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Cancer is the most progressive and devastating disease that threat of mortality to the entire world despite significant advances in medical technology for its diagnosis and treatment. The Ehrlich mouse Ascites Tumor has become one of the widely used experimental cancer model. In this study, we have investigated relationship between the formation rate of solid cancer and injection of a low number of Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) cells. 24 male Balb/C mice were divided into 3 groups: Experimental groups 1 (n: 8) and 2 (n: 8) were injected subcutaneously with 1.5x105 and 3x105 EAT cells to induce solid tumor growth respectively. The control group (n: 8) were treated with normal saline (0.1 ml/mouse). The changes of body weight and tumor volume in all animals were recorded. Although body weights of two experimental groups were elevated because of the tumor mass but statistical differences was not determined among the groups. Initially tumor formation was induced in all of the animals of experimental groups, but subsequently the tumor mass was lost in 2 and 3 mice of experimental groups 1 and 2, respectively. Although inbred animals were used in this study, we suggest that individual differences of mice may cause this situation. However, further studies with more animals should be made and the probable causes of tumor reduction and disappearance should be investigated. Also, this case should be taken into account in studies that cancer models are formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to calculate the tympanic cavity (TC) and cochlea volume with manual tracing technique on computed tomography images of temporal bone with a software developed in house using MATLAB platform. Images with slice thickness of 0.25 mm were obtained from 5 newborn cadavers and analyzed independently by two expert researchers using the software and the results were compared. The borders of TC and cochlea were delineated manually and measurement of interested area was calculated on masked images. To confirm the agreement of the histological and computed tomography (CT) data were compared. Then, the area measurements from all sections were added for the calculation of total volume. Also, we estimated neuron number of spiral ganglion using optical fractitoner method. The neurons within the counting areas sampled were counted with the optical disector technique. The total number of the newborns spiral ganglion neurons was estimated by multiplying the number of neurons counted by the reciprocal of the aggregate sampling fraction. We found an average of 38715±1200 neurons with a coefficient of variation of 0.19. Dice similarity coefficient, Jaccard, sensitivity and specificity measures were used as a statistical validation metric to evaluate the performance of manual volume measurement. Good agreement was observed between MATLAB and ImageJ on TC volume results. Validation results showed that the average Dice values being above 0.8 indicating the software which allows consistent and reliable volume measurements. In conclusion, these softwares are accurate and robust in TC volume, providing an objective tool for quantitative assessment related to tympanic membrane perforations. This approach is a great benefit for image-based analysis and planning in the field of computer-assisted surgery as well as volume calculation. This software can potentially be applied to measure other anatomical volumes from radiological images. This study was supported by the Department of Scientific Research Projects of Erciyes University. (project number: TOA-11-3618). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to calculate bone and cartilage ratios of forelimb belonging to newborn rats and fetuses in this study. In our study, fetuses and newborns are obtained from 21 pregnant rats. 7 groups are established and 3 of them were prenatal groups (16th, 18th and 20th days of pregnancy) and 4 of them were postnatal groups (birthday, 3rd, 7th and 12th days after birth). Fetuses and newborns were stained using double stained method. Times of primer and secondary ossification centers were observed in stained forelimb under stereomicroscope. Photos of bones were taken. Bone and cartilage surface ratios were calculated by using ImageJ program on these photos. In our study, primer ossification centers were observed in clavicula, scapula and humerus in 18th day of pregnancy and in radius and ulna on the 20th day of pregnancy. Secondary ossification centers were observed in scapula and humerus on the birthday and in radius and ulna on the 7th day after birth. In 18th days fetus group that we used in our study, bone-cartilage ratio was observed %43 in clavicula, %20 in scapula, %15 in humerus but ulna and radius still remained cartilage. In 12 days newborn group, bone-cartilage ratio reached %100 in clavicula, %76 in scapula, %69 in humerus, %71 in radius and %75 in ulna. We hope that determination of bone and cartilage fields belonging to rat fore limb and development time of primer and secondary ossification centers will be a resource for future developmental and teratological studies. This study was supported by Erciyes University Scientific Research Projects Unit TSY-11-3723. