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From von Harnack's speech-writing for Kaiser Wilhelm II to the 'Manifesto of the Ninety-Three', theologians played an important role in justifying the defence of Kultur in the early stages of the First World War. This paper uses the war-pamphlet collection of William Sanday in the library of The Queen's College to explore how English - and particularly Oxford - theologians responded to, and publically justified, British involvement in the war. Asserting that Oxford theologians were hesitantly nationalist by comparison with their German colleagues, this paper suggests that this dissimilarity cannot be explained purely by reference to the intellectual - some said, Nietzschean - arrogance of German theological liberals. Rather, the more cautious relationship of theologians in Britain to political and wider ecclesiastical discourse can, to some degree, be viewed through the lens of significant institutional differences between German and British theological faculties at the outbreak of the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today literary criticism contests the 'Volksbuch' as a genre since its criteria seem under-defined. This paper aims, from a functional point of view, to explain its historical success by tracing four histories of this genre. The under-definition of the genre turns out as the precondition of its manifold employments. What the different histories have in common is the imagination of the 'Volksbuch', which could unify the German nation. The 'Volksbuch', the paper will argue, is a virtual modern genre which imagines an anti-modern state of society and literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the relationship between the German Kiel Institute of World Economics and the Rockefeller Foundation in the years 1925-1950. It focuses on the role of politics in the promotion of science and shows the great difficulties the foundation had in developing a strategy to react to the Nazi’s seizure of power in 1933. The Kiel Institute disguised itself as an unpolitical and “objective” institute and managed to regain support after 1934. During the Second World War, the Rockefeller Foundation abandoned the idea of science as an area detached from politics by definition. In the late 1940s, it carefully reassessed the German academic landscape and, in the case of the Kiel Institute, came to the conclusion not to resume a significant amount of support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this introduction, we review the state of the art of stock market history in Germany and preview the main findings of the articles published in this special issue. In Germany, scholars have long focused on institutional aspects of stock market history. Yet, starting in the late 1990s, quantitative work also started to take-off. Some of the articles published in this special issue go further down this road. Moreover, several of the following papers deal with the history of German stock markets during the interwar period, a period so far neglected by research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 1930s and 1940s, the publishing sphere in Germany had to adapt to substantial ideological imperatives. It was subject to the control of various often rivaling institutions of censorship. These censoring institutions employed literary scholars to observe and influence the growing production of books and magazines. This paper reconstructs the practices these literary scholars employed for dealing with contemporary literature in an ideologically conditioned setting. It engages with the still largely unexplored relation between academic socialization, interpretative practices and politically motivated interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important fuel, hard coal shaped industrialisation. Due to its specific materiality, coal established different options for intertwining industry and resource. This paper concentrates on the one hand on the specific properties of coal and, on the other, on the economic and technological operations with coal. Using the example of the different material properties of coal from the coal districts of Inde and Wurm, these interrelations are examined and illustrate how a space of resource extraction could be arranged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article challenges the common notion that around 1800 the written essay (Hausarbeit) was established as a practice and form of examination within the newly founded institution of the Seminar. Academic and educational theory in the 19th century assigned obligatory writing to schooling and associated it with compulsion and control, thus being incompatible with academic freedom. For students, writing was voluntary and had its place within the lecture (Vorlesung) being understood as a productive enterprise. While the Seminar was reserved for a small minority of students, it was not until the 20th century that written papers became the now widely-known proof of academic achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The First World War was not only a military conflict but also an economic war. In all belligerent countries, labour and resources were shifted from civil production to military production. Factory workers, miners and farmers produced a steady flow of supplies for the frontlines. Financial mobilization provided the money for arms, ammunition, and other supplies. In contemporary understanding 'financial mobilization' comprised all fiscal and monetary instruments that were necessary to finance the war. The aim of this paper is to discuss the interaction between the government and the central bank in Germany in financing the First World War. Aspects include the pre-war plans for financial mobilization, the fiscal and monetary policies of the war years and their inflationary consequences, the financing of foreign trade and financial demobilization during the transition from war to peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As most other industrialized countries, Germany experienced three major changes in its energy mix in the last two centuries, namely the respective transitions to coal, oil, and nuclear power. This paper discusses the reasons and consequences of these changes with respect to energy consumption, energy prices, and growth. One major finding is that each energy transition led to a devaluation of traditional locational advantages such as the existence of