and in the estimate of its distinctness, uniformity and stability., Zaštita prava oplemenjivača daje mogućnost da se obezbedi jedno pouzdano ekskluzivno pravo koje će poboljšati šanse da se u ovoj oblasti omogući zaštita intelektualne svojine i samim tim da se poveća šansa za akumulaciju potrebnih sredstava za dalje investicije u ovoj oblasti. U svrhu ove zaštite UPOV ustanovljava detaljna uputstva za sprovođenje DUS testova za više od 170 biljnih vrsta. Najveći broj svojstava neke individue je kontrolisan većim brojem gena i u stalnoj su interakciji sa spoljašnjom sredinom. Sa druge strane uvek je prisutan subjektivni ljudski faktor. Iako su precizno ustanovljeni stadijumi ekspresije svojstava u Vodičima za testiranje, kao i što su i jasno definisani eksperimentalni i statistički dizajni greške su uvek moguće. Veoma je važno u toku samog eksperimenta obezbediti pravovremeno otkrivanje pogrešne ocene i njenu proveru i korekciju kako bi se izbegle greške u karakterizaciji genotipa i oceni njegove različitosti, uniformnosti i stabilnosti.

Five maize inbred lines, ZPNP11, Sg1533, ZPLP2/1, ZPK18 and ZPK6, were used for this study. The dilled cross with n(n-l)/2 combinations was performed and 10 Fl hybrids were analyzed in parallel trials in two locations (Zemun Polje and Indjija). The two factorial analysis of variance and covariance, model II, was used for data processing and therefore separation of variance components (genetic, ecological, phenotypic) and the estimation of coefficients of genetic and phenotypic correlations among studied traits (popping volume, grain yield, number of kernel rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per 10 grams, kernel depth). The coef­ficients of variation and heritability were also computed. Beside the degree of compatibility between the two traits (correlation coefficient), the path analysis (Wright, 1934) provided a more detailed consideration of the relation.: among observed traits. The estimation of standardized regression coefficients (path coefficients) was done by the method of inversion correlation symmetrical matrixes (Edwards. 1979) Popping volume, as the most important trait in popcorn breeding is used as a dependent variable (v). The results obtained by the path analysis point to the complexity of relations between popping volume, as a dependent variable, and independent variables, as well as to the character of relations among independent variables. Path analysis is a form of the regression analysis providing comprehension of the direct and indirect effects, as well as the share of joint effects (determina­tion) of independent variables (x1, x2, ... xn) on the dependent variable (y). The purpose of this study was to determine and evaluate effects of grain yield and grain yield components on popping volume. It was assumed that some of the selected traits, as independent variables, significantly affected grain yield as the dependent variable. The highest correlation dependence (genetic and phenotypic) was detected between pop­ping volume, Pet linija kukuruza: ZPN11, Sg1533, ZPLP2/1, ZPK18 i ZPK6 su upotrebljene za ovo istraživanje. Dialelno ukrštanje sa n(n-1)/2 kombinacija urađeno je između ovih linija, a 10 njihovih F1 hibrida je ispitivano u uporednim ogledima u dve lokacije (Zemun Polje i Indija). Za obradu podataka korišćena je dvofaktorijalna analiza varijanse i kovarijanse, model II, kao i za razdvajanje komponenti varijanse (genetička, spoljne sredine, fenotipska) i procenti koeficijenata genetičkih i fenotipskih korelacija između ispitivanih osobina (zapremina kokičavosti, prinos zrna, broj redova zrna, broj zrna u redu, broj zrna u 10 g, debljina zrna). Takođe su utvrđeni koeficijenti varijacije i heritabilnost. Osim stepena saglasnosti između dvc osobine (koeficijent korelacije), pat analiza (Wright 1934) pruža detaljniji uvid u odnose između ispitivanih osobina. Procene standardizovanih regresionih koeficijenata (pat koeficijenti) su urađene po metodi inverznib korelacionih simetričnih matrica (Edwards 1979) - Zapremina kokičavosti, kao najhitnija osobina u selekciji kokičara, iskorišćena je kao zavisna promenljiva (y). Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na složenost odnosa između zapremine kokičavosti, kao zavisne promenljive, i nezavisnih promenljivih, kao i na karakter odnosa između nezavisnih promenljivih. Pat analiza je oblik regresione analize koji omogućuje procenu direktnih i indirektnih efekata, kao i udeo zajedničkih efekata (determinacija) nezavisnih promenljivih (x1, x2,...xn) na zavisnu promenljivu (y). Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se utvrde i procene efekti prinosa zrna i komponenti pritiosa zrna na zapreminu kokičavosti. Pretpostavilo se da neke od odabranih osobina, kao nezavisne promenljive, značajno utiču na prinos zrna kao zavisnu varijablu. Najviša korelaciona zavisnost (genetička i fenotipska) utvrđena je između zapremine kokičavosti i broja zrna u redu (rg=0,82**, rj=0,75**). Direktni genetički efekti (pat koeficijenti) bili su veći i značajniji od fenotipskih. Najveći d