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of paranasal sinuses starts prenatal and they continue growing along the all directions together with nasal cavity and other structures on face between the ages of 1 and 7. As well as the sizes of paranasal sinuses varies between individuals, it may also exhibit different levels of growth in both sides of an individual. It is hard to determine the difference between normal and pathalogical sizes of paranasal sinuses of children and the newborn. In this study, it is aimed to identfy the volume of sinus maxillaris of the newborns by using two different methods and to determine relation between these two methods. The volume of maxillary sinuses were calculated on CT images of 20 individuals, (including 10 males and 10 females) between ages 0 and 1, having been scanned retrospectively in PACS which is used from Erciyes University. The average volume of right sinus maxillaris of male and female individuals were calculated by using eliptical formula as 0.49±0.34 cm3 and 1.41±2.53 cm3 respectively while the average volume of left sinus maxillaris of male and female individuals were measured as 0.52±0.42 cm3 ve 1.44±2.31 cm3. On the other hands, the stereological methods showed that the average volume of right sinus maxillaris of male and female individuals were measured as 0.55±0.39 cm3 and 0.54±0.42 cm3 respectively while the average volumes of left sinus maxillaris of male and female were 1.34±2.22 cm3 and 1.29±1.99 cm3. No statistically significant difference between male and female individuals were determined according to the measurements (p>0.05). When two methods are compared, statistically significant difference between two methods was determined only for the volume measurements of right sinus maxillaris of female individuals (p<0.05). We think that our study will be helpful for the other future studies about examination of volume of sinus maxillaris of the newbors preoperatively and intraoperatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sacrum is an important bone structure which is used in the treatment of deformities and injuries of the lumbosacral, sacral, and sacroiliac joints. Thus, if the normal anatomic structure and morphometric values of the sacrum is well known, possible complications which may arise during the operations to be applied to this area can be prevented. The aim of the current study was to make detailed morphometric measurements of pars lateralis and to calculate surface area of the joint on dry sacrum samples. This study was performed by using a digital caliper sensitive to 0.01 millimeter (mm) on 30 dry sacrum samples obtained from Department of Anatomy in Erciyes University. The age and gender discrimination was not made on dry bone specimens. The auricularis face area of sacrum was calculated, by using ImageJ software. No significant difference was determined between all bilateral morphometric measurements of sacrum (p>0.05). The mean area of the right and left auricularis surface were calculated as 1028.15±232.92 mm2, 1042.45±220.72 mm2 respectively. We believe that the results of this study will be beneficial for surgeons and clinicians for the surgical approaches to sacrum especially in sacral instrumentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The humerus is longest and largest bone in the upper limb. In addition, knowing the length of the humerus segments is important for orthopedic surgery and forensic medicine. For this purpose, humeral length (HU) and some morphometric parameters in proximal and distal segments are measured in 30 (15 right, 15 left) adult dry humerus that is gender unknown. In this study; the mean distances between the articular segment of the humeral head and the greater tuberosity (A), the mean distances between humeral head and collum anatomicum (B), the mean distances between proximal and distal point of olecrane fossa (C), the mean distances between distal part of olecrane process and trochlea of humerus (D), the mean distances between proximal edge of olecrane fossa and distal part of trochlea of humerus (E), maximum horizontal distances between two points of greater tubercule (F), maximum horizontal distances between two points of lesser tubercule (G), maximum horizontal distances between most prominent point on lesser tubercule to midpoint on greater tubercule (H), maximum distances between the medial and the lateral epicondyles (J), maximum distances between the medial and the lateral end of trochlea at the anterior surface (K), maximum thickness at most concave part of trochlea (L) parameters were measured by digital caliper. The measurements were evaluated with SPSS 21 statistical software package. Average HU was calculated