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Background: Dry eye disease is one of the most common disorders we see in practice today. Perfluorohexyloctane (PFHO) ophthalmic solution (MIEBO®) (©Bausch + Lomb) is a novel, non-aqueous, single entity, preservative-free ophthalmic drop recently approved by the FDA for treatment of the signs and symptoms of dry eye disease. Purpose: While the safety and efficacy of PFHO has been demonstrated in non-contact lens wearers, its safety and potential benefits in habitual contact lens wearers have not been explored. This report presents the results of a trial designed to evaluate the safety of PFHO and its effect on contact lens comfort, specifically in established contact lens wearers. Patients and methods: The study included 47 patients who were adjusted contact lens wearers with a best corrected visual acuity of 20/25 or better at distance. All the patients were healthy contact lens wearers with no dry eye symptoms. Results: A significant improvement in comfort scoring was observed without any significant changes in osmolarity, meibography scores, and total fluorescein staining. Conclusion: These findings suggest that PCHO is safe for contact lens wearers to use and shows promise to reduce contact lens dropout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This prospective comparative study aimed to assess the effects on contact lens comfort, dryness, and wear time when symptomatic daily disposable (DD) contact lens (CL) wearers were refit with delefilcon A (DT1) lenses. Patients and Methods: Thirty five symptomatic DD CL wearers with dry eye disease as determined according to the TFOS DEWS 2 guidelines, were enrolled and completed the study. Participants wore their habitual DD CLs during an initial assessment and were subsequently refit with DT1 for 1 month. Participants were masked to the study lens type. Subjective ratings of end-of-day comfort and dryness, average wear time, and comfortable wear time were evaluated as primary endpoints. Results: Of the 35 participants, two participants were classified as aqueous deficient dry eye, while the remaining participants exhibited symptoms primarily due to evaporative causes. The median CLDEQ-8 score for dryness significantly improved from 17 (fair) with habitual lenses to 13 (good) with DT1 lenses (p < 0.01). Participants reported significantly better end-of-day comfort (p = 0.01) and less end-of-day dryness (p = 0.01) with DT1 compared to their habitual DD lenses. The comfortable wear time was significantly longer with DT1 (8.5 ± 4.1 hours) compared to habitual DD lenses (6.7 ± 3.2 hours) (p = 0.04). No significant differences were observed in vision ratings (p = 0.07). Conclusion: Refitting symptomatic DD CL wearers with DT1 resulted in improved end-of-day comfort, reduced end-of-day dryness, and extended comfortable wear time compared to their habitual lenses. These findings suggest that DT1 may offer benefits for symptomatic DD wearers with dry eye disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the associations between environmental and occupational factors and the prevalence of dry eye symptoms among participants from the Ahsa region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: Participants from urban, rural, and suburban areas seeking medical care at primary health centers were recruited through systematic random sampling. Data on demographics, exposures, and ocular health were captured using a structured questionnaire. Dry eye symptoms were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Impact of Dry Eye on Everyday Life (IDEEL), and Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye (SANDE) questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis examined the relationships between environmental/occupational factors and the prevalence of dry eye symptoms. Results: Key exposures included particulate matter (PM) (60%), low humidity (55%), wind/dust (50%), prolonged computer use (65%), and chemical irritants (45%). These factors were significantly associated with an increased prevalence of dry eye symptoms, with the following odds ratios (ORs): PM (1.85, 95% CI: 1.35– 2.52), low humidity (1.45, 95% CI: 1.05– 2.00), wind and dust (1.60, 95% CI: 1.20– 2.14), prolonged computer use (2.10, 95% CI: 1.55– 2.85), and chemical irritants (1.75, 95% CI: 1.30– 2.35). All associations were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The use of protective equipment was associated with reduced odds of dry eye symptoms (OR 0.60, 95% CI: 0.42– 0.85, p = 0.03). Conclusion: This study identifies significant associations between specific environmental and occupational exposures and the prevalence of dry eye symptoms. Reducing modifiable exposures through policy, workplace enhancements, and clinical preventative strategies is essential to mitigate the burden of dry eye symptoms related to modern lifestyles and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This research aims to investigate the influence of environmental factors on the treatment efficacy of ocular lubricants in patients from urban areas with dry eye disease (DED). Methods: A phase IV clinical trial, which included 173 patients from major cities in Mexico, was randomly assigned to use ocular lubricants four times a day for 30 days. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), noninvasive tear film break-up time (NIBUT), ocular staining, and conjunctival hyperemia (CH) among other factors like weather, and air pollution as covariates were analysed. Results: After 30 days, OSDI score decreased by 14.8 points (p< 0.001), and NIBUT increased by 2.9 seconds (p< 0.001), with longer values observed in patients recruited in autumn and winter (additional 1.8 seconds, p< 0.05) compared to those recruited in spring. Patients living in cities with cooler weather and high humidity, but low air quality had higher OSDI and conjunctival stain scores of up to 4.4 and 0.3 points, respectively, as compared to those living in cities with similar pollution and humidity levels but with higher temperatures (p-values= 0.019 and 0.050). Patients with moderate CH had an increase of up to 0.8 points in their corneal stain score (p< 0.010). We also found that ozone levels were related to the predicted changes in OSDI and NIBUT. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the impact of environmental factors on the signs and symptoms of DED and suggests that patients residing in cities with inadequately controlled air pollution can benefit from using ocular lubricants to alleviate their symptoms. Trial Registration: Trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04702776). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective and subjective dry eye tests. The vision, endothelial cell count, and the pressure inside the eye were all found to be within normal limits after the IPL treatment. Even though the people in our study had glaucoma and had been taking glaucoma medicine for it for a year and the fact that the symptoms last for a long time may also change the results. Also, DED caused by glaucoma medication is complicated, with a lot of different symptoms and signs, even in the same stage. Also, subjective complaints may not match up with clinical signs. The type, amount, and length of anti-glaucoma drugs may have affected the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of vidian neurectomy (VN) on the ocular surface and the possibility of dry eye in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Methods: Twelve participants were recruited in this prospective study. Prior to and after 1 and 6 months of VN, an ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire was obtained, and the Schirmer's tear test (STT), break-up time (BUT), corneal fluorescence staining (CFS) score, and Keratograph 5M were used to evaluate the ocular surface condition. Results: Two patients (16.67%) met the dry eye diagnosis criteria one month after surgery; however, their symptoms were relieved after to 3– 4 months and none of them met the diagnostic criteria for dry eye after six months. Compared with the baseline values, the STT was significantly reduced (P=0.002), while the tear meniscus height (TMH) (P=0.262), break-up time (BUT) (P=0.916), first keratographic tear film break-up time (NK-BUTfirst) (P=0.791), and average keratographic break-up time (NK-BUTave) (P=0.970) did not change significantly 6 months after surgery. The degree of STT decreased from baseline to 6-month and was related to the basic STT (ρ= 0.837, P=0.001) and sex (ρ= − 0.584, P= 0.026) but not to age, OSDI score, BUT, NK-BUTfirst, NK-BUTave or CFS (all P 0.05). Among these factors, STT at baseline was confirmed to be a predictor of a decline in tear secretion after surgery (B = 0.731, P< 0.001). Conclusion: In this 6-month prospective pilot study, decreased tearing was observed after VN, but this decrease did not increase the possibility of dry eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess changes in symptoms and ocular surface signs following a bilateral sutureless treatment of dehydrated amniotic membrane (dAM) under a specialised bandage contact lens (sBCL) in patients with moderate-to-severe dry eye disease (DED). Patients and Methods: In this prospective pre-post interventional study, 35 patients diagnosed with moderate-to-severe DED, with an Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score > 30 on current treatment, were enrolled. Assessments were conducted at baseline (day − 30), after 30 days run-in with no additional treatment (day 0 – control), and 30 days post sBCL+dAM treatment (day 30 – treatment). Intervention involved two successive bilateral 4-5 day sutureless applications of dAM (17mm diameter, with a 6 mm central aperture, Omnigen® VIEW) under an 18mm sBCL (OmniLenz®). Symptomatology and ocular signs were measured using OSDI, Dry Eye Questionnaire-5 (DEQ-5), Symptom Assessment iN Dry Eye (SANDE), and other ocular surface health indicators including non-invasive breakup time, corneal and conjunctival staining, and lid wiper epitheliopathy length and width (LWE). Results: While symptomatology remained stable during the 30-day no-treatment run-in, 1-month post-dAM treatment, there was a significant reduction in OSDI scores (from 55.8 to 