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In Germany, like in many other liberal countries, there is an extensive public discourse about freedom of speech being at risk. It will be insisted in this contribution that on the one hand, freedom of speech as a subjective right of basic law is not endangered. On the other hand, it should be acknowledged that in public discourse moralistic exaggerations are quite common. Against this background, the paper asks when different opinions are to be respected and at what point it is permitted or even required to condemn them as immoral. The basic argument advanced here is that opinions should be respected as long as they are based in or at least supported by reasonable moral theories. Those opinions that do not have such a support can be labelled as properly immoral and criticized as such. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades, the applied linguistics literature has increasingly called for more classroom-based research focusing on language teaching approaches that embrace students' plurilingual repertoires as valuable linguistic and cultural resources for learning and affirm learners' plurilingual identities as legitimate and appropriate in the classroom context. This paper discusses research findings of an empirical investigation that responded to this call. The study examined the impact of the use of plurilingual tasks in the English as foreign language (EFL) classroom on language learning processes and learners' identity construction. Five case studies were conducted in four primary schools and one secondary school in Germany. Research data were collected from multiple sources such as field notes, video recording of school lessons, in-depth interviews with teachers, teachers' reflective journals, anonymous questionnaires, and focus group interviews with learners. The research findings have shown that the use of plurilingual tasks in the EFL classroom created enhanced opportunities for the learners (a) to share aspects of their identities that were previously ignored in the school context (b) to use their diverse language abilities as resources in the language learning process and (c) to be actively involved in explicit reflective thinking about language and culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a comparison of Max Weber and Thomas Mann from a historical perspective. It does not seek to override the obvious differences between them, but it suggests that these differences reflect on the remarkable diversity and plurality of a common context: Germany seen as a community of Kultur. Furthermore, very different views of the world could still lead to significant coincidence. This is particularly true of their views on politics, where both men emerged as robust democrats. Yet they also upheld a large "unpolitical" space, a position which was symptomatic of their class, the Bildungsbürgertum, but which was ordinarily a source of political weakness in that class in early 20th century Germany. The comparison is asymmetric however. While a wide range of Weber's texts can be drawn upon, in Mann's case Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen stands out as a focal point. This leads to a revaluation of that text. It was a central component in Mann's intellectual formation; not an aberration which can be set aside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around 1900, legal literature and publishing in Germany underwent a significant process of expansion and transformation. This development is, in part, due to the codification of important areas of law, especially the advent of the German Civil Code. The new codes instigated a vast quantity of legal literature; legal commentaries took the lead in explaining the new law. However, it is only through a look at the history of books and publishing, as well as the general history of science, that the development of legal literature can be fully appreciated. This paper shows that the growth and transformation of legal literature before and after 1900 is part of a larger development, i.e. the emergence of a literary mass-market, on the one hand, and the formation of what Adolf von Harnack called a 'large-scale industry of science', on the other hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organisatorische Transformation und digitale Technologien verwandeln Überseehäfen in sogenannte Smart Ports. Diese optimieren Lieferketten, fördern Prosperität und stärken die Resilienz, ermöglichen aber auch tiefe Einblicke in Lieferbeziehungen und wirtschaftliche Abhängigkeiten. Kompetitive Kollaboration prägt die Smart Ports, denn diese sind nur erfolgreich, wenn sie unterschiedliche Akteure, die miteinander auch im Wettbewerb stehen, vernetzen und integrieren. Dies stellt im aktuellen geoökonomischen Umfeld eine besondere Herausforderung dar, wenn ordnungspolitische Wettbewerber eingebunden werden sollen. Deutschlands Wirtschaftskraft ist von maritimem Transport abhängig, doch Smart Ports beeinflussen Berlins internationale Politik bislang kaum. Der Beitrag entwickelt deshalb in einem 5-Punkte-Plan einen deutschen Smart-Ports-Ansatz, um dieses dynamische Handlungsfeld mitgestalten zu können. Organizational transformation and digital technologies turn today's ports into Smart Ports. Smart Ports are key to optimize supply chains, promote prosperity and enhance resilience. The concept, however, also creates new vulnerabilities as interconnectedness and deep integration into interregional supply chains shed light on supply patterns and critical dependencies. Successful Smart Ports create comprehensive ecosystems that incentivize direct competitors to cooperate. Competitive collaboration is the norm, but creates fundamental challenges if strategic competitors, that adhere to differing value sets, need to be integrated. That's why Smart Ports are at the heart of today's geo-economic competition. Although Germany's economic power very much depends on maritime trade relations, the Smart Port concept does not yet influence Berlin's international policy. Therefore, this paper develops a 5-point Smart Port