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Pragmatics research has been following two separate lines: the cognitive-philosophical line and the sociocultural-interactional line. Joining recent efforts of integration in pragmatics research, this paper reinterprets from a socio-cognitive perspective Grice's theory of conversation (the Cooperative Principle with attendant maxims). The paper aims to incorporate social considerations into the theory, in the hope of enhancing its explanatory potential for information exchange in real-life discourse contexts. Focusing on cooperation as process, this paper examines Grice's theory of conversation in connection with his theory of meaning and looks into the social-normative basis of the conversational behavior predicted by Grice. The conversational maxims can be characterized as socio-cognitive in the sense of being both cognitive and normative. They are normative expectations whose breach commits the speaker to interpretive and social consequences. The maxims used to be thought of in terms of a simple dichotomy: they are either observed or not observed, and non-observance has often been equated with non-cooperation. The paper draws attention to the fact that non-observance comes in different types (violating, opting out, flouting, and so on). It matters communicatively and extra-communicatively which type the non-observance falls into, as different types of non-observance have different interpretive and social consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the paper is analysis and proposal of a concept for establishing an efficient system for disaster management in the Western Balkan countries. After the breakup of Yugoslavia (1992), there has been no effective system for managing emergency situations, while cross-border cooperation in this respect does not exist at all. The paper provides an overview of the situation in the field of emergency and crisis management in five countries of the region and a concept of promotion and cross-border cooperation in this field. The results of the research show that no country in the region has adequate emergency and disaster management system and that, regardless of the negative experiences, an efficient multilateral cooperation system has not been established so far in this field (there is neither regulatory framework nor proposals for the model of organization and for the procedures or technical mechanisms that would make the above possible). Therefore, the concept of establishing the Regional Center for Disaster Management in the Western Balkans territory (RCDM-WB) is proposed as a first step in handling disaster situations that arise from natural phenomena or technical and technological accidents. This is the first scientifically developed proposal of this kind for the above-mentioned region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effects of uncoordinated environmental tax policies on firms' incentives to form bilateral R&D collaborations. It is shown that the complete network is pair-wise stable for small differences in the taxation of environmental emissions. Larger tax differentials may induce firms to abandon all their international collaborations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we studied the spillover effects of cooperative and competitive incentive schemes on subsequent decisions involving altruism and cooperation. We collected data with a laboratory experiment where subjects were asked to perform Mini Dictator games and a Public Good game after playing an incentivized real effort task. We found that cooperative incentives foster higher subsequent altruism and cooperation as compared with competitive or individual incentives. By contrast, competitive incentives induced more envy towards competitor peers and more spiteful behaviour when giving implies a larger payoff for the recipient. The effect of incentives on altruism and cooperation was moderated by relative rank in the incentivized effort task and by individual level of impulsivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theorien multipler Differenzierung haben Konjunktur. Sie teilen die Annahme, die Gegenwartsgesellschaft sei durch mehr als eine Differenzierungsachse (z. B. funktionale Differenzierung oder vertikale Ungleichheit) charakterisiert. Solche Theorien thematisieren Anregungen sozialen Wandels höchst unterschiedlich. Der Beitrag unterscheidet drei Ausprägungen: (1) Anregungen als von eher historischem Interesse; (2) als inflationärer Dauerzustand; (3) als durch spezifische Modi (Kritik/Kooperation) ermöglicht. Die evolutionär-institutionalistische Perspektive Seth Abrutyns stellt demgegenüber ein Theorieangebot dar, das multiple Differenzierung auch als Ergebnis der Gestaltungsarbeit institutioneller Entrepreneure auffasst. Sie verzahnt multiple Differenzierung und Wandel unmittelbar. Dabei stellt sie die Überzeugungsarbeit solcher Wandelarchitekten in den Vordergrund und spielt Gestaltung und Evolution nicht gegeneinander aus. Abrutyns Rekonstruktion stoppt kurz vor der Gegenwartsgesellschaft. Hieran anschließend beleuchtet der Beitrag philanthropische Organisationen als zeitgenössische institutioneller Entrepreneure. Theories of multiple differentiation have been gaining momentum. They share the assumption that contemporary society is characterized by more than one axis of differentiation (e.g., functional differentiation or vertical inequality). Such theories address the instigation of social change in very different ways. The paper distinguishes three types: (1) instigating as of more historical interest; (2) disturbance as the usual case; (3) as enabled by specific modes (critique/cooperation). In contrast, Seth Abrutyn's evolutionary institutionalist perspective presents a theoretical proposition that conceives of multiple differentiation also as the result of the formative work of institutional entrepreneurs. It directly links multiple differentiation and change. In doing so, it foregrounds the persuasive work of such change architects and