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Shahab Uddin Ahmadi,1 Yahya Fayaz,1 Said Ahmad Sorosh Miri,2,3 Wakil Muhammad Wikins,4 Fareed Ahmad Nazari,5 Ali Naqi Karimi,4 Ismail Yaqubi,4 Naseer Ahmad Nikzad,4 Musa Joya,6 Reza Fahimi7 1Department of Stomatology, Khatam AL Nabieen University, Kabul, Afghanistan; 2Department of Prosthodontics, Khatam AL Nabieen University, Kabul, Afghanistan; 3Department of Stomatology, Kabul University of Medical Science “abu Ali Ibn Sina”, Kabul, Afghanistan; 4Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, National Curative and Specialized Stomatology Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan; 5Department of Emergency Surgery & Trauma, Kabul University of Medical Science, Kabul, Afghanistan; 6Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; 7Department of Clinic, Kateb University, Kabul, AfghanistanCorrespondence: Yahya Fayaz, Department of Stomatology, Khatam AL Nabieen University, Kabul, Afghanistan, Tel +93706281798, Email Dr.yahyafayaz@gmail.comBackground: The mandible, a key bone in the lower face, is prone to trauma. Although mandibular fractures are widely recognized as common and costly, there is a research gap on this topic in Afghanistan. This study explores the causes of lower jaw fractures and their link to demographic factors in the Afghan population.Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 535 medical records from a Kabul tertiary hospital (March 2021 to March 2022) examined lower jaw fractures, patient demographics (age, sex), and injury causes. Statistical methods, including chi-square tests and Pearson’s contingency coefficient, were employed to explore correlations between mandibular fractures and demographic factors.Results: In this study, we analyzed 579 mandibular fractures in 535 patients, with road accidents (33.08%), falls (22.61%), and interpersonal conflicts being the leading causes. Most patients were aged 21– 30, with single fractures being the most common (92.3%) and parasymphyseal fractures being the most prevalent (28.5%). Although certain fracture types were significantly correlated with age, no notable association was found between age and injury cause.Conclusion: This study reveals that road accidents, falls, and interpersonal conflicts are the main causes of lower jaw fractures in Kabul, with the highest incidence in individuals aged 21– 30. These findings highlight the necessity for targeted public health interventions, such as improved road safety campaigns and stricter traffic regulation enforcement, to lower injury rates. Incorporating these insights into clinical practice can also help healthcare providers more effectively manage lower jaw fractures in affected populations.Keywords: lower jaw fracture, fracture patterns, trauma, accidents, Afghanistan

Mahdawi Joya,1 Ahmad Khalid Aalemi,2 Abdul Tawab Baryali3 1Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Kabul University of Medical Sciences, Kabul, Afghanistan; 2Department of Oral Medicine, Kabul University of Medical Sciences, Kabul, Afghanistan; 3Department of Quality Assurance, French Medical Institute for Children, Kabul, AfghanistanCorrespondence: Ahmad Khalid Aalemi, Department of Oral Medicine, Kabul University of Medical Sciences, Kabul, 1001, Afghanistan, Tel +93 704923443, Email aalemi_100@yahoo.comBackground: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most prevalent infections, with a variety of etiologic agents, a high number of occurrences, relapses, and complications; also, antibiotic resistance of the pathogenic bacterium is a hugely significant challenge for physicians.Objective: The goal of this research was to identify the common bacterial uropathogens as well as their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics.Materials and Methods: During the first six months of 2018, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on urine samples of 1780 patients at FMIC based on culture. Bacterial typing was performed using cystine lactose electrolyte deficient agar and blood agar, and Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion was employed to assess the sensitivity of the bacteria to various antibiotics.Results: Among 1780 patients in 341 (19.15%) samples, uropathogens were isolated. E. coli (63.9%), Enterococcus (11.1%), Serratia species (10.8%), Staphylococcus species (8.2%), Klebsiella (2.9%), Proteus species (1.8%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.2%) were the most common bacterial uropathogens. More than two-thirds of patients were female (69.6%), with the remaining 30.4% male. Ampicillin, amoxicillin, and erythromycin were the antibiotics with the highest resistance rates in bacterial uropathogens, at 92.6%, 82.9%, and 82.1%, respectively. Furthermore, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefixime, and sulfamethoxazole were antibiotics with resistance rates exceeding 70%. The antibiotics pristinamycin and ticarcillin were the most sensitive, with a TRR of zero. Ertapenem, imipenem, amikacin, tazobactam, fosfomycin, vancomycin, and nitrofurantoin were the antibiotics with the lowest resistance rates (less than 10%).Conclusion: E. coli was the most common bacterial uropathogen isolated in this study, followed by Enterococcus species. Our findings suggest that physicians, particularly in FMIC, consider E. coli, Enterococcus, Serratia and Staphylococcus as the most common bacteria, and use pristinamycin, ticarcillin, ertapenem, imipenem, amikacin, tazobactam, fosfomycin, vancomycin, and nitrofurantoin as sensitive antibiotics in empirical UTI treatment.Keywords: antibiotic, bacterial, prevalence, susceptibility, uropathogen, UTI