32.3, p< 0.001), DEQ-5 (from 14.6 to 10.0, p< 0.001), SANDE frequency (from 65.2 to 43.6, p< 0.001), and SANDE severity (from 59.8 to 41.1, p< 0.001). Additionally, there was a notable decrease in the width of LWE staining, from grade 2 (50– 75% of the lid wiper) to grade 1 (25– 50% of the lid wiper) (p=0.011). Conclusion: A bilateral 8– 10-day treatment duration with dAM applied with sBCL demonstrated a 31 to 42% improvement in symptomatology and a decrease in ocular surface signs of mechanical stress. This innovative bilateral treatment approach offers a promising treatment modality for patients with refractory moderate-to-severe DED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives were to investigate whether treatment with artificial tears improved refractive precision and whether subjects with non-dry eyes had better refractive precision than subjects with dry eyes. Design: Prospective randomized controlled trial with three arms. Patients and methods: Dry eye diagnostics according to DEWS II were performed, and subjects with dry eyes were randomized to no treatment (group A1) or treatment with artificial tears two weeks prior to cataract surgery (group A2), with the third group (Group B, non-dry eyes) as a control. Keratometry was performed twice at baseline and twice after two weeks at the time of cataract surgery with three different optical biometers. The change in mean variability of keratometry (average K and magnitude of vector differences) and percentages of outliers after two weeks versus baseline were compared for group A2. The refractive and astigmatism prediction errors were calculated eight weeks after cataract surgery and compared for all three groups. Results: One hundred thirty-one subjects were available for analysis. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean variability of keratometry or percentages of outliers for group A2 from baseline to the time of cataract surgery. There was no statistically significant difference in refractive precision (absolute error and astigmatism prediction error) between any groups. Conclusion: Subjects with dry eyes (treated and non-treated) achieved the same refractive precision and percentages of outliers as subjects with non-dry eyes. Treatment with artificial tears for two weeks appeared inadequate to significantly affect variability in biometric measurements for patients with dry eyes prior to cataract surgery. DEWS II criteria for DED may not be optimal in a cataract setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the prevalence of dry eye (DE) and some related factors in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN). Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study on 338 people, who were divided into 2 groups: 169 T2DN patients and 169 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) without renal complications as a control group. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and test fluorescein tear-film break-up time (TBUT) were done in all 338 subjects. Patients with OSDI scores < 13 and TBUT values equal to or under 10 seconds were diagnosed with dry eye. Results: The prevalence of DE in T2DN patients was significantly higher than T2DM group (55.6% versus 37.3%). The T2DN groups with dry eye had a median duration of DM, the proportion of hypertension, peripheral nerve complications, anemia, proportion of using insulin, and concentration of plasma glucose, HbA1C, urea, creatinine, CRP-hs significantly higher than those of T2DN without dry eye. Advanced age, high HbA1C level, and decreased eGFR were independent factors associated with dry eye in T2DN patients. Conclusion: Dry eye was a common condition associated with advanced age, high HbA1C levels, and decreased GFR in T2DN patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

aime E Dickerson Jr9,101Private Practice, Philadelphia, PA, USA; 2Schwartz Laser Eye Center, Scottsdale, AZ, USA; 3Loh Ophthalmology Associates, Miami, FL, USA; 4Cleveland Eye Clinic, Brecksville, OH, USA; 5Rosenberg School of Optometry, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX, USA; 6LASIK San Antonio, Kerrville, TX, USA; 7Gordon Schanzlin New Vision Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; 8Kannarr Eye Care, Pittsburg, KS, USA; 9Sight Sciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA; 10North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA Correspondence: Jaime E Dickerson Jr, Email [email protected] Purpose: To evaluate dry eye disease (DED) signs and symptoms six months after a single treatment with Localized Heat Therapy (LHT) (TearCare, Sight Sciences) for patients previously treated for six months with cyclosporine (0.05%) ophthalmic emulsion (CsA) BID (Restasis, Allergan). Setting: Nineteen ophthalmic and optometric practices in 11 US states. Design: Multicenter, cross-over, six month extension to the SAHARA randomized, controlled trial (RCT). Included patients were those randomized to CsA in Phase 1 of the SAHARA RCT. Methods: This was the second phase of the SAHARA RCT in which, following the 6-month endpoint, all patients that had been randomized to CsA discontinued CsA and were treated with LHT and subsequently followed for an additional six months. Outcome measures at 12 months for CsA patients crossed over to LHT included TBUT, OSDI and MGSS. Results: One hundred and sixty-one patients (322 eyes) were analyzed. Mean (SD) baseline TBUT prior to CsA was 4.4 (1.2) seconds, 5.6 (2.6) at 6 months which improved to 6.6 (3.2) and 6.1 (2.8) seconds (both P < 0.001) at 9 and 12 months (3, 6 months post LHT). Mean (SD) OSDI was 50.0 (14.9) at baseline and 34.2 (21.5) after CsA. With LHT at 6 months, this improved to 30.0 (20.6) and 31.0 (19.5) at 9 and 12 months (P = 0.162 vs month 6, P < 0.0001 vs baseline). MGSS was 7.1 (3.2) at baseline, 13.3 (8.2) at the end of CsA treatment which improved to 17.4 (8.8) and 16.1 (9.0) at 9 and 12 months; both P < 0.001. Conclusion: SAHARA showed 6-month superiority of LHT to CsA in clinical signs and non-inferiority in symptom scores. This extension shows that patients treated with CsA for 6 months can achieve meaningful additional improvement in signs and symptoms lasting for as long as 6 months following a single LHT treatment without the need for topical prescription therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA), dry eye disease (DED) is often misdiagnosed or overlooked. This review summarizes a series of conversations with ophthalmologists in the region around a variety of climatic, lifestyle, and iatrogenic factors that contribute to specific features of DED in the MENA region. These considerations are further classified by patient lifestyle and surgical choices. All statements are based on discussions and formal voting to achieve consensus over three meetings. Overall, a deeper understanding of the disease characteristics of DED specific to MENA can better guide local eyecare practitioners on appropriate management and follow-up care. Additionally, population-based studies and patient and physician education on ocular surface diseases, together with the use of culturally appropriate and language-specific questionnaires can help ease the public health burden of DED in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective measurements of OSDI and osmolarity were the most consistent between sites. A large proportion of subjects exhibited high symptoms and hyperosmolarity but no other obvious signs of dry eye disease, most of whom were undiagnosed by clinical assessment without access to the osmolarity measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of using a combination of antibiotic and corticosteroid eye drops to using the same combination in addition to sodium hyaluronate eye drops. Patients and Methods: This study included patients who underwent phacoemulsification for age-related cataract and presented to the ophthalmology department or outpatient clinic of the two hospitals in the study with DED during the period from January 2020 to January 2023. The study involved a two-pronged approach in which we retrospectively analyzed the prospectively maintained data of the patients and prospectively called the patients for an evaluation of the dry eye impact on vision-related function. The study patients were recruited from two hospitals. During the study period, patients who were treated with a combination of antibiotic and corticosteroid eye drops were enrolled in Group A, and those who were treated with the same combination with sodium hyaluronate eye drops were enrolled in Group B. Results: The present study included 143 patients with post-phacoemulsification DED. Group A included 70 patients, and Group B included 73 patients. There was statistically significant improvement 4 weeks after treatment (p < 0.05) in the two groups. Comparing the two groups showed statistically significant improvements in group B compared to group A (p < 0.05). Assessment of the overall efficacy outcome revealed a statistically significant high percentage of cure (35.6% vs 1.4%) and high effectiveness (42.5% vs 13.6%) and a low percentage of effectiveness (21.9% vs 74.3%) and ineffectiveness (0.0% vs 5.7%) in Group B compared to Group A (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Combining sodium hyaluronate eye drops with tobramycin and dexamethasone eye drops yielded obviously better efficacy outcomes compared to using tobramycin and dexamethasone eye drops alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic ocular surface disorder often characterized by decreased tear production and rapid tear evaporation that affect tear film stability and homeostasis. The common symptoms of DED include ocular discomfort, visual disturbances, dryness, and itching. Artificial tears are the mainstay of DED management and supplement one or more layers of the tear film. Artificial tear drops are available as a combination of viscosity-enhancing agents (demulcents/lubricants), humectants, and buffers either with or without preservatives. Artificial tears, as a combination of components (polymers/demulcents/viscosity-enhancing agents), can provide synergistic action compared with a single component for the management of multifactorial signs and symptoms of DED. This review describes the formulation