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Fiona Elizabeth van Zyl-Bonk, Sibylle Lange, Antoinette Leonarda Maria Lagro-Janssen, Theodora Alberta Maria Teunissen Department of Primary and Community Care, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the NetherlandsCorrespondence: Theodora Alberta Maria Teunissen, Department of Primary and Community Care, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 21, Postbus 9101, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, the Netherlands, Tel +31 24 3618181, Email doreth.teunissen@radboudumc.nlPurpose: Sexual abuse is a health issue with many consequences. Recognizing and discussing past sexual abuse has proven to be challenging for health care professionals. To improve overall quality of health care for sexual abuse victims, health care professionals need to be properly trained. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of training methods for health care professionals and to report on their effectiveness.Methods: A scoping review was conducted. A broad search was executed in six databases in December 2022. Study selection was performed by two independent reviewers, followed by quality assessment and data extraction.Results: After screening of titles and abstracts and later full-text assessment for quality appraisal, seven articles were selected, consisting mostly of non-randomized trials, performed among a total of 1299 health care professionals. All studies were assessed to be of moderate to poor quality. The participants attended training courses with a wide variety of durations, settings, formats and methods. The outcomes showed improvements in self-perceived or measured knowledge, skills and confidence to discuss sexual violence. Changes in clinical practice were scarcely investigated. Training courses were most effective when a mix of didactic passive methods, such as lectures and videos, and active participatory strategies, such as discussions and roleplay, were applied. Timely iteration to reinforce retention of gained knowledge and skills also contributed to effectiveness. Participants most enjoyed incorporating opportunities for receiving feedback in small settings and sharing personal experiences.Conclusion: This scoping review summarizes on how to effectively train health care professionals. Flaws and difficulties in measuring the effectiveness of training courses were discussed. Recognition and discussion of past sexual abuse by health care providers can be effectively trained using an alternating mix of multiple active and passive training methods with room for feedback and personal experiences.Keywords: sexual violence, disclosure, recognition, medical education, post-graduate training

Jasmijn Mulder,1 Theodora Alberta Maria Teunissen,1 Veranie Maria Johanna Peters,1 Marie Louise Moors,2 Antoinette Leonarda Maria Lagro-Janssen1 1Department of Primary and Community Care, Gender and Women’s Health, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; 2Emergency Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the NetherlandsCorrespondence: Jasmijn Mulder, Radboudumc, Afdeling Eerstelijnsgeneeskunde, Huispost 121, t.a.v. Jasmijn Mulder, Postbus 9101, Nijmegen, 6500HB, the Netherlands, Email Jasmijn.mulder@radboudumc.nlPurpose: As the response to sexual assault victims proved to be shattered and substandard, sexual assault centers were set up to improve care by providing the victims with medical, psychosocial and legal care. The Dutch Centers for Sexual Assault were launched in 2012. We wished to examine the challenges in interprofessional collaboration experienced in a long-running Dutch Sexual Assault Center.Methods: In this qualitative study, data was collected via semi-structured explorative interviews which were analyzed using thematic analysis in an iterative process. The semi-structured interviews were held with fifteen professionals from medical, psychosocial and legal disciplines. An interview guide was developed based on expert opinion and the Bronstein Index of Interprofessional Collaboration. Qualitative analyses were done using the method of thematic analysis in ATLAS.ti and were reported according to the COREQ criteria. The themes of the experienced challenges in interprofessional collaboration were further clarified using quotations.Results: Participants mentioned three themes that challenged interprofessional collaboration: 1. discrepancies in professional involvement, 2. conflicting goals and 3. a lack of connection. Discrepancies in motivation and affinity to work with victims of sexual violence between professionals proved to be the most pivotal challenge to collaboration, leading to disturbing differences in professional involvement. A low caseload and time restraints complicated gaining expertise, affinity and motivation. Conflicting goals and confidentiality issues arose between the medical and legal disciplines due to their contrasting aims of caring for victims versus facilitating prosecution. Some professionals felt a lack of connection, particularly due to missing face-to-face personal contact, which hindered the sharing of complex or burdensome cases and gaining insight into the other discipline’s competences.Conclusion: Building collective ownership and equal professional involvement are crucial for interprofessional collaboration. Professional involvement should be increased by training courses to clarify conflicting goals and to improve reciprocal personal contact between professionals. Training courses should be facilitated with organizational financial support.Keywords: interprofessional collaboration, sexual assault center, challenges, sexual assault, sexual violence, qualitative methods

HA Lammers, TAM Teunissen, H Bor, IS Smid, ALM Lagro-Janssen Radboudumc, Department of Primary and Community Care/Gender & Women’s Health, Nijmegen, the NetherlandsCorrespondence: HA LammersRadboudumc, Huispost 117, Postbus 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, the NetherlandsTel +316 52378946Email Huub.Lammers@radboudumc.nlBackground: Lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS) is a common condition in older men. In accordance with the Dutch College of General Practitioners Guideline “Micturition symptoms in men”, the diagnosis can be made based on a patient’s medical history and a physical examination. GPs lack additional tools in primary care to assess the residual urine volume. A residual volume usually requires a referral to a urologist. We hypothesized that the IPSS screening questionnaire score (measuring the severity of symptoms) might be related to patients’ residual urine volume. The research objective was to examine the relation between the IPSS score and the residual urine volume.Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we analysed patients’ IPSS and residual urine volume. Men aged over 50 with LUTS who consulted Dutch primary-care physicians were included. The interventions comprised an IPSS screening and a bladder scan. Data regarding the patients’ residual volume, total IPSS score, single IPSS score, IPSS storage score, and IPSS voiding score were recorded and analysed. We used odds ratios to describe the relation between the IPSS categories associated with the presence of a normal or abnormal (above 100 cc and above 200 cc) residual urine volume.Results: A total of 126 patients were included in this study. Patients with higher scores on the overall IPSS, separate IPSS, IPSS storage and IPSS voiding showed no higher odds ratios of having an abnormal residual volume, neither above 100 mL or 200 mL.Conclusion: We did not find a relation between the IPSS core to an abnormal residual urine volume in men aged over 50 with LUTS consulting primary-care physicians.Trial Registration: This study has been approved by the Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects for the Arnhem-Nijmegen Region and is registered with ToetsingOnline under ID number 29822.091.10.Keywords: lower urinary tract symptoms, primary care, international prostate symptom score, post-void residual volume