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Lime sludge is commonly generated from the pulping waste liquor in alkali recovery of paper industry. It would cause a significant decrease in the alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) sizing efficiency as used to be the filler for cellulosic fiber networks paper. In the present work, Polyamide-Polyamine-Epichlorohydrin (PAE), Polyetherimide (PEI) and chitosan were used as sizing promoters for addressing the above issue. Results showed that the sizing degree of paper filled with 26% lime sludge could be increased by 83.4%, 68.9% and 49.7%, respectively, at the optimal dosage of PAE, PEI and chitosan. Curing time and curing temperature also had significant impacts on the efficiency of the three sizing promoters. All the three sizing promoters could remove the anionic trash in the wet end. Moreover, PAE could promote the reaction between AKD particles and cellulosic fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozonizers will produce nitrogen oxides which can be dissolved into the wastewater as ozone is produced. This experiment, where ozonization process was employed as the post-treatment after the biological processes, aims to analyze the amount of nitrogen and its variation and transform rate in influents and effluents. Results showed that after ozonization process, the concentrations of total nitrogen in effluents were higher than the concentrations in influents (0.01~0.38 times higher). The concentrations of nitrate nitrogen in effluents were also higher than the concentrations in influents, and average increased rate of NO3-N was 226.8%. Furthermore, the increase in the concentration of NO3-N due to dissolution of NOx was 47.10% of total increase in NO3-N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hidden Markov Model (HMM) has been proved to be an effective model in web usage mining. However, whether or not it works for all kinds of web site structure is still an important research issue. In this paper, we will analyze why web site should be divided into two types, that is, vertical structure and horizontal structure in detail. For different website structure we should adopt different approaches. While the traditional HMM approaches only works well for vertical structure website, however access prediction is more necessary for horizontal structure website. Herein we proposed a mining approach for horizontal website structure based on hidden Markov model. The approach is used to mine web user' interest association rules and further predict the pages they may access. We conducted experiments using real web log data and demonstrated that our approach improved the prediction results of the horizontal structure website. The issue we investigated is useful in several areas, such as prefetching, personalization service, site modification, system improvement, business intelligence, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the demand of Chinese green recycling for scrap cars, this paper presents a win-win mode of green recycling for scrap cars based on powerful government, and discusses the cooperative game among the responsible bodies (government, automotive OEMs, component manufacturers and third-party recycling centers) for the green recycling of scrap cars. Firstly combined with a brief analysis of business risk, the marginal green revenue of each alliance cooperative mode is analyzed. Based on the principle of cost sharing and expected return, the cost-sharing of responsible bodies for the green recycling of scrap cars is solved. Thus, the rights and responsibilities of these bodies are confirmed. This paper provides support for the upgrade of Chinese green recycling of scrap cars industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expressway crack identification is significantly important for the expressway safety maintenance, and the crack detection is one of key technologies for the crack identification. This paper proposed an expressway crack detection method based on improved Pulse-Coupled Neural Network (PCNN), used minimum cross-entropy algorithm to obtain the optimal iterations of PCNN algorithm, and then complete the segmentation of expressway images by combining the simplified PCNN algorithm. The results showed that this method could inhibit the background noise and better extract continuous crack edge to provide good characteristics for crack identification in the next step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on identifying optimal conditions of fly ash and advanced treatment conditions for papermaking effluent, using Membrane Separation technology. Results show the pretreatment effect is the best when fly ash is 80 mg/L and the speed of mixing is 200 r/min for 1h. The operation pressure of ultrafiltration membrane process is 0.04 ~ 0.1 MPa. After fly ash adsorption and Membrane Separation advanced treatment, both CODCr and salinity in the effluent are below 10 mg/L, and Chroma is less than 15 times; SS and electrical conductivity are lower. The CODCr in the concentrated water is below 85 mg/L after the RO treatment and is in accordance with the new National Emission Standard for Papermaking Industry (GB3544-2008). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods: This paper uses the method of combining qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis and Macro and micro combination. Contents: This paper reviews a lot of domestic and foreign literature on reverse logistics and construction solid waste disposal methods, and puts forward some suggestions on the reuse of solid wastes according to the actual situation of the current status of construction solid waste in China. Results and contributions: This paper puts forward the policy, the internal reform of construction related enterprises to promote collaboration of construction enterprise and third party logistics enterprises, strengthen the related public policy, make people clear the importance of building solid waste reverse logistics, the passive behavior of the participants for the initiative, gradually realize the goal of building waste recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of original data is crucial to the performance of diagnosis model. To improve the performance of transformer diagnosis model based on Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA), a new diagnosis scheme suitable for time-series dissolved gas data is proposed in this paper. After the analysis of traditional transformer diagnosis architecture, a fault data extraction step is added to the architecture to improve the quality of original fault data. The fault data extraction step is mainly composed of two parts, invalid data correction and determination of possible initial fault time based on fault early warning. Finally, the numerical results validate that the accuracy and sensitivity of DGA based fault diagnosis for the transformer are improved by extracting fault feature of time-series data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the atmospheric environmental quality became one of the problems increasingly concerned, and uncertainty measure method had been applied in many fields. The significance of atmospheric environmental quality evaluation and existing problems of evaluation methods were discussed, with attention paid to prior research results. This paper selected three atmospheric environmental pollution factors such as SO2, NO2 and PM10 as evaluation parameters to establish level-evaluating and order-arranging models of atmospheric environmental quality on the basis of information entropy and uncertainty measure theory. In the model, this paper used annual air pollution monitoring data in Xinxiang city during 2006 to 2010 to build uncertainty measure function, adopted information entropy theory to give the weight of index and used credible degree recognition criterion to judge atmospheric environmental quality level and order. The example analysis shows that it is reasonable and has significance for the evaluation of atmospheric environment quality in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is an important content to analyze the uncertainty of emission from greenhouse gases in compiling the emission inventory. Reliable uncertainty estimates can also be used to increase the quality of emission inventories. This paper took the emission of CH4 from the solid waste landfill in Hefei City in 2014 as an example, and employed the mass balance method to compute its emission. Monte Carlo method was used to carry out the sensitivity analysis and compute uncertainty. Through computing, 95% confidence interval of CH4 emission from landfill in Hefei City was (1.89~3.40) × 104 t. The mean value was 2.61 × 104 t with uncertainty range of –27.59%~30.27%. Among all the parameters, the decomposable proportion of DOC (DOCf) showed the greatest impact on the emission of CH4 from the landfill and its contribution to emission result was 26.33%. Followed by the degradable organic carbon (DOC) was 26.29%, the amount of solid waste (MSW) was 13.63%, methane correction factor (MCF) was 6.93% and the proportion of methane in landfill gas (F) was 6.58%. The results showed that compared with traditional error propagation method, it improved the accuracy and quality of assessment and provided a scientific basis to improve the quality of inventory as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been found. High effective surface area of porous ceramic is ideal to be a catalyst support. Photocatalytic efficiency can be increased by loading TiO2 film on the open-cell porous ceramic. Sol-gel method is applied in this paper. By pull TiO2-soaked support to form film, a sort of lightweight open-cell reticular porous ceramic loaded with TiO2 with the bulk density of 0.3~0.6 g/cm3 is produced. The ceramic is a new type of lightweight porous catalyst system. Photocatalysis of methyl orange (MO) solution under various conditions is studied in this paper. TiO2-loaded samples with mass 1.0g are put into MO solution with concentration 20 mg/L and volume 50 mL, the samples are irradiated 30 min by ultraviolet (UV) lamp (500W) of wavelength 365 nm. The measured degradation efficiencies reached above 95% in general. The degradation efficiency reached 99.56% for the best sample. In this experiment, the degradation of MO is complete, and the corresponding absorption peaks disappear completely in the UV-vis absorption spectrum. Under the above experimental condition, photocatalytic efficiency rule of MO is found at different pH (3~10). The degradation efficiency is high under acid condition. The degradation efficiency decreases with an increase of pH at pH > 7. The degradation efficiency is still 94.55% at pH = 9 under the alkaline condition. The TiO2 film supported on porous ceramic is found to have high degradation efficiency for MO solution at wide range of pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric power demand is the barometer of economic development, the power demand of the pre - side of the power sector and related economic sectors of the work is of great significance. Total social electricity consumption is an important indicator of electricity demand, and the full power of the whole society in the pre, hoping to play a reference to the relevant departments. In order to forecast the electric power demand, in this paper, a novel T-FGSI(1,1)) model was established by minimum total residual sum of square. Data simulation shows the feasibility of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assumes that China's economy will be developing high, medium and low scenarios, and forecasts economic and social indicators such as total GDP, population and per capita GDP in China from 2016 to 2030. Then, predicted the demand of copper resources in China from 2016 to 2030 by the combination of system dynamics model, ARIMA model prediction and inverted U-type empirical model. The results show that: China's copper demand growth slowed down significantly from 2016-2030. From 2025-2030, China's copper resource demand is stable, into the platform of demand growth. 