components, physicochemical properties, mechanism of action, and summary of preclinical and clinical evidence on the hydroxypropyl guar-hyaluronic acid (HPG-HA) dual-polymer lubricant eye drops (SYSTANE™ HYDRATION). The dual-polymer eye drops consist of dual demulcents (propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol 400) and the polymers hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) and hyaluronic acid (HA). When instilled on the ocular surface, HPG forms a cross-linked gel matrix with borate ions that prolongs the retention of demulcents, thus providing long-lasting lubrication and ocular surface protection. Additionally, HA stabilizes the tear film, increases corneal wettability, and reduces friction during blinks due to its hygroscopic and viscoelastic properties. Preclinical evidence demonstrates that HPG HA dual-polymer lubricant eye drops provide protection against desiccation by cell hydration and surface retention, cell barrier protection, prolonged lubrication, and promotion of corneal re-epithelialization. Clinical scientific evidence demonstrates that HPG HA dual-polymer lubricant eye drops are safe and effective in the management of DED. Specifically, they reduce the signs and symptoms of DED, reduce dry eye symptoms post-cataract surgery, and improve tear film quality in healthy eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A randomized clinical trial was run to evaluate the effectiveness of a preservative-free 0.4% sodium hyaluronate eye drop (LOF) in different dosage schemes to alleviate signs and symptoms of dry eye disease (DED).Methods: A total of 116 subjects with mild-to-moderate DED were included, and 111 completed the study (from which 67.6% were female and 65.3% were users of oral contraceptives). Patients were randomly assigned to instill a drop of LOF either 2 (BID), 4 (QID) or 6 (6TD) times a day (at least 3 hours apart) for 30 days. The clinical parameters and symptom endpoints were Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), tear break-up time (TBUT), ocular surface staining, and conjunctival hyperemia. Other parameters evaluated were chemosis, best corrected visual acuity, and the incidence of adverse events (AE).Results: There was a significant reduction in OSDI scores by day 30 in all groups. The recovery of the OSDI score back to normal values was observed in 51.4% of patients treated (50%, 48.6%, and 55.6% in BID, QID, and 6TD, respectively, p = 0.822). Similar improvement was observed for TBUT, 50.5% of patients increased this variable to > 10 seconds (39.5%, 51.4%, and 61.1%, p = 0.175), and for ocular surface staining, ≥ 72% showed Grade 0. There were no significant differences among posology groups regarding ocular surface staining, conjunctival hyperemia, or any safety parameters. No overall improvement in OSDI and TBUT to normal values was noted for 31 patients (21 were female and 71.4% users of contraceptive drugs).Conclusion: The ophthalmic use of preservative free LOF, 2, 4 or 6 times a day, may alleviate clinical parameters and symptoms in 50% of patients with mild-to-moderate DED after a one-month treatment. This improvement seemed to be less ubiquitous in patients within reproductive age and using oral contraceptives.Trial Registration: This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT0704531). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye disease (DED) has been found to occur at a higher prevalence in individuals with glaucoma than in individuals without glaucoma. The relationship between glaucoma and DED may be, in part, a result of glaucoma therapy. Greater number of antiglaucoma medications used and greater number of antiglaucoma eyedrops instilled per day have been associated with ocular surface disease in patients with glaucoma. Use of antiglaucoma medication has also been associated with higher levels of ocular surface inflammatory markers and ocular surface alterations. There is evidence to suggest that antiglaucoma medications with preservatives and, to some extent, antiglaucoma medication formulations without preservatives may contribute to ocular surface signs and symptoms. Trabeculectomy for glaucoma has also been associated with ocular surface signs related to DED; however, there may be benefits of trabeculectomy and other procedures for glaucoma due to reduced use of antiglaucoma medications. Patients with glaucoma with ocular surface disease have been found to have greater ocular surface symptoms, poorer vision-related quality of life, and poorer antiglaucoma medication adherence compared with patients with glaucoma without ocular surface disease. Because of the potential negative impact of DED on patients with glaucoma, patients with glaucoma may benefit from evaluation for DED. Management of DED in patients with glaucoma may include modifications to antiglaucoma medications and use of treatments for DED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

aimi,5 Yahya Al-Najmi61Ophthalmology Department, King Faisal Medical Complex, Taif, Saudi Arabia; 2Ophthalmology Department, Alhada Military Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia; 3Ophthalmology Department, Jeddah Eye Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 4Ophthalmology Department, Asir Central hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia; 5Ophthalmology Department, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia; 6Ophthalmology Department, Saggaf Eye Center, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Yahya Al-Najmi, Ophthalmology Department, Saggaf Eye Center, Abdullah Salman St., Al Faiha'a Dist., P.O. Box: 31903, Jeddah, 21418, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 564844281, Email [email protected] Purpose: To estimate the prevalence and determinants of Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score based dry eye disease (DED) among the adult urban population of four cities located at high altitudes in Southwest Saudi Arabia.Methods: This cross-sectional survey was held in 2023. OSDI questionnaire was used to collect the responses of the adult participants. The score was further graded into none, mild, moderate, and severe DED to estimate age-sex-adjusted DED prevalence. The OSDI score was correlated to demographic (age group, gender, education, occupation, city) and risk factors like smoking and co-morbidities.Results: Of the 401 adults, 388 (response rate of 97.8%) participated. The age-sex-adjusted prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe DED was 21.7%, 13.1%, and 32%, respectively. The median ODSI score was 22.9 [Interquartile range (IQR) 10.4; 47.9)]. The score was significantly higher in females (Mann–Whitney U-test P = 0.038), residents of Taif city (KW P = 0.05), those with primary/middle school education (Kruskal–Wallis P = 0.004), comorbidities like hypertension, asthma (KW P < 0.001) and risk factors like past refractive surgeries, arthritis (KW P = 0.013). Education status (P < 0.001) [B = − 9.0 95%] and presence of comorbidity (P = 0.022), [B = − 0.823] were significant predictors of DED.Conclusion: The prevalence of DED and severe grade was high. The level of education and presence of comorbidities significantly influenced DED in the adult urban Saudi population of cities at high altitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye disease (DED) is a common ocular condition, but the diagnosis relative to other ocular conditions and the evaluation of severity of the condition has often been difficult. This challenge can be due to clinical signs and symptoms not always correlating with each other. An understanding of the various components which create the condition, as well as the diagnostic measures used to evaluate these components, is useful to the clinician working with DED patients. This review paper will discuss traditional diagnostic options, diagnostic imaging, and Advanced Point of Care testing capabilities to determine the severity level of dry eye disease more adequately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Dry eye disease (DED) is a common ocular problem that worsens patients' quality of life. This study aimed to assess DED prevalence and risk factors among medical students at the University of Tabuk. Patients and Methods: This is an analytical, cross-sectional, survey-based study. An online questionnaire was distributed by email to all medical students at the University of Tabuk. A self-administered McMonnies questionnaire was used in the assessment. Results: We included 247 medical students who completed the questionnaire. Most participants were females (71.3%) and were < 25 years old (85.8%). DED prevalence rate was 18.2% (95% CI=13.61% to 23.61%). Furthermore, DED was found to be significantly associated with the presence of irritation of eyes when waking up from sleep (OR=19.315), sleeping with partially opened eyes (OR=19.105), redness and irritation of the eyes when swimming in chlorinated fresh water (OR=7.863), and having prescription eyedrops or other dry eye treatments (OR=3.083). Conclusion: Our study at the University of Tabuk found that 18.2% of medical students had dry eye disease and identified the associated risk factors. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent complications due to the high prevalence of DED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of subconjunctival application of a novel sirolimus liposomal formulation for the treatment of dry eye. Methods: A randomized, triple-blind, Phase II clinical trial. Thirty-eight eyes of 19 patients were included. Nine patients (18 eyes) assigned to the sham group (Sham) and 10 patients (20 eyes) to sirolimus-loaded liposomes group (Sirolimus). The treatment group received three doses of subconjunctival liposome-encapsulated sirolimus and the sham group received three doses of liposomal suspension without sirolimus. Subjective (Ocular Surface Disease Index, OSDI) and measured (corrected distance visual acuity, conjunctival hyperemia, tear osmolarity, Schirmer's test, corneal/conjunctival staining and matrix metalloproteinase-9) variables were measured. Results: Sirolimus-entrapped liposomes-treated group OSDI scores changed from 62.19 (± 6.07) to 37.8 (± 17.81) (p=0.0024), and conjunctival hyperemia from 2.0 (± 0.68) to 0.83 (± 0.61) (p< 0.0001); Sham group with OSDI scores from 60.02 (± 14.2) to 36.02 (± 20.70) (p=0.01), and conjunctival hyperemia from 1.33 (± 0.68) to 0.94 (± 0.87) (p=0.048). All the other evaluated outcomes only showed significant differences in the sirolimus group: corneal/conjunctival staining score (p=0.0015), lipid layer interferometry (p=0.006), and inferior meibomian gland dropout (p=0.038). No local or systemic adverse effects regarding the medication itself were reported, and the administration route was well accepted. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that sub-conjunctival sirolimus-loaded liposomes are effective in reducing both signs and symptoms of dry eye in patients with poorly controlled moderate-to-severe DED, while avoiding other topical administration adverse effects. Further investigation with a larger sample size is required to determine long-term effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) in patients scheduled for cataract surgery in a Norwegian eye clinic. Patients and Methods: 218 patients scheduled for cataract surgery were examined for DED in one randomly selected eye and questioned regarding symptoms and risk factors. Patients were diagnosed with DED if they fulfilled the DEWS II criteria with symptom score > 12/100 with Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, and the presence of any of the three signs: tear osmolarity > 307 mOsm/L in either eye or a difference in osmolarity between the two eyes of > 8 mOsm/L, corneal fluorescein staining (CSF) ≥ grade 2 and non-invasive tear film breakup time (NIKBUT) of < 10 seconds. Additional tests were the Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) questionnaire, tear meniscus height (TMH), Schirmer 1, tear film thickness (TFT), corneal sensitivity and meibography (meiboscore). Dry eye test outcomes were correlated with risk factors for DED. Results: The prevalence of DED was 55.5% according to the DEWS II criteria. The abnormal osmolarity percentage was 66.5, while 29.8% had shortened NIKBUT and 19.7% exhibited CFS ≥ 2. 57% had Schirmer 1 ≤ 10 mm/5 min, and 81.1% had a meiboscore of ≥ 1. 71.2% of subjects scored positive for DED symptoms using the OSDI questionnaire and 69.3% using SPEED. Logistic regression analysis showed that higher age correlated with a lower OSDI symptom score, reduced corneal sensitivity and increased meibomian gland atrophy. Female sex was associated with higher odds of having DED, abnormal NIKBUT and abnormal CFS. Ocular tests for DED did not correlate with OSDI symptom scores when assessed with Spearman's rank analysis. Conclusion: The prevalence of DED in an elderly Norwegian population scheduled for cataract surgery is high and associated with female sex. There was a lack of correlation between signs and symptoms of DED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We evaluate the treatment effect of OC-01 (varenicline solution) nasal spray (VNS) in dry eye disease (DED) subjects from two randomized trials who self-reported autoimmune disease (AID). Patients and Methods: Post hoc subgroup analysis of subjects reporting a history of AID from the integrated OC-01 VNS 0.03 or 0.06 mg and vehicle control (VC) treatment groups of the ONSET-1 and ONSET-2 trials. Mean change in Schirmer test with anesthesia score (STS, mm) and Eye Dryness Score (EDS) from baseline to 28 days was compared between OC-01 VNS and VC groups. Consistency of treatment effect in subjects with and without AID was evaluated using treatment–subgroup interaction terms in ANCOVA models for mean changes from baseline STS and EDS, and in a logistic regression model for proportion achieving ≥ 10 mm STS improvement. Results: Of the 891 participants, 31 reported comorbid AID. In all models, the treatment–subgroup interaction terms were not significant (p> 0.05), indicating consistency of therapeutic effect of OC-01 VNS in subjects with and without AID. In subjects with AID, the treatment difference for STS was 11.8 mm and − 9.3 for EDS and difference for proportion of subjects with ≥ 10 mm STS improvement was 61.1%. The most common adverse event was sneeze (82– 84%), graded as mild by 98% of subjects. Conclusion: OC-01 VNS demonstrated consistency in improving both tear production and patient-reported symptoms in subjects with AID, consistent with pivotal ONSET-1 and 2 trial results. Further investigation is warranted, and results may further support use of OC-01 VNS for DED in AID patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of symptomatic dry eye disease (DED) in Chinese coal workers. Methods: The prevalence of symptomatic DED in coal workers was investigated by using the questionnaire of Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and the influencing factors were explored. Results: The prevalence of symptomatic DED was 50.7% in coal workers. Of the influencing factors of symptomatic DED, the level of dust exposure had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.26, the time of dust exposure had an OR of 1.02, and the age had an OR of 1.03. Conclusion: There was a high morbidity of symptomatic DED among coal workers and the level and the time of dust exposure and the age of coal workers had important effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Students spend extended hours using electronic devices due to online teaching. Digital eye strain (DES) and dry eye disease (DED) symptoms are both associated with prolonged screen exposure time and may co-occur. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between DES and DED symptoms and determine the prevalence of DED according to the severity of DES. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among international students in Chinese universities. The survey was built using Wenjuan Mini Program and distributed using the WeChat platform. The questionnaire assessed participants' screen exposure, the 20-20-20 rule, ED practices, and DED awareness. Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q) and Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5) were used to diagnose DES and DED symptoms, respectively. Results: 498 students completed the survey, but 452 were considered for the study. Predictors of DES and DED symptoms were conjunctivitis, eye allergy, glares, tired eye, neck pain, back pain, PhD students, and daily spending > 9h on screen (P < 0.05 for all). We observed that an increase in DES scores also exponentially increases DED scores. Among students diagnosed with DES symptoms, 26.5% had mild to moderate DED symptoms, and 8.2% had severe DED symptoms. In contrast, only 8.4% and 0.9% of those with asymptomatic DES had mild to moderate and severe DED symptoms, respectively (P < 0.000). A strong and significant positive correlation (r = 0.695, P < 0.000) between DES and DED scores was found. Conclusion: We found an extremely high prevalence of DES and DED symptoms compared to the previous studies with a similar population group. We believe that the prevalence of DED may be underestimated in the young population. Training about proper ED practices is mandatory to prevent these deleterious ocular surface conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of topical omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as an innovative treatment of dry eye disease (DED). Patients and Methods: In a pilot, multicenter, masked-observer, randomized, active-controlled, non-inferiority study in Germany, patients self-treated their eyes with daily instillations of eye drops containing either omega-3 PUFA or povidone as major components for three months. At four and twelve weeks, efficacy was among others evaluated based on Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), ocular surface symptoms intensity, general clinical impression, tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining using the Oxford grading scale, tear volume, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) concentration in the tear film. Safety evaluation included visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and the incidence of adverse events. Co-primary endpoints were the mean percent changes from baseline of TBUT and OSDI after four weeks. Results: In total 80 patients were included, of whom 37 in the PUFA group and 39 in the povidone group were evaluable for the co-primary endpoints. Patients had a mean age of 52 years and > 80% were women. Both co-primary endpoints (TBUT and OSDI) significantly improved from baseline in both treatment groups, at Week 4 and Week 12 and the statistical analysis demonstrated topical omega-3 PUFA to be non-inferior to 2% povidone for these two parameters. Both treatments resulted in a significant improvement of most secondary efficacy endpoints as well, often with a slight difference in favor of PUFA, not reaching statistical significance though. One non-severe, treatment-related local AE was reported in each group. Conclusion: Omega-3 PUFA-based eye drops proved to be non-inferior to povidone-containing eye drops in the treatment of signs and symptoms of dry eye. This treatment may thus be an additional tool for the management of DED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of symptomatic dry eye disease (DED) in four Middle Eastern Countries and investigate the association between behavioral-based risk factors and severity of DED. Patients and Methods: Population-based cross-sectional study of 1463 participants from 4 Mediterranean countries (Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Palestine). The Arabic version of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (ARB-OSDI) questionnaire was used to estimate the prevalence and severity of symptomatic DED using an online format survey. The survey also included demographic questions and possible behavioral risk factors (tobacco and cosmetic use). One-Way ANOVA and multivariate regression analyses were used to investigate the association between OSDI mean scores and behavioral-based risk factors. Results: The prevalence of symptomatic DED (OSDI score ≥ 13) among the overall population (332 males and 1132 females) reached 70.2%. Tobacco and cosmetic users reported a higher significant prevalence and severity of symptomatic DED than non-users (p < 0.0001). Smoking habits (eg, smoking cigarettes