agenda for Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the establishing anniversary of the two biggest Digital Object Identifier (DOI) registration agencies all over the world, Crossref and DataCite, the paper intends to provide an overview of the development and approaches and of DOI and DOI services, from which scholarly communication has benefited greatly. At first, the author explores the initiation of DOI and differences of DOI from other persistent identifiers. After that, DOIs for different kinds of objects and DOIs' value in enhancing scholarly communication is discussed; then, in the second part, DOI services at different levels in a pyramid and those particularly in Germany are described. The active involvement of the library world are also introduced here; finally, the current situation and prospects as well as some issues dealing with DOIs and DOI services are investigated in the last part of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the price impact of the fuel discount in Germany, which was introduced between June and August 2022 to partially compensate increased energy costs. Using the augmented synthetic control method (ASCM) to construct the counterfactual, we provide quantitative evidence to the heated debate concerning the impact of this policy tool and find the fuel discount to have decreased consumer prices of petrol (diesel) by at least 0.30 euro per litre (0.10 euro per litre) on average. The results are robust to various sensitivity checks. Thus, oil companies and petrol stations decreased prices for consumers and passed on about 85 % (65 %) of the discount in case of petrol (diesel). Moreover, we do not find signs of excessive price increases in anticipation of the fuel discount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Top management compensation is a frequent topic of public debate in Germany. Although this debate often suggests that the level of compensation is socially relevant, research regarding the perspective of 'society' on top management compensation is scarce. However, to gain a deeper understanding of the nature and character of the debate, it seems to be important to analyze the patterns of justification with which high compensations are (not) rejected. Using the qualitative GABEK® method and based on online comment threads, this paper exemplarily analyzes both opinions and attitudes of citizens towards very high compensations and the underlying patterns of justification. The results point to the fact that the performance principle is central to thinking. However, due to the indeterminacy of the performance concept, this is dysfunctional regarding the constructiveness of the debate. In addition, the analyses reveal that top pay triggers broad debates that go beyond the discussion of individual top-level compensations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family and educational institutions are the main centers of socialization in heritage language. Beyond the communicative and learning dynamics that take place in both environments, linguistic socialization also depends to a large extent on the relationship of families with educational spaces. The aim of this paper is to discuss families' expectations regarding the intergenerational transmission of Spanish and to explore their attitudes towards heritage language and educational programs in Germany. For this purpose, the results of an exploratory study based on surveys will be presented to compare the main arguments justifying Spanish-speaking families' decision to include heritage language courses or bilingual education spaces in their family language management in the German context. The analysis of the perception of families and their attitudes shows that the positive valuation of the family and instrumental dimension of heritage language influence families to include bilingual programs or heritage language classes in their family language management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In der Aktuellen Analyse stellen Oliver Decker, Johannes Kiess, Ayline Heller, Julia Schuler und Elmar Brähler zentrale Ergebnisse der Leipziger Autoritarismus Studien 2022 (LAS) vor. Diese untersuchen rechtsextreme Einstellungen in Deutschland im Langzeitverlauf. Seit 2002 wird im Zweijahresrhythmus eine repräsentative Stichprobe der deutschen Bevölkerung zu einer Bandbreite politischer Themen befragt. Bekannt wurde die Studienreihe bis 2016 unter dem Namen Leipziger »Mitte«-Studien. Seit 2018 erscheint die Studie unter einem neuen Reihentitel, der eine Fokusverschiebung von der Problemanzeige zur Problemanalyse markiert. Die Studie zeigt auf, wie weit verbreitetet antidemokratischen Ressentiments in der Bevölkerung sind und sie rekonstruiert über die Jahre die Entwicklung der psychosozialen Dynamiken, die diesen antidemokratischen Reaktionen zu Grunde liegen. Der Beitrag fasst die zentralen Ergebnisse der diesjährigen Erhebung und Veränderungen in den letzten 20 Jahren zusammen. In the Current Analysis, Oliver Decker, Johannes Kiess, Ayline Heller, Julia Schuler and Elmar Brähler present key findings from the Leipzig Authoritarianism Studies 2022 (LAS). These studies examine right-wing extremist attitudes in Germany over the long term. Since 2002, a representative sample of the German population has been surveyed on a range of political topics every two years. Until 2016, the study series was known as the Leipzig "Center" Studies. Since 2018, the study has been published under a new series title that marks a shift in focus from problem reporting to problem analysis. The study shows how widespread anti-democratic resentment is in the population and it reconstructs the development of the psychosocial dynamics underlying these anti-democratic reactions over time. The paper summarizes the key findings of the 2022 survey and key changes over the past 20 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A call for papers is presented for a conference entitled "Forschen mit dem Mikrozensus," on research on social structure and social change in Germany, to be held in Mannheim, Germany, from November 11-12, 2014.

