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Kawsar Alami, Zahra Nazari, Raheel Bayat, Aqdas Bayat, Somaya Qasemi, Fereshta Karimi, Maliha Sultani, Sayed Yousof Mousavi Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Center, Kavosh Nonprofit Educational Research Institute, Kabul, AfghanistanCorrespondence: Sayed Yousof Mousavi, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Center, Kavosh Nonprofit Educational Research Institute, First Street of Karte 4, Kabul, 1004, Afghanistan, Tel +93705343480 ; Fax +93796850084, Email Mousavi@Kavosh.org.afAim and Background: Learning and memory are fundamental processes essential to human cognition. Memory disorders can greatly impact cognitive abilities and overall quality of life. Synthetic drugs are not always completely effective in the treatment of memory disorders and can have diverse side effects. As a result, the use of plants for treating various diseases, including those related to memory disorders, is common. Almond is a highly nutritious nut and has been used as a traditional remedy for a long time. They contain active compounds that have numerous biological effects on the entire body, particularly the nervous system. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review animal studies that have investigated the effects of almond intake on memory and its related disorders.Methods: In this study, a comprehensive search in several databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library was performed. The study included published articles featuring preclinical studies conducted on healthy animals or models with memory impairments. These studies employed specific controlled groups and evaluated memory-related parameters through behavioral tests or molecular investigations. Eleven original papers that met the criteria were selected from a total of 1190 identified articles and included in the study.Results: Almond consumption has been shown to have beneficial effects on learning and memory in healthy animals. Additionally, evidence suggests that consuming almonds can positively impact scopolamine-, cadmium-, chronic stress-, and high-fat diet-induced memory impairment in animal models.Conclusion: Based on available evidence, consuming dietary supplementation of almonds may have a significant role in brain processes, specifically the neuromodulatory systems. Consequently, incorporating almonds into one’s diet could potentially enhance memory function, making them a readily available and useful natural resource with both nutritional and therapeutic benefits. Keywords: Almond, Prunus amygdalus, Prunus dulcis, learning, memory, neuromodulatory systems

Kawsar Alami,1 Sayed Yousof Mousavi2 1Research and Technology Center, Khatam Al-Nabieen University, Kabul, Afghanistan; 2Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Khatam Al-Nabieen University, Kabul, AfghanistanCorrespondence: Sayed Yousof MousaviDepartment of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Khatam Al-Nabieen University, 1th Street of Karte 4, Kabul, AfghanistanTel +93 796850084Email Mousavi.knurtc@knu.edu.afPurpose: The aim of this study is the evaluation of the effect of Afghan Chehelghoza as a constituent of diet on behavioral parameters, especially learning and memory of male rats.Methods: Rats were divided into six groups: control group, diazepam group as the positive control, and 2, 6, 12 and 25% chehelghoza-treated groups, which received chehelghoza combined with their food for 28 days. After treatment, the rat’s behavior was evaluated by Y-maze, elevated plus maze, Morris water maze and radial arm maze. In addition, their brain was extracted and weighed. The body weight of rats was also measured during the study.Results: The results showed that the time spent in target quadrant and brain weight were increased in 12 and 25% chehelghoza-treated groups significantly (P< 0.05). Also, the difference between the percentage of spontaneous alternation and the number of crossing, percentage of time spent in and the number of entries into open arms of only 25% chehelghoza-treated and the control groups was significant. Besides, on day 28, the body weight of all chehelghoza-treated groups was diminished as compared with the control group.Conclusion: We can conclude that chehelghoza combination with food in high doses can improve the spatial working memory and reference memory, increase the brain weight, as well as reduction in anxiety behavior.Keywords: anxiety, learning, memory, Chehelghoza, rat