or Ajami, smoking in closed areas, and daily smoking) were more likely to report symptomatic DED. Bad hygiene process during the use of any cosmetic product was behind the high prevalence and severity of symptomatic DED among the females of the study population. Conclusion: Symptomatic DED is substantial in Middle Eastern countries. It is statistically associated with cosmetic and tobacco use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface that may be accompanied by discomfort and visual disturbances to a level that reduces quality of life. Artificial tears are a common first-line therapy for DED that aim to supplement the tear film but do not address the underlying causes of DED. Because of the complexity and variability of the disease, personalized treatment beyond artificial tears is important for successful management. This review describes artificial tears and the current knowledge in the personalized approach to the management of DED. There is evidence that artificial tears can reduce symptoms and signs of DED; however, a proportion of patients have been found to show limited or no improvement with artificial tears. Furthermore, the effectiveness of artificial tears may depend on patient compliance and type of artificial tear product used. Personalized management of DED with other treatments involves identifying features of the disease, including the subtype of DED, the presence of inflammation, and the coexistence of external and behavioral contributing factors. Various measures exist to characterize DED, including assessments of the tear film lipid layer, the meibomian glands, tear volume, tear osmolarity, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 levels. Because individuals can show variable features, the most prominent clinical findings, comorbidities, triggering events, and treatment history should be considered to determine the best treatment choices for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate OC-01 [varenicline solution nasal spray (VNS)] tear production and symptom outcomes in patients with dry eye disease by age, gender, race, ethnicity, and artificial tear use status. Patients and Methods: Adults ≥ 22 years of age diagnosed with dry eye disease, with Ocular Surface Disease Index score ≥ 23, corneal fluorescein staining score ≥ 2 in ≥ 1 region or ≥ 4 for all regions, and baseline Schirmer Test Score (STS) ≤ 10 mm, with no restrictions on eye dryness score (EDS). Efficacy was assessed using integrated data from ONSET-1 and ONSET-2 [vehicle control (VC), n=294; OC-01 VNS 0.03 mg, n=308]. Subgroups included age (≤ 55, 56− 65, > 65 years), gender (male, female), race (White, Black or African American), ethnicity (Hispanic or Latino, Not Hispanic or Latino), and artificial tear use (yes, no). Analysis of covariance models, with the covariates treatment, study site, and baseline severity measures, were used to calculate treatment−VC differences. Consistency of effect among subgroups was evaluated by conducting interaction tests. Results: Consistency of treatment effect across subgroups was observed for all endpoints, with P value for all treatment−subgroup interaction terms > 0.05. For % of patients with ≥ 10mm improvement in STS and least squares (LS) mean change from baseline in STS and EDS, there was improvement in tear production across demographic group categories. Artificial tear use did not change STS or EDS outcomes with OC-01 VNS. Conclusion: OC-01 VNS improved tear production and patient-reported symptom outcomes across a broad range of patients by age, gender, race, and ethnicity, and regardless of artificial tear use status at baseline. OC-01 VNS demonstrated a consistent benefit across an extensive range of patients with dry eye disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye disease (DED) is a chronic condition of the ocular surface characterized by a loss of the tear film homeostasis and accompanied by symptoms such as eye discomfort and visual disturbances. DED is classified as aqueous deficient dry eye (ADDE), evaporative dry eye (EDE), and mixed dry eye etiologies. The mainstay treatment in the management of DED is artificial tear drops or lubricant eye drops that replenish the aqueous and/or lipid layer of the tear film. These are available as both lipid-based and non-lipid-based formulations, with/without preservatives. Lipid-based lubricant eye drops can stabilize the tear film lipid layer, reduce tear evaporation, and improve signs of EDE. In this review, we present the formulation components, mechanism of action, and summary of preclinical and clinical evidence on a lipid-based formulation – propylene glycol-hydroxypropyl guar (PG-HPG) nanoemulsion lubricant eye drops (SystaneTM Complete). These eye drops consist of the demulcent (lubricant), PG (0.6%). HPG forms a soft, thin, cross-linked in situ gel matrix with borate ions, when exposed to the tear film, which prolongs lubricant retention and provides ocular surface protection. Dimyristoyl phosphatidyl glycerol, an anionic phospholipid, helps in replenishing the lipid layer of the tear film. Moreover, the nanoemulsion formulation serves as a depot for delivery of dimyristoyl phosphatidyl glycerol to enhance ocular surface coverage. Preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrate that PG-HPG nanoemulsion lubricant eye drops are safe and effective in providing temporary relief of symptoms of DED, regardless of its subtypes. Specifically, it provides sustained reduction in dry eye symptoms, improves tear film stability/lipid layer grade, and improves ocular surface characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of autologous platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) drops for evaporative dry eye (EDE) disease from meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Methods: This is a retrospective, consecutive case series of 20 eyes of 10 patients with EDE from MGD treated with PRP drops from November 2020 to November 2021 at a single outpatient clinic in Ontario, Canada. PRP drops were prepared from whole blood using a two-step centrifugation method. Patients were instructed to instill these drops six times daily for 4 weeks. The Canadian Dry Eye Assessment (CDEA) questionnaire score, patient subjective assessment (PSA) score, first and average non-invasive break-up times (f/a NIBUT), tear meniscus height (TMH), bulbar redness (BR), and meibograph grade (MG) were measured before and after the treatment course. Results: Significant improvements in dry eye symptoms and tear film parameters were observed. Dry eye symptoms significantly improved as per the CDEA (mean difference (MD) = − 5.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [− 7.9, − 3.1], p< 0.001) and PSA (MD = − 2.6, 95% CI = [− 3.9, − 1.2], p< 0.001). There were significant improvements in tear film parameters including fNIBUT (MD = 3.85s, 95% CI = [1.2, 6.8], p=0.006), aNIBUT (MD = − 6.81s, 95% CI = [5.7, 11.1], p< 0.001) and TMH (MD = 0.08, 95% CI = [0.003, 0.2], p=0.045). There was an improvement in conjunctival injection as measured by BR (MD = − 0.36, 95% CI = [− 0.4, − 0.15], p=0.373). Five eyes experienced a one-grade improvement in MG (p=0.453), and none experienced worsening in MG with treatment. No temporary or permanent adverse effects were noted. Conclusion: Four weeks of PRP therapy resulted in significant functional improvements in dry eye symptoms and tear film quality and quantity. Improvements in conjunctival injection and microstructural improvements in meibomian glands were also observed in some eyes. Overall, PRP is a promising treatment option for patients with EDE from MGD refractory to conventional treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the association and application value of rheumatoid factor (RF) in diagnosis of dry eye among patients with common autoimmune diseases. Patients and Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted from Jan 1st 2019 to Dec 31st 2020, and 117 patients with common autoimmune diseases were enrolled. The concentrations of serum RF were detected. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was plotted to evaluate the values of RF in diagnosis. Results: Compared with no dry eye patients, patients with dry eye (n = 59, 50.43%) had higher levels of RF (P < 0.001). Moreover, Pearson's correlation analysis showed that RF levels were negatively correlated with Schirmer-I tear test (P = 0.004) and invasive tear film break-up time (P = 0.002), respectively. The statistically significant threshold value (cut-off points) of the RF levels for dry eye was 21.4 (IU/mL), and the areas under the curve (AUC) of RF was 0.73 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.639– 0.821; P < 0.001) (sensitivity = 78%; specificity = 58.6%) for dry eye among patients with common autoimmune diseases. Conclusion: Serum levels of RF may be an independent factor for dry eye among patients with common autoimmune diseases, and they may have a high significant value and clinical application value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye disease (DED) has a higher prevalence than many important systemic disorders like cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus, representing a significant quality of life burden for the affected patients. It is a common reason for consultation in general eye clinics worldwide. Nowadays, the diagnostic and therapeutic approach at the high corneal and ocular surface specialty level should be reserved for cases of severe and chronic dry eye disease associated with systemic autoimmune diseases or complicated corneal and ocular surface pathologies. In such cases, the diagnostic and therapeutic approach is often complex, elaborate, time-consuming, and costly due to the use of extensive dry eye questionnaires, noninvasive electronic diagnostic equipment, and clinical laboratory and ancillary tests. However, other eye care specialists attend a fair amount of DED cases; therefore, its diagnosis, classification, and management should be simple, practical, achievable, and effective. Considering that many patients attending non-specialized dry eye clinics would benefit from better ophthalmological attention, we decided to elaborate a practical DED classification system based on disease severity