From 2014 until present, housing prices in Germany have been rising faster than consumer prices in all quarters except one, raising concerns about an excessive overheating of the housing market. To assess the vulnerability of the German housing market to a future realignment of prices or even a housing bust, this paper develops a housing price misalignment indicator that is composed of seven indicators, which are commonly associated with the fundamental value of residential property. An empirical application to the most recent data suggests that the German housing market exhibits an overvaluation of approximately 11%, where interest rate risk and a relatively advanced stage of the housing cycle are identified as the main factors fueling these imbalances, while a rather solid debt‐servicing capacity mitigates these imbalances since end‐2009. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on rules of standing in the context of environmental law. With the implementation of the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making, and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention) in European law, interest groups have become major players in the enforcement of environmental regulations. Although such interest groups can help to reduce enforcement deficits, their involvements create the risk of regulatory gridlock, with excessive litigation lengthening approval processes which can discourage investment in public and private infrastructure. The paper discusses the implementation of the Aarhus Convention in Germany, highlights ways to overcome administrative gridlock and facilitate effective approval procedures. If implemented, these strategies will enable Germany's economy to remain competitive, supporting the maintenance of the country's high standard of living and strong welfare state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Praehistorische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Bankrecht und Bankwirtschaft is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper studies how individuals discount the utility they derive from their provision of goods over spatial distance. In a controlled laboratory experiment in Germany, we elicit preferences for the provision of the same good at different locations. To isolate spatial preferences from any other direct value of the goods being close to the individual, we focus on goods with "existence value." We find that individuals put special weight on the provision of these goods in their immediate vicinity. This "vicinity bias" represents a spatial analogy to the "present bias" in the time dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Problematik der Strafverfahrenskosten wird in der aktuellen Literatur kaum behandelt. In der kontinentalen Strafverfahrenslehre taucht bisweilen der Begriff der Ökonomik des Verfahrens auf. Er ist allerdings eher im Bereich der Effizienz der Gerichtsverfahren angesiedelt und wird dadurch in Zusammenhang mit der Konzentrationsmaxime betrachtet. In diesem Kontext werden häufig die sog. konsensualen Verfahrensbeendigungen erörtert. Hierbei ist eine Tendenz zu erkennen: Es wird schlichtweg angenommen, dass ein schnelleres Verfahren zugleich ein billigeres und dadurch effektiveres sei. Außerdem zeigt sich, dass für Fälle in höheren Instanzen mehr Aufwendungen veranschlagt werden. Das Forschungsprojekt „Die Strafverfahrenskosten in der ökonomischen Analyse des Rechts" unter der Leitung von Prof. Dobrosława Szumiło-Kulczycka, befasste sich mit der Kostenstruktur des Strafverfahrens bezüglich wirtschaftlicher und geographischer Kriterien sowie der jeweiligen Instanz. Die Ergebnisse führten zur Veröffentlichung des Sammelbandes (2020) „Koszty procesu karnego w ujęciu teoretycznym i empirycznym" (Die Strafverfahrenskosten in theoretischer und empirischer Hinsicht). Mit der Präsentation der Ergebnisse und den damit einhergehenden theoretischen Problemen soll eine Diskussion – insbesondere auch in Deutschland – über die Strafverfahrenskosten und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Umsetzung der Verfahrensmaximen angestoßen werden. The problem of procedural costs in criminal proceedings has received limited attention in the existing literature so far. The continental criminal procedure doctrine uses the term 'procedural economy'; however, this concept is rather related to the issue of effectiveness of judicial proceedings and thus associated with the principle of concentration. In this context, there is a tendency to discuss the so-called consensual termination of proceedings. But this is only a simple, unproven assumption that 'faster' proceedings are also 'cheaper' and therefore more effective. In addition, there is also a tendency to estimate higher outlays for the investigation of criminal cases which are under the jurisdiction of higher courts. The research project named "The cost of criminal proceedings in the economic analysis of law", headed by Prof. Dr. Habil. Dobrosława Szumiło-Kulczycka, was focused on the analysis of the cost structure of criminal proceedings according to the economic, geographical as well as the instance criteria. The results of this research have been published in the anthology entitled "The cost of criminal proceedings in theoretical and empirical analysis" (2020). This paper presents the outcome of empirical research conducted within this project and elaborates on the associated theoretical problems; consequently, it is intended to initiate a discussion – especially in Germany – on the costs of criminal proceedings and their impact on the implementation of some procedural principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has decelerated substantial parts of economic and human interaction. This paper estimates football matches' contribution to the spread of COVID-19 during Germany's second infection wave in summer and autumn 2020. Exploiting the exogenous fixture schedules of matches across German counties in an event study design, we estimate that one additional match in a county on average raises daily cases by between 0.34 to 0.71 cases per 100,000 inhabitants after three weeks. Hence, this implies an increase of the seven-day incidence per 100,000 inhabitants by around three to seven percent. We do not find qualitatively different results for a subsample of German top league matches with the strictest hygiene regulations or matches with higher occupancy levels. Notably, the found effect is mediated by the incidence level at the day of the match with very few infections for matches at a seven-day incidence below 25. Using mobile phone data, we identify strong increases in the local mobility as an underlying mechanism. We finally show that the ban of away fans successfully limited the spread of COVID-19 beyond county borders. Our results alert that even outdoor mass gatherings can remarkably cause infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