does not play design and evolution off against each other. Abrutyn's reconstruction ends shortly before the present society. Following this, the article sheds light on philanthropic organizations as contemporary institutional entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Peace of Venice (1177), which ended the nearly twenty-year-long schism between Pope Alexander III and his opponents supported by Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, has long been the subject of controversy among scholars, who focused initially on the concrete provisions of the treaty and more recently on the symbolic acts that affirmed it. This paper uses Alexandrian sources to concentrate on peace itself as the pope's most important political goal: the biography of Alexander written by his cardinal Boso, the frescoes in the Lateran Palace painted after the victory, and other statements made by the pope himself and his supporters reveal his primary goal to be the restoration of unity and peace. This thinking may have been rooted in the Christian ethic of peace as well as in the enduring ideal of cooperation between pope and emperor. It offers an explanation for the pope's willingness to compromise in Venice, often viewed with astonishment today, expressed through the choice of location, the staging, as well as personnel and material decisions. Alexander did not aim to supercede the emperor, nor to achieve victory on specific issues in detail; instead, his goal throughout the schism seems to have been a return to peace and cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Automatisierungstechnik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Automatisierungstechnik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Automatisierungstechnik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für das Gesamte Genossenschaftswesen is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Automatisierungstechnik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For young people school is the very first place where a fruitful and enlightening encounter with literature may take place, provided that the teaching can rely on well edited texts. Against this background of experience, the essayistically sharpened paper reports the results of an examination of eighteen Austrian textbooks at secondary level II, in which original-language text examples from the German literary history of the Middle Ages are reproduced. The results of the survey depict, on the one hand, a revealing canon of near-source printed literary works and on the other hand it illustrates that in most cases the editorial templates used in textbooks are far away from the quality standards and informative value of modern reference editions. As the study generally concludes, it would be up to the editing community to urgently establish a new, mutually beneficial cooperation with all the institutions and publishers involved in the production of school textbooks in order to supply the classrooms with more suitable specialist editions and customised materials as soon as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hindriks describes institutions as norm-governed social practices, and argue that his theory help bring together and complete earlier theories of institutions. In this comment on his paper, I argue that his argument would be even better if he clarified certain parts of his argument with regards to the nature of institutions and the relationship between institutions and social norms. I also argue that he should reconsider his claim that institutions (and social norms) exist in order to solve cooperation and coordination problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fortbildungsveranstaltungen zur Dokumentation wurden vom Lehrinstitut für Dokumentation (LID) in der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Dokumentation (DGD) von 1974 bis 1991 angeboten. Themen waren u. a. die dokumentarische Methodik, Arbeitsabläufe, Dienstleistungsangebote, Produkte und neuesten Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien sowie der Umgang mit den dadurch ausgelösten Veränderungen ggf. auch aus Leitungsperspektive. Die Strukturen, Entwicklungsphasen, Themenschwerpunkte, Kooperationen – insbesondere mit Partnereinrichtungen aus der Mediendokumentation, aber auch mit regionalen Organisationen von Informationsspezialist*innen innerhalb und außerhalb der DGD – und der Stellenwert der LID-Fortbildung im Rahmen der Qualifizierungsangebote der DGD werden in diesem Beitrag beschrieben und analysiert. Training courses on documentation were offered by the Lehrinstitut für Dokumentation (LID) in the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentation (German Society for Documentation, DGD) from 1974 to 1991. Topics included documentary methodology, work processes, service offerings, products and the latest information and communication technologies, as well as dealing with change caused by these developments, if necessary also from a management perspective. The structures, development phases, main topics, cooperations – especially with partners from media documentation, but also with regional organizations of information specialists within and outside the DGD – and the significance of LID training within the framework of the DGD's qualification lines are described and analyzed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The OECD led BEPS project attempts key changes to the international tax standards to limit harmful tax avoidance. First, it is found that calls for the BEPS project are based on arguments (illicit financial flows and tax competition) that are supported by limited evidence and hence may not offer much fiscal gain to the developing countries. Second, it is found that the BEPS project would, through information sharing, further limit the fiscal jurisdiction of capital importing states. Further it is found that tax competition, even if existing in a limited form, is a result of the international tax architecture and the externalities caused by it. In fact, it is