local sources of water power or coal beds. Another important observation is that most of the energy transitions were accompanied by significant government subsidies aiming at either promoting new energy sources or reducing the social hardship associated with the decline of traditional power industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The famous Polish slavist, Aleksander Brückner, since 1881 professor at the University of Berlin, following the Prussian Minister's advice abstained in public for more than thirty years from any political comments. By outbreak of the First World War he began, inspired by Wilhelm Feldman, the delegate of the Supreme National Committee and Józef Piłsudski's Legions, with a campaign in favor of the restitution of Poland under German auspices, making his voice heard in books and numerous articles in newspapers and periodicals. This paper describes Brückner's over the four years of war widespread activity in cooperation with Feldman and as coauthor in the review 'Polnische Blätter', and shows the reasons why Brückner despite the rebirth of the Polish state in 1918 did not leave his Alma Mater and Berlin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During World War II an increasing share of the industrial output of Germany and the Nazi-ruled European economies was converted for use in the German war effort. In order to steer this conversion, information gathering and processing were crucial. This paper examines the institutions and instruments of the German system of information gathering and processing and tries to identify its successes and failures. It will be shown that the origins of the system stemmed predominately from specific bottlenecks Germany faced during the pre-war period, which necessitated a more active role of the state given the aims of the Nazi regime. The ad-hoc character of some of the measures implemented in order to improve the information basis of the German economic administration produced a system which was ill-coordinated and incomplete. During the war, the information needs further increased and several reforms considerably improved the information basis of the state. Nevertheless, some fundamental problems stemming from the private-property based economic order in Germany and the specific industrial structure remained unresolved even after Speer had become armaments minister. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Historische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyzes the tale-type Snow White (AaTh/ATU 709) in the folk tradition of West and South Slavs, which preserves different versions of this tale. AaTh/ATU 709 is found among all West and South Slavic groups, with the exception of Kashubians from the vicinity of Gdańsk, Polabians, a minority (now extinct) in Germany, and the South Slavs in Montenegro. The paper examines the characteristics of the tales, both from the aspect of their contents and meaning as well as their imagery, reflecting social rituals, transition rites, regional and cultural characteristics, and temporal and spatial aspects that have been preserved in them. These tales emphasize the role of the mother, which seems to be a contrasting (mirror) image of the midwinter deity. Interesting elements in the Slavic Snow White tales are the temporary dwelling of the heroine and the creatures with which the girl finds shelter, their number and their appearance, which vary considerably. The motif of the heroine's marriage to the chieftain of these men who live in the forest may be connected with the custom of the false marriage: it had a protective function which served to ensure a happy marriage with the right man. While the many layers of this fairy-tale remain hidden to the average reader, its multifarious variants exhibit regional peculiarities and elements from local history. Influences from Central European, East Slavic, Mediterranean and Oriental, especially Turkish traditions can be traced throughout the texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the hitherto neglected political philosophy (Staatsphilosophie) contained in Schelling's Berlin lectures on the philosophy of mythology and of revelation in the context of the complex and politically charged debates of the German Vormärz period. It will be shown that, in his political philosophy, the Berlin Schelling rejects social contract models of the state and follows conservative theorists who conceive of the state as a collective order that supersedes the individual, while at the same time preserving the freedom of the individual and rejecting religious legitimizations of the state. Schelling's theory of the state is characterized by its distinctive internal tensions and by its multidimensionality. This complexity of his theory of the state helps to account for the diverse range of receptions and assessments of his political philosophy, both among his contemporaries and by subsequent commentators [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To this day, the so-called "Bloody Sunday at Bromberg" (3./4.9. 1939) and its consequences are among the most contentious subjects in the history of the Second World War. Despite extensive efforts by German and Polish researchers it has not been possible to clear up the events at the time. In view of the lack of central sources on the German side this is probably no longer possible. In contrast the investigation of the number and names of the Polish victims has advanced noticeably during the last few years. The present article adds to existing Polish material published in 2008/2009 on the basis of unpublished German sources of the Historisch-Landeskundliche Kommission für die Deutschen in Polen [Historical Commission on the Germans in Poland], among them the papers of the former teacher August Müller, kept at the Herder Institute in Marburg. The comparative analysis of the names of the dead exhibits surprising differences, while the estimate of the overall number of casualties (over 400) is astonishingly similar both on the German and Polish side. In any case, final clarification seems impossible on the basis of the sources known to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstracts to the articles in this issue of the journal are presented, which discuss aspects of welfare state administration, the history of Ersatzkassen (subsidiary health insurance companies) in Germany, and the economic thinking of German Catholic Cardinal Joseph Höffner.