No abstract available [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Panel on Household Finances (PHF) has established itself as one of the leading sources of microdata on households' wealth in Germany since its inception in 2010. Over the last ten years, more than 7,583 households have participated in the surveys in 2010–11, 2014 and 2017, many of them taking part more than once (3,734 households). This paper provides an overview of the contents, main methodological aspects and use of the PHF data. It also highlights differences to other surveys and addresses how the survey may develop in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes and discusses findings gained in a teacher training reform project at the University of Hamburg in Germany. In a newly implemented structure, pre-service teachers partake in an integrated model of courses that prepare them to deal with multilingualism in the subject classroom. For the first four semesters of the new model, a complex evaluation tool was employed in a pre-post design to better understand student competence development, curricular components of the teaching degree and student beliefs about multilingualism. This paper sheds light on the professional beliefs that pre-service teachers have about linguistic diversity and multilingual learners. The overall results show generally positive beliefs about multilingual learners, multilingualism in schools, and language support for multilingual learners. Moreover, the data show that multilingual pre-service teachers have more positive beliefs, female participants have more positive beliefs, and that there is a significant interdependence between beliefs and relevant opportunities to learn. Comparing the pre-test and the post-test data using explorative factor analysis, it can be shown that students' beliefs are far more structured and follow a clear five-dimensional pattern in the post test, whereas the pre-test data can be described as diffuse and unstructured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automatisierungstechnik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

When Philip Roth died in May 2018, he was the best-known American writer in Germany. By that point, his difficult early years on the German book market were long forgotten. If one investigates the archives of Rowohlt Verlag, where Roth's first books were published in Germany, there is explicit talk of a "risk." The publisher feared that Roth's portrayal of Jewish characters in all their ambivalence and complexity could affirm anti-Semitic sentiment in Germany. Therefore, Rowohlt's efforts to position Roth in the literary field of the Federal Republic were accompanied by deliberate risk management. This paper reconstructs the publishing house's strategy and its contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der Aufsatz skizziert grob die Entwicklung der Spartentrennung zwischen Öffentlichen und wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert Er beschreibt die strukturelle Konvergenz der Sparten ab Mitte der 1960er Jahre. Auf der Basis einer Diskursstrukturanalyse lässt sich feststellen, dass sich seit Mitte der 2000er Jahre der Abstand zwischen den Sparten wieder vergrößert. Es wird vorgeschlagen, die Unterschiede zwischen den Sparten unter dem Paradigma der Diversität umzuwerten und dann auf der Basis der Diskursanalyse nach Themen gesucht, die die Sparten im Dialog verbinden können. The paper illustrates how the relationship between the sectors of public and academic libraries in Germany developed in the 20th and 21st centuries. Following an initial period of strict separation in almost all respects and institutional structures, the two library sectors had started to gradually converge in the mid-1960s. On the institutional level, this process seemed to have come to an end by the year 2000, but quantitative discourse analyses show that the communication gap between the two library segments has been widening yet again since the mid-2000s. We propose a change in paradigm to capture the fact that the differences are indicators for an ever-expanding and more differentiated field. Discourse analysis will be used to identify topics and subjects that could serve as either 'boundary objects' or 'translatable objects' in the dialogue between the different library sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vor dreißig Jahren veröffentlichte Gerhard Schulze die Theorie der Erlebnisgesellschaft, der zufolge die Menschen in wohlhabenden Ländern zunehmend nach Erlebnissen streben, um ihr Projekt des schönen Lebens zu gestalten. Angesichts neuerer Gegenwartsdiagnosen, die insgesamt ein sehr krisenhaftes Bild der Spätmoderne zeichnen, erscheint diese Idee heute eigentümlich aus der Zeit gefallen. Vor diesem Hintergrund erörtern wir in diesem Beitrag zwei Fragen. Die erste, vor allem auf die zurückliegenden Jahre gerichtete Frage ist, ob der Erlebnisgesellschaft mit ihrer starken Innenorientierung tatsächlich nur eine kurze Blütezeit beschieden war und inzwischen die Außenorientierung der kompetitiven Gesellschaft wieder an Bedeutung gewonnen hat – oder ob sich die Erlebnisgesellschaft, gewissermaßen unter dem Radar des aktuellen Krisendiskurses, doch weiter entfaltet hat. Mit Daten des European Social Survey 2002–2018 für Deutschland zeigen wir, dass die Erlebnisorientierung in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten auf hohem Niveau noch einmal zugenommen hat, während die Statusorientierung vorübergehend angestiegen war, um dann in den 2010er Jahren spürbar zurück zu gehen. Die zweite, stärker auf die kommenden Jahre gerichtete Frage ist, welche neuen existenziellen Problemdefinitionen jenseits des erfolgreichen und des schönen Lebens, die beide einer Steigerungslogik folgen, sich abzeichnen. Perspektivisch halten wir es für wahrscheinlich, dass begrenzungslogische Lebensmaximen in Gestalt des achtsamen Lebens und insbesondere des nachhaltigen Lebens wichtiger werden. Angesichts des hohen subjektiven Gratifikationspotenzials der postmodernen Konsumgesellschaft ist allerdings von einer starken Beharrungskraft der Steigerungslogik auszugehen – und damit auch der Erlebnisorientierung. Thirty years ago, Gerhard Schulze published his influential book "The Experience Society". This theory claimed that people in affluent societies increasingly strive for leading an enjoyable life, for which positive experiences are key. More recent theories, however, overwhelmingly paint a crisis-ridden picture of late modernity. Hence Schulze's theory appears rather outdated nowadays. In this context, the paper at hand raises two questions: First, with a retrospective view on Germany from the 1990s to the present, we discuss whether the experience society with its strong emphasis on experience seeking indeed has regressed to a competitive society in which status seeking regained importance – or, whether the experience society further unfolded, under the radar