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Purpose: Energy metabolism is regulated by SIRT3, no research has been done on the connection between lipid metabolism in the oral fat test and SIRT3 polymorphism. Thus, we conducted a case-control study to investigate the connection between postprandial lipid and SIRT3 polymorphism., Patients and Methods: 402 non-obese Chinese subjects were enrolled and their postprandial lipid response to oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) was observed to understand the relationship between rs11246020 gene and postprandial triglyceride metabolism., Results: In a binary logic regression model, a protective effect of the T allele of the rs11246020 SIRT3 for postprandial hypertriglyceridemia was shown (OR=0.417, 95% CI = 0.219-0.794, p=0.008). Compared to the CC genotype, individuals with the TT+CT variant of the rs11246020 SIRT3 gene demonstrated significantly lower levels of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p=0.04), postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) (p=0.037), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (p=0.02), and 4-hour triglyceridemia (Tg) (p=0.032)., Conclusion: The C allele of rs11246020 SIRT3 gene may be a risk factor to increased possibility of postprandial triglyceridemia after an oral fat test, which involved in the mechanism of glucose and insulin metabolism., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work. No animal experiments were conducted in this study., (© 2024 Yang et al.)

Objective: To investigate the association between retinal microvascular diameters and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)., Methods: A total of 690 patients with T2DM were included in this retrospective study. Patients were divided into DKD and non-DKD groups according to urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Retinal microvascular diameters were measured by the automated retinal image analysis system. Multivariate logistic regression analysis and restricted cubic splines were used to assess the relationships between the retinal microvascular diameters and DKD in patients with T2DM., Results: Multivariate logistic regression showed that widened diameters of retinal venules and narrowed diameters of retinal arterioles were associated with DKD after adjusting for potential confounding variables. There was a significant linear trend between the diameters of superior temporal retinal venula ( P for trend < 0.001, P for non-linearity = 0.080), inferior temporal retinal venula ( P for trend < 0.001, P for non-linearity = 0.111) and central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE) ( P for trend < 0.001, P for non-linearity = 0.392) and risk of DKD in patients with T2DM. The restricted cubic splines showed that narrowed retinal arteriolar diameters, superior and inferior nasal retinal venulas were associated with the risk of DKD in a non-linear fashion (all P for non-linearity < 0.001)., Conclusion: Wider retinal venular diameters and narrower retinal arteriolar diameters were associated with an increased risk of DKD in patients with T2DM. Widened retinal venular diameters, especially CRVE, superior and inferior temporal retinal venula, were positively associated with an increased risk of DKD in a linear fashion. In contrast, narrowed retinal arteriolar diameters were associated with the risk of DKD in a non-linear fashion., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2023 Feng et al.)

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and the onset of ketosis in newly diagnosed patients with ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes (KPT2D)., Patients and Methods: A total of 162 patients with non-autoimmune newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus were included in this cross-sectional study. Patients were classified into KPT2D (n = 71) or non-ketotic type 2 diabetes (NKT2D, n = 91). Anthropometric parameters, islet functions, biochemical parameters, and body composition were determined in both KPT2D and NKT2D groups. Correlation analysis was performed to determine the associations between 25OHD and plasma ketones. The risk factors associated with ketosis episodes in patients with new-onset KPT2D were evaluated using binary logistic regression analysis., Results: Vitamin D deficiency was observed in both patients with KPT2D and NKT2D. Compared with the NKT2D group, serum 25OHD values were lower in the participants of the KPT2D group [14.20 (10.68, 19.52) vs 16.98 (13.54,2.96) ng/mL, P = 0.011]. Serum 25OHD was associated with plasma ketones (R = -0.387). Serum 25OHD is an independent protective factor for ketosis or ketoacidosis episodes in patients with new onset of KPT2D (P = 0.037, OR = 0.921)., Conclusion: Vitamin D levels are associated with ketosis episodes in patients with KPT2D. Serum 25OHD is an independent protective factor for ketosis episodes in patients with KPT2D., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2022 He et al.)