The law & finance literature often assumes that financial institutions in Germany, especially in the stock market, were less workable than for example in the U.S. or Great Britain due to extensive state regulation. This article analyses the regulation and admission to listing practices for (initial) public offerings in Germany from 1870 to 1932. It argues, by contrast, that state regulation in the German stock market largely enabled self-regulation and that a closer look at market practices indicates that the written law only offered a framework and left the stock exchanges great scope for manoeuvre. In the end, the German regulatory system came close to what law & finance literature describes as a most efficient market order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World War I was fought by numerous countries siding together as the Central Powers and, respectively, the Allied Powers. The former began with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary and grew to four allies when the Ottoman Empire entered the scene in late 1914 and Bulgaria in late 1915; the latter centred on the alliance between England, France, and Russia and was informally extended to many more countries as they entered into the war ad-hoc by signalling common interests with the core Allied Powers. This article addresses a neglected dimension of the alliance formation phenomenon, namely how alliances were perceived by the public, in contrast to the perceptions of political and military leaders. Were the Central and Allied Powers perceived to be credible alliances – monolithic blocks – in the eyes of contemporaries? We seek to determine the degree of “alliance integration” among pairs of countries by applying cointegration analysis based on prices for securities. It is assumed that the prices of countries perceived as “integrated” should show signs of co-movement. In particular, we focus on the Amsterdam market for foreign government bonds providing us with a neutral perspective. Our analysis is based on the yields for representative bonds traded by 13 belligerent countries not only during the war, but also before and after. Among other findings, we cannot corroborate that investors simply recognized two monolithic blocks fighting the war against each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of the reform of the German Bourse Law in 1908 argues that the “self-undermining negative policy feedback effects” of the initial Bourse Law of 1896 on the market for Imperial and state bonds explain why exchange regulation was liberalized although the dominant political forces, the Conservatives and the Clericals, were opposed to bourses and capital markets. Based on an original assessment of primary documents, the study uses the method of explaining-outcome process tracing to show that the initial Bourse Law caused losses to the Imperial government and the large banks; this induced both actors to remove the prohibition of speculation. Because the German Empire can be viewed as a kind of laboratory for (first) treatment effects on financial market regulation of the sovereign debt market, this study contains lessons for understanding the relationship between states and financial markets in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of over 1,000 initial public offerings (IPOs) on the Berlin stock exchange from German unification to the eve of World War II draws attention to the importance of regulation and deepens our understanding of German stock market development. An increasingly exacting regulatory environment from the early 1880s to 1914 made a vital contribution to the higher likelihood of firms going public surviving. In the inhospitable regulatory setting of the 1930s, IPO activity drew to a halt and the development in the German stock market over the preceding decades reversed. As a complement to our analysis of the impact of regulation, we document the increased involvement of leading universal banks (D-banks) in the IPO market over the whole period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Author-supplied Abstracts.)