of the Sociologists' current crisis discourse. Using data from the European Social Survey 2002–2018, we provide evidence that the Germans' disposition for experience seeking has been at a high level throughout the time period covered (and even increased slightly), while status seeking intermediately increased, yet recently markedly decreased. Second, with a view ahead we discuss which life maxims other than the successful life and the enjoyable life—which both involve the idea that more is better and thus follow a logic of increase—are emerging. Life maxims such as living mindfully and, especially, living sustainably will presumably become more important, driven by the public discussion about climate change and sustainability policies. The common denominator of these emerging life maxims is the idea that less is more, following a logic of limitation. Considering the high subjective gratification potential of postmodern consumer society, however, a strong persistence of the logic of increase can be assumed – many people will continue to seek for pleasant experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Rolle von Massenmedien und sozialen Medien für die politische Polarisierung in Deutschland. Dafür schlagen wir eine theoretisch-konzeptionelle Systematisierung vor, die eine Dimensionierung entlang der Mikro-, Meso- und Makro-Ebene mit der Differenzierung von themen- und gruppenspezifischer Polarisierung verbindet. Besonders auffällig ist die Leerstelle auf der Meso-Ebene. Die Mikro-Ebene ist besser abgedeckt, hier deutet sich ein Einfluss meinungskonformer Mediennutzung auf die Polarisierung an. Auf der Makro-Ebene dominiert die Forschung zur Parteiensystem-Polarisierung, bei der ein Medieneinfluss bisher jedoch nicht nachgewiesen werden konnte. Zukünftige Forschung auf der Mikro-Ebene sollte stärker die Wirkung konkreter Medieninhalte fokussieren, die einer Polarisierung entgegenwirken können. Auf der Meso-Ebene gilt es, zunächst zu explorieren, inwiefern Polarisierung hier zu Dysfunktionen beitragen kann. Auf der Makro-Ebene bedarf es eines international vergleichenden Vorgehens, wenn Medieneinflüsse auf Systemmerkmale in den Blick genommen werden sollen. This paper discusses the role of mass media and social media for political polarization in Germany. For this purpose, we propose a theoretical-conceptual systematization that combines dimensioning along the micro-, meso- and macro-levels with the differentiation of attitude and affective polarization. The blank space at the meso level is particularly striking. The micro level is better covered, suggesting here an influence of the exposure to like-minded messages on polarization. The macro level is dominated by research on party system polarization, but a media influence has not yet been demonstrated. Future research at the micro level should focus more on the effect of specific media content that can counteract polarization. At the meso level, it is important to explore the extent to which polarization can contribute to dysfunctions here. At the macro level, an international comparative approach is needed if media influences on system characteristics are to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Über das letzte Jahrzehnt hat die politische Mobilisierung von Rechts in Deutschland und Europa zugenommen. Insbesondere die Migrationsbewegungen seit 2015 waren für Netzwerke wie Pegida Anlass auf die Straße zu gehen. Auf der anderen Seite haben sich diverse zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure von antifaschistischen Gruppen über Gewerkschaften bis hin zu Kirchen organisiert, um in Form von Gegendemonstrationen ein Zeichen gegen Rechts und für Weltoffenheit zu setzen. Diese Mobilisierungsdynamiken von Protest und Gegenprotest fanden im Zuge der Konflikte um staatliche Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung der Corona-Pandemie ihre Fortsetzung. Proteste und Gegenproteste können zum einen Ausdruck einer bestehenden Polarisierung der Gesellschaft sein und bergen zum anderen das Risiko einer weiteren Polarisierung auf der Straße. Am Beispiel der Interaktion zwischen Pegida und der NoPegida-Bewegung diskutiert dieser Beitrag die möglichen Folgen von Gegenmobilisierung. Die Analysen legen nahe, dass Gegenproteste nicht zu einer Demobilisierung der Gegenseite führen. Nichtsdestotrotz können sie einen Positionierungsdruck auf politische Entscheidungsträger*innen ausüben, mediale Aufmerksamkeit für gesellschaftliche Konflikte generieren und die Vernetzung progressiver zivilgesellschaftlicher Akteure fördern. Over the last decade, mobilization from the far-right has increased in Germany and Europe. In particular, the migration flows since 2015 sparked street protests by movements like Pegida. Nevertheless, diverse civil society coalitions, including actors from anti-fascist groups, trade unions, and churches, have taken to the streets to counter far-right mobilization. These mobilization dynamics continue during protests for and against government measures to contain the Covid-19 pandemic. On the one hand, protests and counterprotests can indicate increasing polarization of society and, on the other hand, they carry the risk of further polarization on the streets. Using the interaction between Pegida and the NoPegida movement as an example, this paper examines the potential consequences of counterprotests. The analyses suggest that countermobilization is unlikely to lead to demobilization of the opposing side. Nevertheless, it can force politicians and decision-makers to take a stand, generate media attention for existing societal conflicts, and facilitate networking among progressive civil society actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deutschland verfügt über eine Vielzahl von Wissen und Erfahrungen über Russland und den Umgang mit Russland. Dennoch haben sich die politischen Entscheidungsträger in Deutschland über viele Jahre schwer damit getan, zu begreifen, dass Moskaus Versuche, die Mächtebalance in Europa neu zu strukturieren, einen frontalen Angriff auf Deutschlands Interessen darstellen, die auf Integration in die EU und NATO basieren. Für Deutsche sind Konflikte mit Russland etwas zutiefst Unbehagliches; allein der Gedanke weckt Emotionen, die klares Denken und konsistentes Handeln behindern. Dieser Artikel beleuchtet die Herausforderung, die diese Einstellungsmuster für Deutschland bei der Entwicklung politischer Strategien im Umgang mit Russland darstellt. Er analysiert, wie mehrere aufeinanderfolgende Bundesregierungen zwischen 1991 und 2014 die russischen Absichten missverstanden und unbeabsichtigt die Herausbildung eines russischen Systems gefördert haben, das deutschen Interessen gegenüber feindlich gesonnen ist. Despite Germany's unparalleled knowledge and experience of Russia, German policy makers have so far struggled to accept that Moscow's efforts to rebalance Europe are an attack on Germany's interests based