2030 years later, China's copper resource dem and will enter a slow decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, Internet is facing with growing threats of malicious traffic generated by virus, DDoS attack, selfish action and so on, and it will become worse while these traffics are caused by internal members of autonomous domains. Filtering these traffics on the nodes as closer as possible to the attack source is considered as a reasonable solution. So this paper presents a malicious traffic filtering model for AS based on SDN network domain. This model sets a logical centralized controller for the AS, deploys agents to the network nodes. These agents are responsible for collecting the information of network and executing filtering policies. The controller supports functions of internal malicious traffic detection, dynamic filtering policies decision, and policies deployment. Furthermore, this model also includes a proper executing nodes searching algorithm, which ensures the policies to be deployed on nodes closest to the internal attack source and cannot be bypassed. The experiments verify that comparing with traditional malicious reaction mechanism such as filter the traffic at host-end or edge-router of domain, this model is able to protect all nodes and servers within the domain. And it also provides the domain powerful and flexible capability to deal with rapidly changing attack methods at lower cost and to significantly reduce the malicious traffic within the domain network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a new approach for object segmentation in videos based on Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) and Spatial Temporal Markov Random Field (ST-MRF). Instead of considering spatial correlation of a pixel and its neighborhood in traditional spatial MRF models, the proposed method established the ST-MRF model to extend the correlation among adjacent frame pixels. In process of training ST-MRF, the proposed model calculates the means and variances of each partition regions during the sequential frames by updating parameters of GMMs. Moreover, the energy function of ST-MRF is improved by calculating the spatial-temporal pixels' neighboring cliques as referential item. The experiments are compared with some state-of-the-art methods, such as standard GMMs, Meanshift and Fussy C Mean (FCM), on public standard video library and complex videos in real environments. The results demonstrate that our approach has performance improvements on robustness, accuracy, and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current studies on security of IOT are mainly concentrated in the detection and control of behaviors of sensing nodes and neglect the protection of the key components of sensing nodes. So that sensor nodes may be destroyed and don't function when malicious behaviors are detected. To solve this problem, in this paper, we apply trusted computing to study the security of Internet of Things and propose the trusted immune system of the sensing network. The trusted immune system not only just guarantee the trust of behaviors of sensing nodes, but also guarantee the trust of the key components of sensing nodes. By implementing immune surveillance, immune defense and immune homeostasis, the trusted immune system of the sensing network provides initiatively immune support for the sensing network combining with macro and micro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microscopic car following models describe the motion of individual vehicles in different flow conditions and numerical integration methods are usually used to model vehicle behavior in computer simulation. In this paper following behavior of two vehicles were simulated in spreadsheets using iterative computation and dynamic charts graphically, showing clear representation of parameter changes, formulas and numerical computation process. Euler method and Ballistic update rules were used as numerical integration schemes in simulation of Intelligent Driver Model and Optimal Velocity Model. Application of numerical integration methods in traffic simulation were discussed comparing simulation results in smooth and non-smooth situations. The method of spreadsheet simulation does not need computer programming skills, would be a reference to model simulation for other kind of car following models in research, experiment and education practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An information system formed by HAP (High Altitude Platform) will be a new generation-system for the wireless communications and HAPS (HAP Station) communication system combines the advantages of both terrestrial and satellite communication systems and avoids, to different extents, their disadvantages. The scope of this paper is to evaluate the link performance of HAPS CDMA air interface. The simulation approach has, with respect to others methods (e.g. hardware prototypes, analytical evaluations), some advantages like lower costs, accuracy, inherent flexibility, etc. The link performance is the necessary input for system capacity and coverage evaluations which are definitely the most important aspects for a telecommunication operator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parallel evolution of individuals in genetic algorithm provides a general and parallel framework for solving complex problems. Membrane computing, also called as P system, is a framework of distributed and parallel computation models and it takes the chemical reactions in biological membranes as the computing process. Unlike the membrane algorithm that genetic algorithm is implemented in the sub-membrane by electronic computer model based on membrane computing framework, this paper proposes a P system to achieve genetic algorithm by pure evolutionary rules. In this P system, the genetic operators have a maximum parallel execution and it improve the efficiency of individual parallel evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new