Objective: We aimed to examine the association between bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP-9) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in conjunction with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance (IR) and to identify evidence supporting the potential role of BMP-9 in the clinical prevention and treatment of T2DM in conjunction with NAFLD., Methods: One hundred and twenty subjects were included in this study. We sorted all of the subjects into four groups of equal size (n=30 each). A trained expert assessed the height, weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of the subjects and computed the body mass index (BMI). All subjects had their fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), serum BMP-9, and biochemical indices assessed., Results: Significant variations were observed in BMI, SBP, DBP, ALT, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, ApoB, FBG, FINS, HOMA-IR, and serum BMP-9 among the four groups (P<0.05). The level of serum BMP-9 was positively correlated with HDL-C, while the level of serum BMP-9 was negatively correlated with BMI, SBP, DBP, ALT, TC, TG, LDL-C, FBG, FINS, and HOMA-IR. Multiple stepwise regression analyses revealed that FINS, LDL-C, HDL-C, and BMI were independent factors impacting serum BMP-9 levels (P<0.05). Logistic regression analyses revealed that BMP-9 was a protective factor for T2DM paired with NAFLD, while HOMA-IR was a risk factor., Conclusion: Serum BMP-9 levels are significantly lower in the T2DM+NAFLD group when compared to other groups, and BMP-9 is an independent risk factor for T2DM paired with NAFLD., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2022 Hao et al.)

Purpose: To investigate the relationships between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level and bone turnover markers (BTMs) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) but no diabetic nephropathy., Patients and Methods: Patients with T2DM were recruited at Hebei General Hospital in China. The participants were allocated to three groups: an HbA1c <7% group, an HbA1c 7%-9% group, and an HbA1c ≥9% group. Their general characteristics, biochemical indices, and BTM concentrations were recorded., Results: The ages of the HbA1c <7% group and the HbA1c 7%-9% group were significantly higher than that of the HbA1c ≥9% group ( P <0.05). The prevalence of a history of hypertension in the HbA1c 7%-9% group was significantly higher than that in the HbA1c ≥9% group. The circulating low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration in the HbA1c ≥9% group and the apolipoprotein B concentration in the HbA1c 7%-9% group were significantly higher than those in the HbA1c <7% group ( P <0.05). Compared with that in the HbA1c <7% group, the circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration was significantly lower in the HbA1c ≥9% group ( P <0.05). Additionally, the circulating 25OHD and osteocalcin (OC) concentrations negatively correlated with HbA1c ( P <0.05)., Conclusion: An increase in HbA1c is associated with gradual decreases in the circulating concentrations of 25OHD and OC., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this work., (© 2022 Zhao et al.)

Purpose: The aims of this study were to determine the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in male and female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)., Patients and Methods: The participants were adults diagnosed with T2DM recruited from Hebei General Hospital. Patient information and information regarding blood indicators were collected. The subjects were divided into no vitamin D deficiency group [25(OH) D >20 ng/mL] and vitamin D deficiency group [25(OH) D <20 ng/mL], and these groups were then further subdivided into male-only or female-only subgroups. And then, the subjects were divided into male group and female group in different 25(OH) D levels., Results: HbA1c levels in the vitamin D deficiency group were significantly higher than those in the no vitamin D deficiency group for all subjects. The same was true for female patients but not for male patients. There was no difference in HbA1c levels between male and female patients with T2DM, regardless of 25(OH) D deficiency. A negative correlation existed between 25(OH) D and HbA1c in all subjects, as well as in the male-only and female-only subgroups. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with high HbA1c levels before and after adjusting for confounding factors in all participants and in the female-only subgroup, but not in the male-only subgroup., Conclusion: This study confirmed that vitamin D deficiency was related with high HbA1c levels in patients with T2DM, and this relationship differs between female and male patients., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest related to this work., (© 2020 Zhao et al.)