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Jing Li,1,* Yanhong Zhao,2,* Youli Jiang,3 Ying Zhang,4 Peize Zhang,1 Lingjun Shen,2 Zijiao Chen1 1Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Tuberculosis, the Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Tuberculosis, the Third People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Neurology, People’s Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, 518109, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Endocrinology, the Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Zijiao Chen; Lingjun Shen, Email 785863383@qq.com; m18608770202@163.comBackground: Tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) present a dual burden to public health. The screening of DM in TB patients may aid in the early detection and management of diabetes, ultimately improving treatment outcomes for those with the comorbidity of TB-DM. We aim to examine the prevalence and identify risk factors of diabetes in individuals with active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in financially affluent China cities.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in adult patients with highly suspected TB in two cities of China, spanning from May 9, 2023, to June 30, 2023. We compare the clinical characteristics, nutrition status, fasting blood glucose (FBG) level, living style, and knowledge of TB and DM at admission between patients with and without DM. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to identify risk factors associated with TB-DM comorbidities.Results: Of the 322 patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), 54 individuals (16.8%) had comorbid diabetes mellitus (DM). This included 43 males (13.4%) and 11 females (3.4%). The average age was 55.44 ± 12.36 in DM patients and 46.09 ± 16.87 in non-DM patients. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that male (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=3.29, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05– 10.30), age older than 47 years (aOR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01– 1.07), having a family history of diabetes (aOR = 5.09, 95% CI: 1.28– 20.32), and an elevated random blood glucose level (aOR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.38– 1.86) were risk factors for DM in patients with PTB. Furthermore, it was found that diabetes awareness (aOR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.03– 0.21) and zero, light to moderate alcohol consumption were associated with a lower risk of diabetes.Conclusion: Diabetes is prevalent in patients with active PTB. Screening and raising awareness of DM are recommended, particularly in men after middle age with a family history of diabetes and elevated random blood glucose. Early diagnosis of diabetes and effective diabetes prevention may reduce the dual burden of TB–DM comorbidity.Keywords: tuberculosis, diabetes, risk factors, diabetes awareness, waist-to-hip ratio, alcohol consumption

Abdulrahman Al-Yahya,1 Alwaleed Alsulaiman,1 Abdulrahman Almizel,1 Abdulrahman Barri,1 Fadwa Al Adel2 1College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Fadwa Al Adel Email FFAladel@pnu.edu.saBackground: Diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complication present a major morbidity burden among Saudi population. Awareness and proper knowledge of this highly prevalent disease is crucial to enhance early detection and proper intervention. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to identify the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of diabetic patients towards diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 50 randomly selected primary care centers and two university hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between May and December 2018. Diabetic patients ≥ 18 years old were enrolled in the study. A validated KAP-45 questionnaire was used to assess the KAP levels of diabetics towards diabetes and diabetic retinopathy.Results: A total of 313 participants were enrolled in the study. The majority were males 168 (59.8%). The median age was 49 ± 24, and the median duration of diabetes was 8 ± 11 years. The average knowledge score for diabetes was 10 (good). While the average knowledge score for diabetic retinopathy was 4.5 (suboptimal). The average attitude scores for both diabetes and diabetic retinopathy were 0 and 2 (suboptimal), respectively. The average practice score for diabetes was 5 (good) while it was 3 (low) for diabetic retinopathy. The most common barrier to comply with regular follow-up was inadequate knowledge about the importance of periodic eye exam 47.1% (107). Patients with low socio-economic status had a significantly poor knowledge regarding diabetes (P< 0.0001) and diabetic retinopathy (P< 0.015), respectively. However, patients with low educational level had a significantly poor knowledge (p< 0.0001) and poor practice regarding diabetes (P< 0.013), respectively.Conclusion: It is important to improve education and awareness of DM and diabetic retinopathy among diabetics, as it’s essential for controlling the disease and reducing its complications, by improving patient compliance to treatment and follow-up.Keywords: DM, diabetes mellitus, DR, diabetic retinopathy, regular eye exam, primary care, diabetes awareness, knowledge, attitude and practice