on its integration into the EU and NATO. For Germans, conflict in relations with Russia is deeply discomforting, and arouses emotions that impede clear thinking and consistent action. This paper explains the scale of the challenge facing Germany in designing policies to manage relations with a changing Russia. It analyses how successive German governments from 1991 to 2014 misread Russian intentions and inadvertently supported the emergence of a Russian system hostile to German interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Departing from research on Westphalian leases between 1600 and 1900 the paper discusses the lease market of and price determination on three Westphalian estates. While economic history approaches suppose that leases can be seen as market relations and are therefore useful indicators to measure agricultural productivity, a more anthropological perspective emphasises the social relations between lessor (here: noble estate owner) and leaseholders. The choice of an adequate perspective has significant implications for research on agricultural productivity based on rents and leases. Our results indicate that the contractual arrangement of leasehold (well defined duration, announcement, auctions) was used to achieve the highest possible leases. However, at least until the 1830s, demand for leasehold land was rather low and leaseholders could benefit from a lack of competition. Price determination of leases resulted in rents below the Ricardian rent. Therefore, we argue that important assumptions of the established price approach, which uses leases as proxies for productivity, are not met and the analysis of agricultural productivity requires additional evidence on the leaseholder's income and profit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1933, the German government introduced the marriage loan for newlyweds, a policy aimed at increasing marriages and births as well as male employment, which entailed a work ban for the wife and sizeable credit deductions for children. This paper illustrates that the policy was rather ineffective based on a critical evaluation of the existing literature on the topic, how the policy was implemented in practice, as well as a correlation and interrupted time series analysis and consideration of the historical context of the period between 1925 and 1939. This result starkly contrasts to the substantial changes expected at the time of the introduction. In theory, only a small fraction of newlyweds was eligible for the loan. In practice, the development of marriages postintroduction significantly differed from the period prior to the policy, but causation is unclear. While births increased, this can be attributed to a combination of policies and the improved economic environment compared to the crisis years. The sharp decrease in unemployment probably resulted from the introduction of several targeted policies and embellishment of unemployment statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper updates and deepens our understanding of the wage performance of immigrants in Germany. Using the German Socio‐Economic Panel, it documents that immigrant workers initially earn on average 20% less than native workers with otherwise identical characteristics. The gap is smaller for immigrants from advanced countries, with good German language skills, and with a German degree, and larger for others. The gap declines gradually over time but at a decreasing rate and much faster for more recent cohorts. Less success in obtaining jobs with higher occupational autonomy explains half of the wage gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study that sees the application of information technology in analyzing archival documents, with manuscripts of Freidrich Carl von Savigny found at the Marburg University Library in Germany as subject. The data capture analysis paved a way in creating a database that detects the causes of the damage and explicate process that will preserve the documents. Comprehensive discussion of the different modules that were utilized in creating a clear structure is offered.

This paper presents a comprehensive view of lifetime taxation including both explicit taxation through the general tax system and implicit taxation via the retirement benefit formula. Differences in productivity between individuals are unobservable, which provides a rationale for the use of distortionary taxes. It is shown that the optimal structure of age-dependent taxation can be characterized by a generalized Ramsey formula. Furthermore, the paper derives the optimal retirement benefit formula in the presence of the general tax system and examines the compatibility with the financial stability of the pension system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consultation process initiated by the Commission's Green Paper on the attachment of Bank accounts has sparked a lively debate among practitioners, governments and academics. This is evidenced by the three responses printed in this issue of the ECFR as well as by other comments available via the Internet. Although it is still too early to draw a final conclusion from the first published responses to the Commission's proposal, some general trends and pervasive problems may already be discerned. This synopsis will not deal with every technical detail discussed in the various comments, but focus on the basic issues of policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relatively poor average performance of German students on the recent PISA international evaluations of 15- and 16-year-olds' literary skills (2000) and mathematical skills (2003) and the wide variation in performance, with low-income students scoring particularly poorly, have led to calls for reforms of the German educational system. Understanding why students in some classrooms learn more than do those in other classrooms is an important first step in considering alternative reform strategies. Possible explanations include differences in teacher quality, class sizes and peer groups, and also differences among the types of secondary schools that parents select for their children. This paper illustrates a set of techniques that are useful in examining the roles these factors play in predicting why, net of family background and prior achievement, the average achievement of children in some classrooms is much higher than that of children in other classrooms. We illustrate the use of these techniques with a dataset from Bogotá, Colombia, that has two attractive properties. First, some teachers teach multiple classes of students. Second, students are enrolled in schools in two sectors (public and private). Application of the techniques described in this paper could shed light on the reasons why the average academic achievement of German students attending some schools is much higher than that of German students attending other schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between poverty and the infection and case-fatality rates of COVID-19 has emerged as a controversial but understudied topic. In previous studies and reports from the UK and US evidence emerged that poverty-related indicators had a significant statistical effect on case and mortality rates on district level. For Germany, it has largely been assumed that poverty is an equally relevant factor influencing the transmission rates of the outbreak. This was mostly due to anecdotal evidence from local outbreaks in meat processing plants and reported incidents of infection clusters in poorer city districts. This paper addresses the lack of statistical evidence and investigates thoroughly the link between poverty-related indicators and detected infection and mortality rates of the outbreak using multivariate, multilevel regression while also considering the urban-rural divide of the country. As proxies for poverty the unemployment rate, the per capita presence of general practitioners (physicians), per capita GDP, and the rate of employees with no professional job training is evaluated in relation to the accumulated case and mortality numbers on district level taken from RKI data of June and July 2020. Interestingly, the study finds no general evidence for a poverty-related effect on mortality for German districts during the first wave in the first half of 2020. Furthermore, only employment in low qualification jobs approximated by the job training variable consistently affected case numbers in urban districts in the expected direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dieser Artikel thematisiert Whistleblowing als ein wichtiges Instrument einer transparenten und fairen Finanzwirtschaft. Dabei werden bereits bestehende Mechanismen und Regelungen zum internen und externen Whistleblowing in Deutschland insbesondere im Finanzsektor hervorgehoben und mit anderen Bereichen und Ländern verglichen. Es werden zudem Limitationen und Best Practices sowie die Auswirkung der aktuellen europäischen Richtlinie zum Hinweisgeberschutz diskutiert. Die Arbeit schließt mit einem Ausblick sowie Forderungen zur Ausweitung und Ergänzung bestehender Whistleblowing-Regelungen, durch die der Finanzplatz Deutschland gestärkt werden kann. This article addresses whistleblowing as an important instrument for a transparent and fair financial sector. It highlights existing mechanisms and regulations for internal and external whistleblowing in Germany, particularly in the financial sector, and compares them with other sectors and countries. Limitations and best practices as well as the impact of the current European Directive on whistleblower protection are also discussed. The paper concludes with an outlook as well a set of proposals for the expansion and supplementation of existing whistleblowing regulations, through which the financial center Germany can be strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Öffentliche Diskussionen über Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie auf das Vereinswesen in Deutschland und speziell auch das Sportvereinswesen werden derzeit breit geführt. Beispielsweise limitier(t)en physische Abstandsregeln und Kontaktbegrenzungen die Kernaktivitäten der Sportvereine im Hinblick auf die sportliche Praxis, aber auch weitergehende Geselligkeiten im Vereinsleben. Der Beitrag liefert eine empirische Momentaufnahme im Hinblick auf ausgewählte Strukturmerkmale des Sportvereins und vergleicht darüber hinaus die Sportvereine mit anderen freiwilligen Vereinigungen. Dabei konzentriert er sich auf die Frage, wie sich Mitgliedschaften, das ehrenamtliche und freiwillige Engagement der Mitglieder und deren Bindung an den Verein bis in den „zweiten Lockdown" des Winters 2020/21 hinein verändert haben. Auf empirischer Ebene werden Datenanalysen einer Bevölkerungsbefragung in Deutschland präsentiert, die vom 14.12.2020 bis zum 06.01.2021 als repräsentative Online-Befragung von 3.247 Personen im Alter ab 18 Jahren durchgeführt wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Auswirkungen der Corona-Pandemie im Feld der freiwilligen Vereinigungen im Allgemeinen und speziell auch im Sportvereinswesen deutlich sichtbar sind. Das betrifft insbesondere die markanten Vereinsaustritte und deutlich geringeren Vereinseintritte von Personen im Erwachsenenalter. Zwar ist bei den Sportvereinen auch das ehrenamtliche und freiwillige Engagement der Mitglieder rückläufig, aber wesentlich stabiler als bei den Mitgliedschaften. Bemerkenswert ist, dass trotz der deutlich sichtbaren Einschränkungen des Vereinslebens (z. B. Vereinsangebote, Geselligkeiten, Mitgliederversammlungen) die Bindung der erwachsenen Vereinsmitglieder an die Sportvereine stark ausgeprägt ist. Public discussions about the effects of the Corona pandemic on voluntary associations in Germany, and especially on sports clubs, are currently widespread. For example, physical distance rules and contact restrictions limit(ed) the core activities of sports clubs in terms of sport practice, but also wider sociability in club life. This paper provides an empirical snapshot with regard to selected structural features of the sports clubs and compares sports clubs with other voluntary associations. It focusses on the question of how memberships, members' voluntary engagement and commitment as well as their loyalty to the association have changed into the "second lockdown" of winter 2020/21. On the empirical level, data analyses of a population survey in Germany are presented, which was carried out from December 14, 2020 to January 6, 2021 as a representative online survey of 3.247 people aged 18 and over. The results show that the effects of the Corona pandemic are clearly visible in the field of voluntary associations in general and especially in sports clubs. This applies in particular to the significant number of adult people leaving clubs and the significantly lower number of adult people joining clubs. Although the voluntary engagement of the members of the sports clubs is also declining, it is much more stable than in the case of memberships. It is noteworthy that despite the clearly visible restrictions of club life (e. g. club offers, socializing, members' meetings), the bond of adult club members to the sports clubs is strong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germany is a rather water-rich country. Nevertheless, climatic changes might make it necessary to use water resources carefully in the future, especially in times of drought. Against this background, this paper estimates the price elasticity of household water consumption, differentiating between households that have a rough knowledge of water prices and households that do not. Based on about 1,100 observations for households living in single-family houses and using the sum of cubic meter prices for water and wastewater as price measure, we find a moderate but statistically significantly