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Mangroves are complex, unique, and dynamic ecosystems that host organisms that have special physiological adaptations to fluctuations in salinity, temperature, and pH. Gastropods have an important role in the mangrove ecosystem for food cycles and webs by helping to provide nutrients and micro-habitats for microbes. Micro-fungi isolated from mangrove ecosystems are productive sources of enzymes and bioactive compounds such as antibacterial and antifungal. In this study a explored the enzymatic and anti-vibrio activity of fungi associated with the marine gastropod Cerithidea cingulata and Lottia scabra. collected in three mangrove forests in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The fungi associated with the specimens were inoculated on malt extract agar (MEA) using the tapping method. Enzymatic and anti-vibrio assays were conducted applying the plug method. Positive effects of the fungal compounds on Vibrio were indicated by clear zones formed around the isolates. A total of 13 fungal species were isolated from C. cingulata (19MB-C5 and 19MBa-A4) and L. scabra (19MT-07 and 19MT-18). Most fungal isolates have moderate growth rate. The isolate with highest cellulolytic, proteolytic, and anti-vibriosis activity (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, V. vulnificus, and V. alginolyticus), derived from C. cingulata 19MB-C5 was closely related to Aspergillus niger, as revealed by molecular analysis using the universal primers ITS1 and ITS4 (similarity value 99%). A. niger 19MB-C5-3 has potential as a bioremediation and anti-vibrio agent that can be applied in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yellowtail fusilier, Caesio cuning (Bloch, 1971) is the main catch of fishermen on the Nyamuk Island, Karimunjawa. C. cuning also has a unique character in the form of different eye color, white, red, and white-red. These differences were raise question whether the eye colors will be differentiated the morphology, and the genetic diversity of C. cuning. This research aims to study the biodiversity of C. cuning caught by fishermen on Nyamuk Island, Karimunjawa, based on their morphology, and molecular using mtDNA control region gene marker. This study also wanted to test, if different eye colors observed on the sample also reflected at the genetic level. A unique thing was found in morphological observations in the form of eye colors in C. cuning (white, red and white-red). Measurements of 19 morphometric characters were conducted on 44 samples directly in the field. Twenty four (24) samples with three different eye colors were selected for molecular assay of locus control region mtDNA in the laboratory. Morphological analysis showed the total length of 44 samples of C. cuning ranged from 15-29.4 cm. The total length of white eye color ranged from 15-29.4 cm from 20 samples, red-eye color 17-26 cm from 20 samples and whitered eye color 22-24.6 from 4 samples. Molecular test showed that the fish observed was indeed C. cuning with a similarity of 97.07%-99.27% of NCBI data. The genetic distance C. cuning between individuals was 0-3%. Genetic distance in the same eye color and different have the same value of 2%. Twenty haplotypes were obtained from 24 samples with high haplotypes diversity, values ranging from 0.978-1,000. The nucleotide diversity ranges from 0.019-0.021. There is no molecular difference between C. cuning with different eye colors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased nutrients can cause a rise prevalence in coral disease. Shrimp pond wastewater can produce nitrate, phosphate, and ammonia from the residual of the feeding and shrimp feces. Nyamplungan village, Karimunjawa was selected as the study site as it represents a location with shrimp pond activity that close to coral reef ecosystem. This study aims to examine the difference of disease prevalence, coral cover, and coral genus diversity at ±300 m and ±1000 m from the shrimp pond and to examine the relationships between disease prevalence and nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, ammonia). Coral disease prevalence was measured within a modified 30 x 2 m belt transect at six sampling stations. Station 1, 2, and 3 were 6-8 m in depth (±1000 m from the shrimp pond), then station 4, 5, and 6 were depth 1-3 m (±300 m from the shrimp pond). Coral genus diversity was conducted by using the Roving Diver Visual Method. Coral cover was measured within Line Intercept Transect (LIT) 30 m. The results show that station 5 had the highest disease prevalence (30.80%±2.78%). Station 1 had highest coral cover (90.87%±7.16%). Coral genus diversity had a medium category for each station. Disease prevalence was significantly different between station depths of 1-3 m (±300 m to the shrimp pond) and depths 6-8 m (±1000 m from the shrimp ponds) (P<0.05). Disease prevalence had strong relationship with nitrate (r= 0.975), phosphate (r= 0.972) and ammonia (r= 0.958). These results suggest that the continuation of coral monitoring with additional disease incidence and disease progression, temporally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]