The United Nations' Human Development Index (HDI) has become an important tool for measuring and comparing living standards between countries and regions. However, the HDI has also attracted a fair share of conceptual criticism. Starting from Andrea Wagner's historical estimations of a HDI for Germany in the interwar and early postwar period, we take up part of that criticism by implementing three essential modifications to the mode of calculation. We test how far they alter our picture of the relative living standard in the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich, and the Federal Republic of Germany. First, we replace the arithmetic mean by the geometric mean, which is said to solve the problem of perfect substitutability; second, we extend the HDI by an additional fourth dimension measuring economic and political freedom -- an important, though neglected, dimension; and third, as the perhaps most crucial conceptual intervention, we develop weighting schemes for the partial indices that are theoretically backed by happiness economic research. Thus, we challenge the common, but arbitrary fundamental assumption that all partial indices receive equal weights. Our results show that the HDI for Germany reacts very sensitively to conceptual interventions, making it difficult to use it for the intertemporal and international comparison of living standards. We also find that the proposed modified HDIs allow for a re-evaluation of the living standard in interwar Germany; and in contrast to what the reference estimations on the HDI for Germany say, there is a profound discontinuity between the Third Reich and post-war Germany in terms of living standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Biochemistry / Turk Biyokimya Dergisi is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study uses prices for the German 3 percent imperial loan issued in several tranches since 1890 and still traded during World War I to measure capital market players' real-time perceptions of the prospects for Germany as the war proceeded. Price data are gathered from the Amsterdam market for government bonds; the Netherlands remained neutral throughout war. Focusing on the window from August 24th 1915 to August 11th 1919, ten (twelve) turning points are identified in a baseline (extended) model. Each implies a significant adjustment of lenders' confidence in Germany being able, or willing, to service its debts in the future. Two turning points stand out. In early January 1916, the price plummeted by 14.3 percent between the first and eleventh of the month, which was most likely due to the Military Service Act discussed in the British parliament. On September 19th 1918, the price dropped by 17.5 percent compared to the last available price quote from the end of July. This coincides with the Allied Powers' revival on all fronts since the summer, leading to the ultimate collapse of the German lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the following, we present the earliest input-output table for Germany: It covers 40 economic branches, five final demand categories and five primary inputs. The symmetric table for 1936 is completely based on original statistical data and does not rely on separate supply and use tables. The core of our endeavour is based on the German industrial census of 1936. Originally, this census and its forerunner of 1933 had especially been designed by the German Statistical Office (StRA) to compile an input-output-table for Germany as a basis for managing the business cycle. In connection with rearmament, however, this endeavour was given up and instead, these data were used for constructing detailed material balance sheets, which served as a statistical basis for preparing the war. Based on these hitherto secret records and additional statistical information, we fulfilled the original plan of the StRA of constructing the desired input-output table. Government is treated as an intermediate sector and placed into quadrant I of the table. In quadrant II it appears with only one figure (government gross production minus fees for specific government services). Government is delimitated into three sub-sectors: public administration and other government services, military spending and social security. In addition, public investment for civilian purposes is assigned to gross fixed capital formation in quadrant II. Military expenditure, however, is treated as government consumption and not as investment. The input-output table offers a new benchmark for gross domestic product (GDP) and thus production, income and expenditure of Germany in 1936. We found a comparably high level of GDP and a significantly higher mixed income/operating surplus which hints at exceptionally high incomes and hidden profits of the armament industry. Due to our unique production approach of calculating GDP these hidden profits were revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study concentrates on the problems of political changes (breaks) after WWI and after WWII in Central Europe, taking the example of traffic relations in railway and Elbe Shipping between German and Czechoslovakia. Although the situation after 1918 and 1945 brought with it real territorial shifts, and the disruption of trade and tariffs, at the same time it demonstrates how this problem was overcome. Czechoslovak-German traffic and tariff relations overcame the challenges surrounding the 1918 and 1945 breaks and the political and ideological changes by means of rational, pragmatic and serious relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article disucsses the January 1933 publication of the book "Kierkegaard: Construction of the Aesthetic" written by Theodor Adorno on philosopher Søren Kierkegaard and published by the Verlag J.C.B. Mohr publishing company. The history of the Mohr publishing house is described and information is offered on Adorno's feelings regarding his work.

Largely neglected today, the work of Karl Philipp Moritz was a highly influential source for Early German Romanticism. Moritz considered the form of myth as essential to the absolute nature of the divine subject. This defence was based upon his aesthetic theory, which held that beautiful art was 'disinterested', or complete in itself. For Moritz, Myth, like art, constitutes a totality providing an idiom free from restriction in the imitation of the divine. This examination offers a consideration of Moritz's aesthetics and mythography, before turning briefly to consider his influence on the authors of Early German Romanticism. An understanding of the role of Moritz's thought supports a number of recent claims (Frank, Beiser, Bowie) that challenge the conventional reading of Romanticism. At the same time it allows us to see Romanticism's unconventional realist theological programme, permitting us to overcome the problematic secularising readings of the movement. I would like to thank Kurt Mueller-Vollmer (Stanford), as well as Fredrick Beiser (Syracuse) and Lars Fischer (Cambridge) for their help with this project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article profiles the church of St. Kunibert in Cologne, Germany, which was the last Romanesque church built there, focusing on its architectural relationship to other local churches. Topics include the churches of St. Aposteln in Cologne, and St. Viktor in Xanten, Germany; 13th century Rhenish architecture, patronage and construction practices; and a chronology of construction.

