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Brucellosis is a disease that can be prevented through vaccination. Yet, the effectiveness of the vaccination to fight this disease is considered weak. Fortunately, attempts to modify brucellosis vaccine is still keep going. Some brucellosis vaccines have been found and developed in the past time such as the vaccine B.abortus strain 19-BA and 104M which was made from weakened microbes which had been widely used in Uni Soviet and China. The other brucellosis vaccine that were used in the past were the phenolinsoluble peptidoglycan vaccine which was made in France and polysaccharideprotein vaccine which was used in Russia. This research attempted to see the determinant of antigenic Outer Membrane Protein (OM) 36 kDa Brucella abortus local isolation which has immunogenic character to be developed as an advanced brucellosis vaccine. The method used in this research was the Omp2 gene of Brucella abortus of local isolate employed the PCR technique. The result of the PCR was then sequenced to analyze the determinant antigenic and the bounding prediction of either the T cell or the B cell which were responsible for immune response. The result of this study showed that the gen Omp2 which encoded the OMP 36 kDa Brucella abortus of local isolation with primary JPF 5’ GCG CTC AGG CTG CCG ACG CAA 3’ and JPR 5’ CAT TGC GGT CGG TAC CGG AG 3’ targeted the gene 162 bp, was then translated into amino acids to be later undergo the in silico test using Kolaskar and Tongaonkar Antigenicity Prediction method. The epitope prediction resulted were MSRVCDAYGAGYFYI and TETCLRVHGYVRYD. The result of the epitope prediction of MSRVCDAYGAGYFYI showed that there was a bond with MHC I in YGAGYFYI of the 8th amino acid series to the 15th series, while the epitope prediction of TETCLRVHGYVRYD showed that there was a bond to the ETCLRVHGY of the series of amino acids number 2 to 10. Bond with MHC II existed in the amino acid series of MSRVCDAYGAGYFYI, while the bond with the B cells existed in BCSAYGA and CLRVHG amino acid series. This research has been successful in predicting the epitope of the OMP 36 kDa Brucella abortus of local isolate which had immunogenic characteristic for its ability to bond with the MHC I, MHC II and B cells.

Toll-like receptorsplay a role as a bridge between innate immune system and adaptive immune system, playing an important role in body'sdefense against invading germs. Thus, theintroduction of TLR-4can be used as a marker for aggressive and chronic periodontitis. This researchaimed to analyze the expression of TLR-4in patients with aggressive and chronic periodontitis. The samplesin this study were derived from tissue suffering from aggressive and chronic periodontitis. The number of samples in this research was 40 patients with aggressive periodontitis and 40 patients with chronic periodontitis. Then, TLR-4 expression test was conducted by using immunohistochemistry.Based on the results of T-test, a statistical test, it is known that t value was 5.697 with significant value about 0.000 (α = 5%). It is also known that there was significant difference of TLR4 protein expression between in patients with aggressive periodontitis and in those with chronic periodontitis. Morever, based on a box plot diagram, it is known that there was significant difference of TLR4 protein distribution between in patients with aggressive periodontitis and in those with chronic periodontitis. Besides, it is also known that TLR4 protein expression has an effect on the incidence of patients with aggressive periodontitis and chronic periodontitis, as well as the shape of the regression equation. Furthermore, it is known that OR estimated value for the variable expression of TLR4 protein was 1.275 (sign = 0.000). It indicates that if TLR4 protein expression increased 1 (one) unit, then the risk of aggressive periodontitis could be 1,275 times. Conclusion: The increasing of TLR4 protein expression in patients with aggressive periodontitis indicates that cytokine becomes an indicator of inflammation in aggressive periodontitis. Keywords: Toll - like receptors -4, aggressive eriodontitis, chronic periodontitis