to help clinicians discriminate cases needing referral to subspecialty clinics from those they could attend. Additionally, we propose a systematic management approach and general management considerations to improve patients' therapeutic outcomes according to disease severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Dry eye is a multifactorial ocular surface disease (DED) characterized by a loss of tear film homeostasis, which is widely associated with alterations in mental health. Problematic internet use (PIU) is defined as the feeling of concern about using this tool irresistibly, for longer periods than usual, accompanied by anguish that results from not doing so without reaching mania or hypomania behaviors. Both PIU and DED present a theoretical link; however, there are no published studies that report its relationship with problematic internet use. Therefore, this study aims to determine the association between PIU and symptomatic DED in Peruvian medical students. Patients and Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study that included human medical students from Peru. For the measurement of main variables, the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) were used. To study their relationship, the Poisson regression analysis was used, we consider a p-value < 0.05 as significant. Results: Data from 844 medical students were analyzed, 35.7% male and 64.3% female, with an average age of 21.8 ± 3.3 years. Likewise, the prevalence of symptomatic DED was 70.9%, and the internet's controlled use was 85.3%. In the analysis adjusted for symptomatic DED, the men showed significant differences in the controlled use of the internet (p < 0.003), of which those who had PIU, 50% had severe symptomatic DED, as well as 80% of those addicted to the internet. The adjusted model showed that the PIU increases the prevalence of symptomatic DED in men (PR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.06– 1.29); however, in women, no association was found between both variables. Conclusion: PIU and symptomatic DED showed a significant association in male medical students from Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: BroadBand light intense pulsed light (BBL-IPL) therapy has shown to reduce hordeolum and blepharitis frequency. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of BBL-IPL therapy in patients with dry eye disease (DED) from meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Methods: This is a retrospective, consecutive case series of 48 patients with DED from MGD who underwent BBL-IPL therapy from October 2016 to January 2019 at a single, outpatient clinic in Ontario, Canada. Clinical outcomes included first and average non-invasive keratograph tear break-up times (NIKBUT), bulbar redness (BR) scores, tear meniscus heights (TMH), visual acuity (VA) and meibograph grades. Patient-reported outcomes included the Canadian dry eye assessment (CDEA) questionnaire and patient subjective assessment (PSA) scores. Outcomes were measured at baseline and after completion of 4 monthly BBL-IPL sessions. Results: The mean severity of dry eye symptoms as measured by the CDEA and PSA decreased significantly from 19.78 ± 9.62 to 12.08 ± 7.40 (p< 0.001) and from 7.65 ± 1.74 to 4.77 ± 2.03 (p< 0.001), respectively. Twenty-five percent of patients reported no dry eye symptoms after treatment. The meibograph grade improved significantly in both eyes (p< 0.001). Approximately 71.0% and 80.1% of patients had an improved meibograph grade in the right and left eye, respectively. Near-significant improvements were observed for BR scores and VA. There was also a trend towards improved first/average NIKBUT and TMH scores. No adverse events were noted. Conclusion: BBL-IPL appears to be an effective and safe treatment modality in improving dry eye symptoms and meibomian gland function in patients with DED from MGD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye disease is characterized by tear film instability that can result in ocular surface damage. Patients with dry eye disease may experience ocular pain/discomfort and visual disturbances that may negatively impact quality of life. Increased use of digital screens for work, communication, and entertainment, especially during times of pandemic, may contribute to dry eye. Extensive cross-sectional studies have shown that digital screen use duration is associated with an increased risk of severe symptoms and clinical diagnosis of dry eye disease in adults. Smartphone use duration has also been found to be greater in school-age children with dry eye disease than in those without dry eye disease. A commonly accepted hypothesis for the relationship between digital screen use and dry eye disease is that digital screen use changes blinking dynamics, leading to ocular dryness. This review describes evidence that digital screen use is associated with dry eye disease, that digital device use alters blinking dynamics, and that dry eye affects mental health and work productivity in digital screen users. Helpful prevention and management strategies for dry eye disease exist for those who use digital screens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the subjective eye drop experience of patients with dry eye disease (DED) over approximately 1 hour after a single dose of two formulations of reproxalap versus lifitegrast. Methods: Two formulations of topical ocular reproxalap 0.25% were evaluated versus lifitegrast ophthalmic solution 5% in patients with DED in a single-center, double-masked, active-comparator, single-dose crossover clinical trial. Nineteen patients had test article topically administered to both eyes. Treatments were administered 2 to 4 days apart. Comfort assessments, including ocular discomfort, blurry vision, and dysgeusia assessments; ocular descriptive assessments; quality of life assessments; and overall experience questions were completed after each treatment over one hour, beginning at 90 seconds. Results: Both reproxalap formulations scored better in ocular discomfort score (ODS), blurry vision, and dysgeusia assessments than lifitegrast at each timepoint and cumulatively over all time points after instillation. There were lower rates of negative responses for both reproxalap formulations compared to lifitegrast across ocular discomfort, blurry vision, and dysgeusia assessments, and the durations of negative responses were shorter with reproxalap than with lifitegrast. The reproxalap groups experienced fewer quality of life impacts. No significant safety findings were observed following reproxalap or lifitegrast administration. Conclusion: The reproxalap eye drop experience over 1 hour after instillation was superior to that of lifitegrast. There were no statistically significant differences between reproxalap groups for ODS, blurry vision, or dysgeusia. The improved performance of reproxalap with regard to the most commonly reported side effects of lifitegrast (ie, ocular discomfort, blurry vision, and dysgeusia) may result in greater patient adherence and lower discontinuation rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report the subjective assessment of topical self-administered, cadaver-derived corneal epithelial stem cell supernatant for treatment of severe dry eye disease (DED). Methods: Thirty-four eyes of 17 patients with advanced DED as defined by Standardized Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEEDTM) questionnaire ≥ 14, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI©) score ≥ 40 and documented attempt of at least six conventional dry eye therapies were enrolled into a prospective clinical trial at a single private practice institution. Treatment consisted of patient self-administered topical instillation of the corneal epithelial stem cell-derived product four times daily in both eyes for 12 weeks. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were taken with the SPEEDTM questionnaire (the main outcome variable), OSDI© score and visual analog score (VAS; UNC Dry Eye Management Scale©), and objective clinical measurements were taken with best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), corneal topographic index measurements and tear film osmolarity. These measurements were compared at baseline versus the endpoint at completion of the 12-week treatment. Results: All 34 eyes tolerated the treatment without any adverse events or significant side effects. Compared with baseline, both the SPEEDTM questionnaire and the VAS significantly improved at the conclusion of the 12-week treatment (p = 0.0054 and p = 0.0202, respectively). The OSDI© improved by an average of 10.9 points after the treatment but was not statistically significant (p = 0.1409). There were no significant changes in any of the objective clinical measurements. None of the study subjects failed to complete the treatment course, experienced decrease in any of the PROMs or lost one or more lines of BCVA during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Topical corneal epithelial stem cell-derived supernatant that can be self-administered by the patient shows promise at improving patient symptoms and quality of life in the setting of severe DED that is unresponsive to conventional therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the impact of dry eye disease (DED) on work productivity in Saudi Arabia and investigate its effect on daily activities. Patients and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on male and female Saudi workers age 20 years or older. The data were collected via self-administered questionnaires distributed electronically through social media. We used the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire to diagnose DED patients and assess their DED severity as mild, moderate, and severe. Results: A total of 463 respondents qualified for the study. All patients in the DED groups reported a loss of work productivity. Most patients in the severe DED group (59%) reported difficulty focusing on work due to DED, whereas 17.1% of patients with mild DED and 22.7% with moderate DED reported the same. These findings indicate significantly worsening productivity as DED progresses in severity (p< 0.05). Participants with severe DED reported significantly more affected work hours weekly (35.8%) than participants with moderate (6.1%) and mild DED (7.1%). Conclusion: DED has a significant impact on work productivity, with the most pronounced effect among office workers. It is essential to screen office workers for DED and enhance the awareness of its effect on work productivity among the workforce and healthcare providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the effectiveness of a combination of intense pulsed light and low-level light therapy (IPL/LLLT) for the treatment of dry eye. Study Design: Retrospective before-after single-center clinical study. Materials and Methods: Patients diagnosed with dry eye, refractory to conventional treatment, underwent four sessions of combined IPL/LLLT over 3 months. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, non-invasive breakup time (NIBUT), tear film osmolarity and meniscus height were measured 6 months before intervention, at baseline, post-intervention (3 months), 9 and 15 months. Results: NIBUT, osmolarity and meniscus height significantly worsened during the 6 months before treatment, whereas symptoms did not change. OSDI scores significantly improved at post-intervention (MD = − 44.0, 95% CI − 38.1, − 50.0), and then increased again until the at last follow-up, but still significantly different from baseline (MD = − 30.0, 95% CI − 23.4, − 36.8). The three clinical signs showed a similar pattern, with one-year improvements of 3.6 seconds for the NIBUT (95% CI 3.1, 4.2, p < 0.001), 28 mOsm/L for osmolarity (95% CI 23.6, 32.4, p < 0.001) and 0.03 mm for meniscus height (95% CI 0.02, 0.04, p < 0.001). No adverse effects were observed. Conclusion: IPL/LLLT is safe and produces an important reduction in symptoms and signs of dry eye disease, still relevant one year after the end of treatment in a sample with high symptoms' severity. Therefore, it represents a promising treatment option for patients who do not improve with conventional treatment. Randomized trials are needed to determine the added benefit provided by LLLT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led many countries of the world to impose a series of containment measures such as lockdowns (mass quarantines), curfews or similar restrictions (eg, stay-at-home orders, or shelter-in-place orders). All these restrictions were established in order to limit spread of COVID-19. Thus, approximately 3.9 billion people worldwide were under lockdown by early April 2020. During this time (home confinement), some solutions have been proposed by experts to improve work and school productivity, including smart working and online school lessons. However, many of the restrictive measures are likely to act as predisposing factors for dry eye disease (DED), directly or related to sick building syndrome (SBS). Herein, we discuss the implications of quarantine measures on eye health, in particular on DED associated with SBS, and introduce some potential preventive strategies for lockdown-related ocular surface disorders. Several risk factors are implicated in their pathogenesis, including environmental changes (eg, air quality) and modifications in personal behaviors (eg, the abuse of digital devices, malnutrition, and sleep/psychiatric disorders). Considering a number of predisposing factors for DED, it is possible to state that patients under lockdown are at risk of ocular surface alterations. Accordingly, the COVID-19 pandemic era is expected to determine an increase in dry eye patients all around the world (a new phenomenon that we propose to name the "quarantine dry eye") in the event that the restrictive measures will be recursively extended over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex multifactorial disease showing heterogenous symptoms, including dryness, photophobia, ocular discomfort, irritation and burning but also pain. These symptoms can affect visual function leading to restrictions in daily life activities and reduction in work productivity with a consequently high impact on quality of life. Several pathological mechanisms contribute to the disease: evaporative water loss leads to impairment and loss of tear homeostasis inducing either directly or indirectly to inflammation, in a self-perpetuating vicious cycle. Dysregulated ocular immune responses result in ocular surface damage, which further contributes to DED pathogenesis. Currently, DED treatment is based on a flexible stepwise approach to identify the most beneficial intervention. Although most of the available treatments may control to a certain extent some signs and symptoms of DED, they show significant limitations and do not completely address the needs of patients suffering from DED. This review provides an overview of the emerging experimental therapies for DED. Several promising therapeutic strategies are under development with the aim of dampening inflammation and restoring the homeostasis of the ocular surface microenvironment. Results from early phase clinical trials, testing the effects of EnaC blockers, TRPM8 agonist or mesenchymal stem cells in DED patients, are especially awaited to demonstrate their therapeutic value for the treatment of DED. Moreover, the most advanced experimental strategies in the pipeline for DED, tivanisiran, IL-1R antagonist EBI-005 and SkQ1, are being tested in Phase III clinical trials, still ongoing. Nevertheless, although promising results, further studies are still needed to confirm efficacy and safety of the new emerging therapies for DED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye and migraine are common diseases with large societal and economic burdens that have recently been associated in the literature. This review outlines the link between dry eye and migraine, which may have implications for reducing their respective burdens. We highlight possible shared pathophysiology, including peripheral and central sensitization, as the potential link between dry eye and migraine. Finally, therapies targeting similar pathophysiological mechanisms between dry eye and migraine are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have been used as indicators of inflammation, however, their roles in dry eye disease (DED) patients require advanced study.Materials and Methods: A total of 104 DED cases and 97 healthy controls from January 2020 to May 2020 were enrolled in this study. The dry eye related clinical variables, including Schirmer I test, tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), were detected in all the participants. Besides, the NLR and PLR pattern in DED cases were detected and their potential value as inflammatory predictors of DED were evaluated. In advanced analyses, the correlation between NLR and DED severity was examined.Results: The NLR and PLR were 2.59 ± 1.25 and 117.48 ± 54.68 in the DED group, respectively, while they were 2.20 ± 1.24 and 115.48 ± 54.33 in the control group, respectively. The NLR was higher in the DED group (p = 0.027), however, PLR was not significantly different compared with the control group (p = 0.951). In advanced analyses, it was found that more severe TBUT, CFS, and OSDI scores were detected in the high NLR group (NLR ≥2.145, p = 0.003, 0.013, and 0.017, respectively) compared with the low NLR group (NLR <2.145).Conclusion: The NLR value, but not PLR, of DED patients was higher than that of healthy controls. The NLR could be used as an inflammatory predictor to estimate the severity of DED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye disease (DED) is a condition frequently encountered in ophthalmology practice worldwide. The purpose of this literature review is to highlight the worldwide trends in DED diagnosis and therapy amongst practitioners and determine if a more uniform approach to manage this multifactorial condition has developed over the past two decades. A manual literature search utilizing PubMed was conducted to obtain papers with survey results relating to ophthalmology and optometry diagnosis and treatment of dry eye from January 2000 to January 2020. This did not include data from clinical trials as we were only interested in community clinical practice trends. The terms "dry eye" and "survey" were searched in combination with one or more of the following words or phrases: prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, therapy, etiology, risk factors, therapy, and quality of life. Papers were selected based on their direct applicability to the subject and were only included if they contained relevant survey data from community practitioners. The available literature suggests common trends worldwide in the diagnosis and treatment of DED. These trends have not modified substantially over the past two decades. Practitioner education on the benefits of measuring tear film homeostasis could increase its use as a diagnostic tool to complement current tools. Of the results found, 75% of the papers were published after 2006 and only one paper after 2017. More recent survey results are required to determine if research into DED pathophysiology is altering the current trend in DED management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the effect of vectored thermal pulsation treatment (VTP) on visible meibomian gland structure (VGS) in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Setting: Private group practice (A.T.E.). Design: Retrospective, single-blinded cohort study. Methods: Visible meibomian gland structure was evaluated at baseline and at 1-year in treatment (30 patients, 48 eyes) and control (13 patients, 22 eyes) groups. Meibography images were captured using dynamic meibomian imaging. Images were assessed using a novel morphometric analysis technique and analyzed for change in area of VGS (pixels). Additional outcomes measured include tear break up time, corneal staining, tear osmolarity, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), meibography grading, and meibomian gland evaluation. Results: As high as 69% of eyes in the treatment group showed an improvement in VGS versus 27% of eyes in the control group. As high as 31% of eyes in the treatment group showed a decline in VGS versus 73% of eyes in the control group. TBUT (p = 0.0001), corneal staining (p = 0.0063), and meibomian gland evaluation scores (p = 0.0038) all significantly