supervised feature selection method termed probability and variance score (PVS) for text classification. PVS aims to improve variance score (VS), a simple unsupervised feature selection method because VS only evaluates quantity of information of terms but it is not able to evaluate relationships between terms and classes of text documents. PVS not only evaluates quantity of information of terms by measuring variances of terms, the same method as VS, but also considers relationships between terms and classes by measuring posterior probabilities that terms occur given classes based on Bayesian Theory. Terms selected by PVS tends to be information-rich and highly class-related. Experimental results on three datasets indicate that PVS is efficient in selecting discriminative terms and outperforms VS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The suction capacity of the centrifugal pump decreases in plateau because of the lower atmospheric pressure, and the fluid flow state inside the pump changes which causes the pump outlet pressure, flow, efficiency and other performance parameters drops. The variation of pump performances can be known by experimental researches, but the flow state inside the centrifugal pump can't be shown out, while simulation researches can directly reflect it. This paper carry out researches of flow state in centrifugal pump in plateau, analyzes the centrifugal pump flow state comprehensively and intuitively with methods of experimental and simulation researches, the corresponding conclusions are drawn through data analysis, which shows that every 500m increase in the altitude accompanies pump inlet gas rate increase about 2%-5%, the turbulence kinetic energy increases 2.26%, 7.96%, 24.43% and 71.94% with each 500m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the theory of industrial site reconstruction, this paper expounds the patterns, methods and laws which are commonly used in the process of industrial site reconstruction, and introduces the ideas and concepts of industrial site reconstruction by combining theory with practice. Methods: Based on the field investigation of industrial sites, this paper analyzes the unique features and unique rules in the transformation of industrial sites, using the inductive analysis method, the data related to the transformation of industrial sites are summarized and summarized. Combined with the literature, the paper analyzes the shortcomings of the current industrial environment reconstruction by inductive analysis. Results and contributions: The regeneration potential of old industrial sites and the cultural value of the old industrial sites and their landscape characteristics are combined with the urban space to meet the needs of people to rest and entertainment, Landscape and ecology as the main way to the transformation and upgrading of industrial sites are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a portable pesticide detector design and utilizes the data fusion algorithm in full details. The chemiluminescence detection is based on the production of light observed from the agent been donated energy from the degenerated molecules of the pesticide that is excited by untraviolet light, in another word, this is an indirect chemiluminescence approach. A quantum effect photomultiplier tube is used to amplify the light. To remove the uncertain quantum noise mainly from the tube, a selfweighted fusion method is proposed. The division method for calculation is simple and fits well with the embedded design and the quantum effect high gain device selected. This meets the system's requirement of limited data processing power drawn from the light weight battery. The experimental datum processed has shown that the method works well, providing the accuracy needed for the low concentration detection of the most commonly used chlorobenzene based pesticides in the Jiangsu province of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residue from refractory gold ore contains considerable gold after roastingcyaniding process because of high content of arsenic. Most gold in the residue is encapsulated by other minerals and hard to be recovered. In the present paper, chlorination methods were adopted to extract gold, copper, zinc and lead. The residue is first mixed with CaCl2 solution, and then pelletized, dried and heated in a tube furnace. The effects of heating temperature, heating up time, CaCl2 addition and holding time on volatilization ratio of gold, copper, lead, and zinc were investigated. Volatilization start temperatures of chlorine and metal elements were confirmed. The main reactions in the process were confirmed, which occurred between CaCl2 and the residue to form Cl2/HCl and various calcium salt. Reactions between CaCl2 and sulfide, silica, arsenide and iron oxide break the wrap of gold. Higher heating temperature and more CaCl2 addition had positive effects for chlorination. However, longer heating up time was bad for chlorination because of the volatilization of chloride during the heating up. More CaCl2 addition could make up the influence of longer heating up time. Research results in the paper will contribute significantly to the design of reaction equipments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