Impaired glucose balance affects the regeneration of neurotransmitters in the brain. One of neurotransmitters that is known to have an important role in the brain is dopamine. Dopamine production by dopaminergic (DA) neurons is regulated by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Previous research has been reported that a decline on TH expression in DA neurons was a result of exposure to excess glucose. One contributing factor is an excess amount of glucose, which interfere homeostasis in the body by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) more and cause oxidative stress. This condition can cause damage to cells in the brain, including DA neurons, to cell death occurs (apoptosis). The characteristic of neuroprotective owned by the hormone estrogen allegedly able to protect nerve cells from the damaging effects of this. The aim of this study is to explore the involvement of 17β-Estradiol as neuroprotection on the effects of glucose exposure during early development on dopaminergic neurons. This study used zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos as animal model. They were divided into 4 groups: negative control group, hyperglycemia group, group that was coincubated glucose and estrogen, and the group that only incubated with estrogen alone. Cell death (apoptosis) in the brain was observed using acridine orange staining and TH expression was observed using immunocytochemistry. The results showed that the embryos were exposed to 5% glucose significantly (p less than 0.05) increased the number of apoptotic cells and decreased the expression of TH. While the results of the analysis of embryos in co-incubation group with estrogen showed improvement with decreased apoptotic cells and the increasing expression of TH up to the normal amount. It can be concluded that estrogen shown to have neuroprotective effect in protecting the decreasing TH expression, as the effects of glucose exposure, which could potentially lead to diabetes, by acting as an antioxidant through cellular mechanisms in the central nervous system

Several studies have been reported behavioral changes in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) recently. The increasing levels of glucose affects neuronal activity and may inhibit the process of differentiation and regeneration of neurons in the brain. Dopaminergic (DA) neurons produce dopamine as a neurotransmitter which has an important role to regulate motor functions in the brain. This study aimed to determine the effect of exposure to high concentrations of glucose on the activity of dopaminergic neurons on early development of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish embryos were exposed to glucose (1%, 3% and 5%) as a diabetic animal model at the beginning of development. Co-incubation was performed by incubated both of glucose and L-DOPA. Swimming distance of zebrafish larvae was measured as a parameter to determine the motor function regulated by dopamine activity. Results of statistical analysis in zebrafish embryos exposed to 1% and 3% glucose showed significant differences (p less than 0.05) reduction on swimming distance. Co-incubation glucose with L-DOPA partially increased the swimming distance. It can be concluded that the administration of excessive exposure to glucose was able to decrease the activity of dopaminergic neurons by decreasing the distance of swim in early zebrafish development. .

The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of cumulus oocyte complex (COC) after vitrification process toward apotosis of COC, fertilization rate and embryo quality. Frozen occurs during the cold shock that can lead to changes in the molecular level COC. These changes will affect the quality of frozen thawed oocytes after COC. The study used two groups, There are COC not frozen and frozen COC. Parameter observed were apotosis of blastomere cells, fertilization rate and embryo quality. Apoptosis of COC were observed with tunnel apoptec staining, fertilization rates were measured based on number of zygotes and embryo quality were observed through number of blastocyst. The data of apotosis of blastomere cells were analyzed by Kruscal Wallis. The result showed that the apoptosis number, fertilization rate, and morula number between are significantly (p less than 0.05) between groups. The administration of frozen COC increase number of apoptotic blastomer cells, decreased fertilization rate up to 51.1% and embryo quality up to 69.2 %. In conclusion, Frozen on COC increased apotosis of COC, decreased both of fertilization rate and embryo quality. The embryo Frozen of vitrification is required in the ART technology necessary to add an antioxidant to improve the fertilization rate and embryo quality