improved after VTP treatment. However, SPEED scores, MMP-9, tear osmolarity, and meiboscale scores were not significantly improved 1-year post treatment. Conclusion: A morphometric analysis protocol of meibography provides clinically meaningful information that is undetectable with the standard semiquantitative method of grading meibomian gland structure. This is the first report indicating that gland structure may increase post-VTP relative to untreated controls, thus presenting significant implications regarding benefits and timing of VTP therapy. The described protocol is currently more appropriate for research than for clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface and tear film that has gained awareness as a public health problem. Characteristics of DED include tear film instability, hyperosmolarity, and ocular surface inflammation, which can occur independently or may be a sequela of numerous ocular diseases, ocular surgery or contact lens wear. Much has been learned about the impact of the disease to help affected individuals who report symptoms of poor vision, pain, and tearing. Recently, new research highlights the importance of the role of ocular surface inflammation and damage in DED—leading to a vicious cycle of inflammation as well as loss of tear film homeostasis. DED immunopathophysiology is characterized by four stages: initiation, amplification, recruitment, and re-initiation. Cyclosporine is proven to be a valuable ophthalmic therapeutic for DED through its immunomodulatory actions and regulation of the adaptive immune response. Cyclosporine mechanism of action is well described in the published literature and the myriad of benefits in all four stages lend a broad-based immunomodulatory function particularly suitable for addressing DED. Furthermore, cyclosporine has unique goblet cell density improvement capabilities as well as anti-apoptotic properties. Topical formulations of cyclosporine are centered around addressing the highly lipophilic nature of the molecule. The poor aqueous solubility of cyclosporine traditionally presented technical challenges in drug delivery to the ocular surface. Newer formulations such as cationic emulsions and nanomicellar aqueous solutions address formulation, tissue concentration, and drug delivery challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare differences in clinical dry eye features and meibomian gland health status between dry eye patients from rural and urban populations in Ghana. Methods: We examined 211 (rural=109, urban=102) participants with subjective dry eye symptoms. Tear film break -up time (TBUT), Schirmer's test and ocular surface staining (OSS) were assessed. Symptoms were evaluated using the SPEED II questionnaire. Meibomian glands (MG) in the right eye upper (UL) and lower lids (LL) were imaged using a custom meibographer. MG area was determined by intensity threshold segmentation using Image J software. MG loss (MGL) was also graded based on Pult's grading scheme. Mann–Whitney, Spearman correlation, chi-square and odds analyses were performed; p< 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Rural participants showed greater SPEED scores, reduced TBUT, and lower Schirmer scores, p < 0.05. The proportion of rural participants with MGL were significantly more (82.3%) than urban participants (63.3%), p < 0.05. They also showed greater MGL than urban participants, p < 0.05. Chi-square test revealed significantly different meiboscale distributions (UL: χ2=13.58, LL: χ2=15.29) between the groups, p < 0.05. Overall significant relationships were observed between MGL and age [rs= 0.61], OSS [rs= 0.35], TBUT [rs= − 0.52], and Schirmer scores [rs= − 0.40], p < 0.05. Conclusion: The data suggest that the participants from the rural population have worse dry eye and meibomian gland health status than those from the urban population. The significant relationships between the various clinical variables suggest important links between MGD and DED. Subtle differences in the everyday working and living environment could likely account for the differences in the severity of DED and MGD between the two groups. And considering the increased pattern of urbanization, industrialization and modernization and the related environmental effects in Africa, future longitudinal studies on specific environmental risk factors or mediators of DED and MGD are necessary to ascertain the MGD and DED situation in Ghana and Africa at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate symptom relief in patients with dry eye disease (DED) following a single drop of propylene glycol-hydroxypropyl guar (PG-HPG) nanoemulsion (Systane® Complete) lubricant eye drops. Methods: This was a Phase IV, multicenter, open-label, interventional study in adult patients with DED of aqueous-deficient, evaporative, and mixed subtypes. Patients instilled one drop of PG-HPG in each eye at Day 1. Endpoints included change from baseline in dry eye symptom and soothing sensation scores on Day 1 at 0, 4, and 8 hours post-dose. Symptom scores were assessed on a 0– 10 scale (0=no symptoms; 10=worst imaginable symptom). Tolerability of the drop was assessed based on assessment score on Day 1 following instillation for overall cohort and by DED subtype. Results: A total of 134 patients received treatment (mean age: 56.6 years; female: 75.4%). Median changes from baseline at Day 1 in dry eye symptom scores were − 1.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]:-3.0,-1.0), − 2.0 (95% CI:-3.0,-2.0), and − 2.0 (95% CI:-2.0,-1.0) at 0, 4, and 8 hours respectively. Subgroup analysis showed a median change from baseline in dry eye symptom score of − 2 (95% CI:-3.0,-1.0) for aqueous-deficient and evaporative subtypes and − 1 (95% CI:-3.0,-1.0) for mixed subtype at 8 hours. Median soothing sensation scores were 3 at 0 and 4 hours and 3.5 at 8 hours, with a range of 0– 10. Median (range) tolerability assessment scores were 0 (0– 8) for burning sensation, stinging sensation, blurring, and 0 (0– 10) for foreign body sensation. Tolerability assessment scores by DED subtype confirmed that the majority of patients reported scores in the range of 0– 5 for all components and in all subgroups analyzed. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that PG-HPG nanoemulsion provided instant/immediate and sustained symptom relief for 8 hours post-single application and was well tolerated in patients with DED, demonstrated by their responses on each of the assessment scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the efficacy and safety of an artificial tear combining the polymers carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and hyaluronic acid (HA), to a formulation of CMC alone in subjects with dry eye. Methods: A preservative-free artificial tear (CMC-HA) was compared with an existing artificial tear (CMC). Subjects with mild-to-severe signs and symptoms of dry eye were enrolled in this double-masked, randomized, multicenter trial, and dosed at least twice daily for 90 days, with follow-up visits at Days 7, 30, 60, and 90. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) was the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures were tear break-up time (TBUT), ocular surface staining, Schirmer test with anesthesia, and visual analog scale (VAS) scores of dry eye symptom severity and formulation acceptability. Safety measures included adverse events, biomicroscopy, and visual acuity. Results: A total of 460 subjects were enrolled across 45 sites (38 in Europe; 7 in Australia), of whom 454 were randomized to receive treatment. The per-protocol (PP) population consisted of 394 subjects, 364 (92.4%) of whom completed the study. In the PP population, the mean ± SD change from baseline in OSDI score at the primary timepoint, Day 90, was − 16.9± 17.5 for CMC-HA and − 16.0± 16.1 for CMC. CMC-HA was non-inferior to CMC based upon a confidence interval method. Both treatments significantly improved (P< 0.001) OSDI, symptom VAS scores, TBUT, and ocular surface staining from baseline at all follow-up visits, with minimal differences between groups. Greater reduction of overall ocular pain/discomfort was reported in subjects using CMC-HA versus CMC (P=0.048). Approximately 10% of subjects in each group reported treatment-related adverse events of generally mild to moderate severity. Conclusion: The new CMC-HA formulation was effective and well tolerated, and demonstrates a greater potential for symptom relief compared with CMC. These data support implementation of this formula for the management of dry eye patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of a micro-emulsion (ME) lipid layer artificial tear in improving tolerance of immunomodulator eye drops for the treatment of dry eye disease. Patients and Methods: A total of 33 patients with previously diagnosed dry eye disease were given the micro-emulsion lipid layer artificial tear in conjunction with either lifitegrast or cyclosporine. Patients were queried on their tolerance of the regimen by reporting VAS scores before starting the adjunctive eye drop, immediately after starting, and 2– 3 weeks later. Tolerance was statistically compared over time and with respect to previous medication compliance, timing of the adjunctive eye drop, age, gender, and ethnicity. Results: Across all patients, the VAS pre-treatment score (6.8 ± 0.6) was significantly higher than both the VAS 1-day post ME lipid tear instillation time point (3.0 ± 0.7) (post hoc Bonferroni, p < 0.001) and the VAS 2– 3-week post instillation time point (1.7 ± 0.7) (post hoc Bonferroni, p < 0.001), with the mean VAS score improving over time (post hoc Bonferroni, p < 0.028). Average VAS scores did not vary with respect to specific medical therapy or the timing of instillation of this artificial tear. Both the "at-risk" and "conversion" groups independently had significant improvements at both 1-day and 2– 3-week time points compared to baseline. Conclusion: The micro-emulsion lipid layer artificial tear was effective as an adjunctive eye drop to improve tolerance of lifitegrast and cyclosporine for patients with dry eye disease who were at risk of failing or had previously failed immunomodulatory therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]