non-zero price elasticity of -0.102. Households that have knowledge of water prices tend to exhibit a higher elasticity, while households without price knowledge do not show a statistically significant response in their water consumption. Prices can thus only be used to a limited extent as a means of controlling water consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Am Beispiel der Destinationsentwicklung des Deutschlandtourismus zielt dieser Beitrag darauf ab, strategische Vorgehensweisen in der Destinationsentwicklung im Zuge der andauernden Covid-19-Pandemie zu analysieren. Die Krise hat gezeigt, dass eine langfristige Strategieentwicklung für die touristische Wettbewerbsfähigkeit notwendig ist und traditionelle Geschäftsmodelle überdacht werden müssen. Auf Grundlage der Erkenntnisse einer studentischen Masterexkursion sowie einer Veranstaltungsreihe wurde eine qualitative Interviewreihe durchgeführt, wobei festgestellt werden konnte, dass die wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen auf die Destinationen weitreichend sind und für eine Post-Corona-Zeit grundlegende Veränderungen bei der Destinationsentwicklung diskutiert werden müssen. Insbesondere die Einbindung und Partizipation der lokalen Bevölkerung mittels eines Dialogmanagements gewinnt vor dem Hintergrund der Krise an Relevanz und stellt ein wichtiges strategisches Instrument dar. Die zentrale Herausforderung allerdings bleibt, die einheimische Bevölkerung dergestalt in die Prozesse zu integrieren, sodass das Tourismusbewusstsein nachhaltig gefördert wird. Using the example of destination development in German tourism, this paper aims to analyze strategic approaches to destination development in the context of the ongoing Covid-19-pandemic. The crisis has shown that a long-term strategy development is necessary for achieving goals of tourism competitiveness and that traditional business models need to be reconsidered. Based on the findings of a student excursion as well as a congress event, a qualitative interview study was conducted and it was found that the economic impact on destinations is far-reaching and that fundamental changes in destination development need to be discussed for a post-corona era. Especially the involvement and participation of the local population by means of dialogue management gains relevance in the context of the crisis and represents an important strategic instrument. However, the central challenge remains to integrate the local population into the processes in such a way that tourism awareness is sustainably promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die COVID-19-Pandemie beeinträchtigt den Tourismus weltweit, jedoch zeigen beliebte Urlaubsregionen bei Betrachtung der realen Buchungen für das Jahr 2020 sehr heterogene Abweichungsmuster im Vergleich zum Vorjahr. In diesem Zusammenhang ist unklar, ob und welche Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung der Pandemie das heterogene Buchungsverhalten erklären. Im vorliegenden Artikel werden tourismusrelevante Maßnahmen identifiziert und anhand von Flugpauschalreisebuchungen im deutschen Quellmarkt für Reisen zwischen Mai und Oktober 2020 untersucht. Die Analyse eines umfassenden Primärdatensatzes mittels Fixed-Effects-Modellierung zeigt, dass verschiedene, vom Quellland sowie vom Zielland ausgehende Maßnahmen das Buchungsverhalten in unterschiedlicher Effektstärke signifikant beeinflussen. Darunter fallen insbesondere Reisewarnungen und Quarantäneverordnungen für Rückkehrer. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the global tourism industry. However, when comparing the bookings made for different popular destinations in 2020 and 2019, the differences are very heterogeneous. Given this context, it is unclear whether and which COVID-19 countermeasures taken explain the heterogeneous booking behavior. In this paper, tourism-related measures are identified and analyzed with regard to flight package tour bookings from Germany, travel dates being between May and October 2020. The analysis of a comprehensive primary data set by using Fixed Effects Model methodology shows that several measures in both source and destination countries have had a significant influence on booking behavior. These include, amongst others, governmental travel warnings and quarantine regulations on return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of literature highlights the importance of financial literacy in affecting household choices. However, much fewer studies focus on understanding the determinants of different levels of financial literacy. Our paper contributes to filling this gap by analyzing a specific determinant, i. e., the educational system, to explain the heterogeneity of financial literacy scores across Germany. The results suggest that the lower financial literacy observed in East Germany can be partially attributed to the different institutional framework experienced during the Cold War, more specifically, to the socialist educational system experienced in East Germany, which affected specific cohorts of individuals. By exploiting the unique set-up of the German reunification, we identify education as a channel through which institutions and financial literacy are related in the German context. In support of this hypothesis, we find that individuals exposed to the Eastern educational system exhibit 12 % 12\hspace{0.1667em}\% to 21 % 21\hspace{0.1667em}\% lower financial literacy scores compared with the households in the control group, not exposed to such system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der Aufsatz thematisiert die spezifischen Strategien Öffentlicher Bibliotheken bei der Lizenzierung digitaler Inhalte vor dem Hintergrund einer fehlenden Konsortialinfrastruktur für Öffentliche Bibliotheken. The paper discusses public libraries' strategies for licensing digital content against the background that a consortium infrastructure for public libraries is still lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dieser Artikel thematisiert die technische Umsetzung eines Webportals und einer SQL-Datenbank (Output.UP), um die manuelle Erfassung und Auswertung von wissenschaftlichen Publikationen für die Universitätsbibliothek Potsdam weitestgehend zu automatisieren. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die Importe mittels API von ORCID, Crossref und Unpaywall gelegt. Nach Abschluss der Testphase wird Output.UP in einem Git-Repository für die Nachnutzung zur Verfügung gestellt. The paper focuses on the technical implementation of a web portal and SQL database (Output.UP) as automation system for the collection and analysis of scientific publications for the Potsdam University Library, with a pecial emphasis on imports via API from ORCID, Crossref and Unpaywall. After the test phase, Output.UP will be made available in a Git repository for subsequent use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]