Hypertension is an abnormality of cardiovascular condition, marked by high-blood pressure over normal condition. One of the factors that causes hypertension is altered equilibrium of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron system, which commonly caused by genetic disorder, could produces excess of Angiotensin II which known as vasoconstrictor. Angiotensin II elevates body’s blood pressure and stimulates production of free radicals causes hypertension and oxidative stress. This research conducted to explore potential antihypertension effect from bakasang’s peptide extract made from fermented skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis L.) based on MDA levels in sera and iNOS expression in cardiac tissue from hypertension rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by DOCA-salt. Rats were divided into five groups, they were: (1) negative control group, (2) hypertensive control group, (3) hypertension with captopril therapy with dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight (BW), (4,5) bakasang’s peptide extract therapy with dose of 200 mg/kgBW, and 300 mg/kgBW respectively. The results showed that bakasang’s peptide extract with dose of 200 mg/kgBW significantly decrease (p less than 0.05) MDA level in sera and iNOS expression in cardiac tissue. MDA level decreased up to 32.77%, and iNOS level of expression decreased up to 34.46 % after therapy using bakasang’s peptide extract on hypertension rats. It can be concluded that bakasang’s peptide extract has antihypertension effect (ACE-inhibitor), and capable to decrease MDA levels in sera and iNOS expression in cardiac tissue on hypertension rats induced by DOCA-salt.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammation process of endothel cell layer of blood vessels which is initiated by the disfunction of the endothel. This research aimed at understanding the repairment mechanism of the function of endothel in cardiac blood vessels with ateroskleroris case after being given medium-intenity physical exercises, mesenchymal stem cell and combination of the medium-intensity physical exercises and mesenchymal stem cell by lookin into the foam cell of abdominal aorta. This research employed true experimental research design with post test only control group design. The sample of this reseach were 24 male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) furrow that were controlled its homogeneity using inclusive criteria; confirming ateroclerosis, 20 week age, weight ranged from 180-200 gram, inhybrid, and healthy that were indicated by good desire for food and behaved normally. The Rattus norvegicus which fulfilled the inclusive criteria were divided into three groups which first group was the control group (atheroscleoris rats). The second group was ateroclerosis rats and received regular medium-intensity physical exercises. The third group atherosclerosis which received combination of regular medium-intensity physical exercises and received mesenchymal stem cell. The result of manova test showed value p less than 0.001 which indicated the existence of different foam cell found in the control group, exercise group, stem cell group and combined exercise and stem cell group. It can be concluded that attempt to decrease the risk factor of aterosclerosis is one of the ways to protect the endothel of the blood vessels. Deep understanding on this mechanism is expected to give new insights to do preventive action and treatments toward ateroclerosis by combination theraphy of regular medium-intensity physical exercises and received mesenchymal stem cell.

Hypertension is an abnormality of cardiovascular condition, marked by high-blood pressure over the normal condition. One of the factors that causes hypertension is altered equilibrium of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron system (RAAS). This condition, which commonly by genetic could causes excess production of Angiotensin II, which known as vasoconstrictor, carried out by Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II could increases the body’s blood pressure, and stimulates the production of free radicals, causing hypertension and oxidative stress. One of the common medication for hypertensive patient are using ACE inhibitor pills. Consumption of commercial pills, had a negative effect on the patient, such as skin iritation, cough, allergic reaction, etc. This study was conducted to explore the potential peptide of bakasang extract isolated from fermented skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis L.) for antihypertensive therapy, based on the activity of protease and histopathology of cardiac tissue on hypertensive rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by DOCA-salt. The rats were divided into five groups: (1) negative control group, (2) hypertensive control group, (3) hypertension with captopril therapy dose of 5 mg/kg of body weight (BW), (4) and (5) hypertension with bakasang’s peptide extract therapy dose of 200 mg/kgBW, and 300 mg/kgBW, respectively. The results showed that bakasang’s peptide extract dose of 200 mg/kgBW significantly (p less than 0.05) decrease protease activity and improve histopathology of cardiac tissue on hypertensive rats. Protease activity post-therapy decreased to be 39.27 % from positive hypertension group. It could be concluded that the peptide of bakasang’s peptide extract has antihypertension effect (ACE-inhibitors), which was able to improve histopathology and decrease protease activity of the cardiac tissue on hypertensive rats induced by DOCA-salt.