as 307.3±21.5 mm in the right humerus, 303.5±16.3 mm in the left humerus. Statistically significant correlation was found between HU and D, E, F, H, J, K, L parameters in right humerus; B, F, J, K parameters in the left humerus. As a result; it is expected that the humerus length measurements give an idea about humeral segments and all of these measurements would be able to support anthropological, archaeological, orthopedic and forensic works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: After leaving supraorbital notch or foramen, the supraorbital nerve which is one of the terminal branch of frontal nerve innervates the area between upper eyelid and lamboid suture. For the blockage of this nerve, the supraorbital notch where the nerve is unbranched is the convenient point for using less anesthetic and reducing the number of injection. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the morphometry of this notch and determine the correct point of injection. Metods: The distance between the notch and midline and the height of the notch according the nasion were measured on 50 adult craniums by using digital caliper. Results: The mean distance between the notch and midline was 21.4±3.86 mm on left side and 21.6±4.76 mm on right side. The mean height of the notch according the nasion was 9.2±3.05 mm bilaterally. Thedevelopment of the supraorbital foramen was found in 30% of right orbits and 26% of left orbits. And it was obvious that the entrapment neuropathy of this nerve is more likely in supraorbital foramen than notch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Os coxae, which is involved in the formation of the pelvic skeleton, in terms of its morphometric features are important for sciences such as anatomy, orthopedic and forensic medicine. The aim of the current study was to make a detailed morphometric measurements and to calculate surface area of the articular on dry coxae samples. Methods: This study was done using a digital caliper sensitive to 0.1 milimeter (mm) on 30 dry coxae samples which were obtained from Department of Anatomy in Erciyes University. The age and gender discrimination wasn't made on dry bone specimens. Morphometric measurements, determined through the 22 parameters, were performed. While 19 of these parameters consist of distance between two points and thicknesses of different parts of the bone, the others were related to determination of articular surface area. Morphometric measurement datas were evaluated by statistical analysis program SPSS16.0. Results: The mean area of the right and left auricularis surface were calculated as 1614.25±470.39 mm2, 1327.53±259.79 mm2 respectively. No significant difference was determined between all bilateral morphometric measurements of coxae (p>0.005). To evaluate the correlation between parameters, Pearson correlation analysis was used. Especially, Maximum ilium width (IW) and the shortest distance between Spina iliaca anterior superior (SIAS) and auricularis surface (FA) was observed positively, powerful and meaningful correlation (r>0.750, p=0.000). Conclusion: Anatomical features of os coxae are important for many field of sciences such as orthopedic surgical and forensic medicine. Therefore, we hope to available obtained data in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphology of the distal femur assists elucidate the causes of osteoarthritis, the outcome of osteotomy for osteoarthritisa and the optimal design and procedure for total knee arthroplasty. In this study, morphometric evaluation was performed on 20 right and 20 left femurs which are selected from bone collection at the Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy laboratory. Measurements of distal femur include the following parameters; the height and width of intercondylar notch, medial condylar and lateral condylar and patellar groove angle. For morphometric evaluation, picture of dry bone samples took and measurements were performed using computerized imagej program. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS 21 software package. The mean values of height and width of right and left femurs for fossa intercondylaris 2.57±0.23 cm - 1.86±0.29 cm and 2.56± 0.31 cm - 1.81±0.26 cm, for lateral condylar 5.41±0.35 cm - 2.19± 0.26 cm and 5.55±0.39 cm - 2.09±0.25 cm, for medial condylar 5.20±0.37 cm - 2.06±0.32 cm and 5.34±0.37 cm - 2.10±0.31 cm respectively. The mean patellar groove angle of right femurs was 151.23°±7.98 and left femurs was 147.93°±7.18. When the measurements, taken from right and left femur, compared, no statistically significant differences was determined. In addition correlation of patellar groove angle measurement and the other parameters were investigated and we did not determine any correlation. We believe that to know of the values obtained in our study could be useful to other anthropometric studies and anatomic evaluation of the distal femur region before the orthopedic operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]