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Various biomaterials have been developed to be used as bone substitutes or materials to stimulate bone growth such as beta Tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP). In addition to the selection of biocompatible materials, any technological developments have led to the project of making substitute materials leading to the manufacture of nano-sized materials. The combination of biomaterials types and size modification aims to obtain materials with biodegradability and biocompatibility abilities. The purpose of this scooping review was to get the latest description of beta tri calcium phosphate nanoparticles as scaffold combination material to increase bone formation. To obtain the data, a search was conducted using three databases, they were PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. From all three databases, 259 articles were found. Data were then selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The title, abstract and full text of each study were carefully analyzed. Data extraction was made based on cell proliferation, cell toxicity, and new bone formation process. There were 33 selected articles and the results displayed that there were 15 other combinations of biomaterials used with beta-TCP. The in vitro studies revealed the increase in cell proliferation and the absence of toxicity from the combination of beta-TCP/hydroxyapatite and beta-TCP/Platelet Rich Plasma. While in vivo studies revealed the new bone formation from the combination of beta-TCP/hydroxyapatite and beta-TCP/ gelatin. In conclusion, the comparison of ingredients combined with beta-TCP in this scooping review were hydroxyapatite, platelet rich plasma and gelatin. Various combinations of these biomaterials with beta-TCP had high cell proliferation ability, no cell toxicity and good new bone formation ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this to examine the effect of hydroxyapatite extracted from Indonesian limestone on bone defects healing by means of the number of osteoblasts, fibroblasts and osteoclasts. This study design is an true experimental with randomized post-test only control group design. Femurs of eighteen Cavia cobaya were drilled to make bone defects and divided into 3 groups; group 1 (G1): defects without bone graft treatment, group2 (G2): bone defects were filled with bovine hydroxyapatite and group 3 (G3): bone defects were filled with Indonesian limestone. After 14 days, the animals were sacrificed and femurs were extracted. The number of osteoblast, fibroblast and osteoclast were documented by histologically. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) continued by Least Significant Different (LSD) were conducted to analyze the data with p-value < 0.05 considered as statistically significant. The number of osteoblasts were higher in G3 than that in group G1 (p <0.05) but not with group G2 (p > 0.05). The number of osteoclasts were significantly lower in group G3 compared with group G1 and G2 (p<0.05). The number of fibroblast were higher in G3 than that in group G1 and group G2 (p<0.05). Hydroxyapatite from Indonesian limestone enhanced the bone deffect healing through the enhancement of osteoblasts, fibroblasts and reducement of osteoclasts number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of tooth supporting tissue caused by specific microorganisms, one of which is the bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). Based on the Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) in 2018, dental and mouth problems reached 57.6% in Indonesia and only 10.2% had received services from medical personnel. In pregnancy there are hormonal changes that can affect periodontal tissue. Increasing the number of macrophages in pregnancies with chronic periodontitis can lead to a risk of preeclampsia. The aim of this study is toprove that pregnant mice with chronic periodontitis can increase the number of macrophages as a risk of pre-eclampsia. Thirty females Rattus novergicus, weighing 250-300 g with age 5-6 months, divided into 3 groups, consisting of 1 control group and 2 treatment groups. The control group is only pregnant mice. In treatment group 1 is the group of pregnant rats with chronic periodontitis and in treatment group 2 is the group of rats with chronic periodontitis. P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 was injected locally 0.03ml with a concentration of 1x109 CFU / ml under the incisor gingival sulcus in the right and left mesials. Data on the number of macrophages were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and One-Way Anova. There were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages between groups. There is an increase in macrophages in pregnant mice with chronic periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limestone, as a natural source has the main component of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and is abundantly existed in Indonesia. Calcium carbonate is one of the compounds that could be a precursor in the fabrication of hydroxyapatite (HA) that has been commonly used in clinical application. The center of ceramics in Indonesia (BBK: Balai Besar Keramik) has synthesize HA from limestone's calcium carbonate derived from mountains in Padalang and Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia. This study aims to evaluate the characteristics and cytotoxity of hydroxyapatite made from Padalarang-Cirebon limestone by BBK as a bone graft candidate. Characterizations of HA were Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). Cytotoxicity of the samples were evaluated with MTT assay on umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) with the concentrations of 50µg/ml, 25µg/ml, 12.5µg/ml, 6.25µg/ml, 3.12µg/ml, 1.56µg/ml, 0.78µg/ml, 0.39µg/ml, and 0.19µg/ml. HA from limestone has hydroxyl (OH-) dan phosphate (PO42-) functional groups, the particle was in the crystal form and has the composition of O, Ca, and P with the Ca/P ratio was 1.64. Toxicity was not found in all concentrations (p > 5). HA from Padalarang-Cirebon limestone by BBK has hydroxyl and phosphate groups, crystal particles, the composition of O, Ca, and P, Ca/P ratio of 1.64 and no toxicity, which satisfied the requirements of a bone graft candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most common bacteria that cause dental caries are Streptococcus mutans. Prevention of dental caries can be done by brushing teeth using toothpaste that contains antibacterial ingredients. Chitosan is a derivative product of chitin, which is extracted from crab shell. Chitosan has been proven to be non-toxic, has good biocompatibility and antibacterial effect. To determine the inhibition of toothpaste containing 1 percent chitosan extracted from crab shell on Streptococcus mutans. This study is an experimental study with only post-control design. A diffusion method was used to determine the effect of the material on bacteria. Agar media was used to culture Streptococcus mutans and divided into four parts. Toothpaste containing 1% chitosan from crab shell with low weight molecule, medium weight molecule, high weight molecule and basic toothpaste without any chitosan, are put into each part. The average inhibition zone diameter against Streptococcus mutans in toothpaste containing chitosan are various among its molecule weight. At low molecular weight has a diameter of 16.4914 mm, medium molecular weight has a diameter of 17.500 mm, high molecular weight has a diameter of 19.0643 mm, and in basic toothpaste without chitosan has a diameter of 14.9214 mm. Inhibitory effect of toothpaste containing 1% chitosan extracted from crab shell on Streptococcus mutans is increased from low molecular weight to high molecular weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The jawbone is an important component because it functions as a supporting structure of the teeth, regulates mineral homeostasis and protects various organs in the oral cavity.The number of tooth extraction cases in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic of Dental and Oral Hospital, Faculty of Dental Medicine, UniversitasAirlangga average in 2019 every month is 800 teeth. This shows that there is potential to use wasted crowns, such as HA, which will be used as scaffold candidates. Cytotoxicity of HA dental crowns as scaffold candidates will be investigated.Using hidroxyapatite (HA) Powder Preparation and Cytotoxicity Test. The absorbance results for all concentration groups are above 50%, which means HA of dental crowns is not toxic according to CD50, which states the material is said to be toxic if the number of living cells is below 50%. Tooth extraction waste that can be used as HA material is not toxic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]