It is argued that from the early 19th century onwards Civil Servants received a remuneration that ensured a good standard of living and reflected social status. Yet, there are few empirical studies which test this hypothesis. This article attempts to bridge this gap by computing real living standards of district magistrates in Baden during the 19th century using a new consumption basket reflecting the material and social needs of members of the upper class. The empirical analysis shows that district magistrates had a high material living standard, as well as a high position within the income distribution. However, living standards were already high during the 18th century in both absolute and relative terms. Furthermore, absolute and relative living standards decreased from the mid-century onwards, negatively impacting district magistrates' privileged position within society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The German population's material standard of living during the 'peace year' of the Nazi regime (1933-38) is much debated. We use hitherto disregarded consumption data and the axiom of revealed preferences to test whether the material standard of living improved. We find that the food consumption bundle realized in 1935-36 must have been inferior to that of 1927-28, despite GDP per capita being much higher. Even in 1937-38 consumers were probably worse off compared to 1927-28. We conclude that increasing consumption constraints forced German consumers to diet and thus to a material standard of living that was much more frugal than national income figures suggest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the history of the extinct western Yiddish language in the Alsace region, southwest Germany, and Switzerland. Information is provided on the interaction between Yiddish and German languages, the existence of High Alemannic structures in Swiss Yiddish and vice versa is described, and analysis of audio recordings of Yiddish is examined. Examples of code switching by speakers of both High Alemannic and western Yiddish are also provided and the role of linguistic minorities in southwest Germany and Switzerland is described.

This essay analyses Ernst Troeltsch's writings on Protestantism and modernity in light of recent scholarship on the category of the secular. In his historical work on the relationship of Protestantism to the rise of the modern world, the essay argues, Troeltsch was not engaged primarily in a narrative of secularization; nor does he promote what current scholars call an ideology of secularism. Instead, Troeltsch was exploring how religion (and Protestantism in particular) changes in different cultural contexts, and was intervening in debates in his own society about the political structure, cultural ethos, and future of Germany. The essay therefore cautions against the hasty projection of concepts like secularism and secularization as theorized today back onto the works of nineteenth-century thinkers such as Troeltsch. The political and cultural concerns that animate Troeltsch's work can be better captured by a more subtle understanding of the multiple meanings of abstract categories (such as Verweltlichung, Diesseitigkeit, and Säkularisation) in their own intellectual-historical contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses traditions handed down about Rabbi Meir Schatz, patron saint of the Jews of the city of Worms, Germany, based on a number of stories written about him in medieval hagiography, including "Mayse Bukh" and "Ma'ase Aqdamut." The article relates that sources about his life are fragmented in various locations, but that they offer a special view of Ashkenazim history and communities of the middle ages.

The article explores the life of Karl Breul, the first professor of German language and literature at Cambridge, Massachusetts, during the Anglo-German academic encounters for whom he considered outbreak of the First World War the end of a busy academic life. It notes the Breul has joined the Anglo-German Friendship Committee at the time when antagonisms between Germany and Britain began to cloud the horizon. The said committee had gathered together many prominent political and academic figures and was one of the few citizens peace organizations lobbying for an improvement of bilateral relations and a peaceful settlement of national disputes.

This article focuses on how the migration of Eastern European Jews to Germany during the German Empire and the Weimar Republic affected the German politics. Several topics are discussed, including how many Eastern European Jews traveled through Germany on their way to the United States from 1880 to 1929, how the German military recruited Eastern European Jews during World War I, and how civil war and political unrest in Eastern Europe between 1914 and 1922 caused the persecutions of many Jewish people and started mass migrations.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)