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This article challenges the consensus that the Flavians carried out major reforms of imperial properties by creating a separate department, the ousiakos logos, headed by a procurator usiacus, to manage these lands, and that this situation remained unchanged until Diocletian. The available evidence rather points to a reorganization under Hadrian, which was the culmination of a gradual institutionalization of ousiac land in the previous decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since membership of the gymnasial order was controlled more strictly than for the metropolites, this group was long considered an elite within an elite. Building on the theory that they were, rather, distinct groups that developed side by side, this paper pursues the question of the origins of these orders and the implications of their 'closing' in the second half of the first century AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]