City water demand forecasting is of great significance in reducing the cost of electricity consumption and municipal planning. Back-propagation (BP) neural network has been widely adopted in water demand forecasting in recent years. But BP performs unsatisfactorily in terms of training time and global searching ability, so in this paper we improve BP by two heuristic algorithms, namely, genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO), respectively. The testing and verification of the three algorithms (BP, GA+BP, PSO+BP) have been conducted on real-life water demand forecasting of Beijing city. The obtained results demonstrate that, in spite of the execution time consumed, both GA+BP and PSO+BP performed with higher accuracy and less errors than BP. The obtained results also illustrate that PSO+BP slightly outperformed GA+BP in terms of forecasting accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accompanied with rapid economic growth and human development, the world faces severe water shortages, which pose a serious threat to human society. In the present study, the significance of water environmental quality evaluation and problems found in available evaluation methods were discussed, with a focus on prior research results. This paper selected ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), chemical oxygen demand (COD), cyanide, volatile phenol and petroleum as evaluation factors, and established level-evaluating and order-arranging models of water environmental quality on the basis of information entropy and uncertainty measure theory. The uncertainty influence factors based on the real situation were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed, and the experimental data were used to establish the uncertainty measure function. Also, we adopted information entropy theory to calculate the weight of the index, and determined the level and level order of water environmental quality based on credible degree recognition criterion. The developed model was applied to assess water environmental quality in four sections of Dan River Basin. The results show that uncertainty measure method is reasonable, with the potential significance of assessing water environment quality in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The insulation technology by plastic greenhouse was studied in northeast area. The numerical simulations and experiments were conducted in this paper. The temperature distribution in the greenhouse and flow characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that the greenhouse insulation played a good role in thermal insulation effect, rather than absorbed solar radiation heat. The temperature fluctuation reduced because of the insulation of greenhouse in winter. A stable environment was contributed to the high effective operation of the sewage treatment. The effect of wedge-shaped greenhouse was better than that of arch-shaped one when the temperature of sewage in the outlet was only considered, for the average temperature of air in the greenhouse rose 3-5°C, the temperature of sewage in the outlet rose 5.5-8.5°C. Thus, it was an effective measure to fill the recycled waste heat into the greenhouse in northeast region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cable transmission has its intrinsic advantages and it is the development tendency of intelligent drilling among all kinds of signal transmission. According to the structure characteristics of the intelligent drill string, this paper analyzes the transmission line distribution parameters of intelligent drill string combined with average transmission theory; transfer matrixes of single drill pipe, drill pipe joint and that of cascaded transmission line between them are all calculated by the transmission line transfer function; impedance model of intelligent drill string communication channel model are built according to that transfer matrix based on the two-port network, then this model is simulated by experiment and the result is analyzed; curve of error rate is got and the influence of different signal-noise ratio, different transmission rate and different transmission distance on signal transmission performance are analyzed. This model simplifies the calculation, and the frequency characteristics and attenuation characteristics of transmission line are obtained under the analog signal and the digital signal, then the average transmission signal characteristics of intelligent drill string is analyzed by intuitive squiggle. Maybe this paper could provide some theoretical guidance for intelligent drill string. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluid field can have significant effects on corrosion rates of steels. The objective of this paper is to investigate erosion-corrosion mechanisms of J55 steel and the effects of local hydrodynamic factors, in particular, the fluid flow velocity on J55 steel’s service life. A new experimental setup was developed to specifically simulate the actual hydrodynamic conditions of Huanghe (Yellow) River valley. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was adopted to characterize the hydrodynamic factors, such as the flow rate, the turbulence kinetic energy and the shear stress, and their effects on the corrosion behavior of J55 steel. Corrosion morphology was analyzed. Results show that the erosion rate increased with the flow rate and the resulting corrosion pit became smaller and deeper. Through the research results of this paper, it could provide some technical supports for the scientific and rational exploitation of brine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of initial total solid (TS) concentrations on the volume percent of methane and TAN contents from the anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste was studied in this paper by setting the initial TS as 4 wt%, 5 wt%, 6 wt%, 7 wt%. The inflection points of the cumulative biogas productions curve of different initial TS concentration took place at day 8,19 day, 17 day, 15 day, 9,20 day, respectively. The concentrations of methane generally rose firstly and then declined except that two different peaks (71.54% and 64.31%) of the methane volume percent were observed in day 15 and day 25 respectively under the condition of initial TS mass fraction of 4 wt%. The maximum methane volume percent under the condition of initial TS mass fraction of 5 wt%, 6 wt%, and 7 wt% was 76.7%, 73.93%, and 74.32% respectively in day 20. The TAN contents increased with the reaction time under the influence of varied initial TS contents. When the initial TS content was 4 wt%, 5 wt%, 6 wt%, and 7 wt%, the accumulated total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) content in day 30 was 1830, 2659, 2647, and 3040 mg/L respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]