seen that the MNCs actually reduce the inefficiencies created by this tax architecture and thereby reduce transaction costs. By agreeing to the BEPS agenda of information sharing the developing countries would be paying the cost of internalising the externality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Public Health Forum is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Consortia are widely used by academic libraries worldwide to support the most cost-effective means of acquiring digital content and services. Some developing countries, however, have been slow to benefit from consortia due to a range of obstacles and challenges faced by their academic libraries and higher education sectors more broadly. This paper investigates the current state, and future prospects, for consortia in one developing country, Vietnam. A questionnaire survey was distributed to all academic libraries in Vietnam. Valid surveys were received from 99 respondents (34.37 % response rate). The survey results address a number of issues, including current levels of engagement in consortia; identification of drivers for, and obstacles to, the use of consortia; the support required by libraries for future participation; and the need for a supportive legal and administrative framework. The paper concludes that there is a willingness by Vietnamese academic librarians to engage with consortia, but there are also considerable obstacles to be overcome to make this possible. The conclusions are presented as a series of 11 recommendations aimed at improving the operating conditions for consortia in Vietnam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prisoner's dilemma is widely used in the research of evolution of cooperation. This work is based on the assumption that players use non-discriminative strategies within their neighborhoods. The paper is also assumed that players have different memory sizes to store the previous interaction histories. Two different learning rules, copy-best-player and copy-best-strategy, are considered in this paper. In each round, a player can use either rule to select the appropriate strategy from his neighbors as his own strategy for the next round. The player uses preferential selection rule to select a neighbor to learn from. By the use of MC (Monte Carlo) simulation, research results are obtained as follows: 1) the preferential selection rule considerably improves the cooperation level in heterogeneous networks while it inhibits the emergence of cooperation in homogeneous regular network; 2) different learning rules and memory sizes significantly affect the evolution of cooperation in all types of network, especially in homogeneous network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper we propose an interregional framework as a policy tool for identifying sectors that can stimulate Palestinian economic development while recognizing the reality of the Israeli-Palestinian economic interdependencies. Specifically, this paper emphasizes the potential role of bi-national trade channels to promote Israeli-Palestinian cooperation. To that end, we apply an interregional input-output model to 14 sectors of the Palestinian and Israeli economies and their trading relationships. We then investigate the impact of an exogenous foreign injection under alternative trade scenarios. The results suggest that foreign aid injections to the Banking and Construction sectors in Palestine make the highest impact on Palestinian output. On the other hand, if the primary objective is to promote employment, then injections should be concentrated on the Community, Social, Personal and Household Services sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

They are a good deal more than amusing (or embarrassing) errors of speech. The collection and analysis of such errors provides important clues to how speech is organized in the nervous system. Victoria A. Fromkin (1973: 110) Also, most current linguistics fails to consider various kinds of anomalous data which actually reveal very important information about the structure of the mental system which underlies our linguistic abilities, including slips of the tongue and unintentional puns. Sydney M. Lamb (1999: 9) Abstract The socio-cognitive approach to pragmatics [SCA] is based on two fundamental hypotheses: (1) speaker and hearer are equal participants in the communicative process, (2) communication is the result of the interplay of intention and attention, as this interplay is motivated by the individuals' private socio-cultural backgrounds. In this paper, I aim at showing that relational network theory (which has been mainly developed by the American neurolinguist Sydney M. Lamb) allow us to account not only for aspects corresponding to intention or attention, but also for "smooth communication" and "bumpy communication" (being the latter the dimension which includes unintended meanings). Four actual slips of the tongue will be relevant examples thanks to which it can be recognized how cooperation and intention are in a highly complex interaction together with the substantial elements of the individual traits: attention, private experience, egocentrism, and salience. Within this context, the relational account is epistemologically crucial. Firstly, it allows us to represent the neurocognitive structures that enable a person to produce or understand utterances. Secondly, it helps us to suggest that canonical pragmatics (like Speech Acts Theory, Gricean Pragmatics, Relevance Theory) cannot even consider actual and relevant phenomena like slips of the tongue, because they focus on cooperative intention and they neglect (or discard) egocentric attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vor dem Hintergrund der zunehmenden Bedeutung von Open-Data-Ansätzen und neuen Anforderungen an das Forschungsdatenmanagement (FDM) vonseiten der Förderinstitutionen, streben Forschende und Institutionen einen Wandel bislang praktizierter Vorgehensweisen beim FDM an. In einer universitären Kooperation von drei Rechenzentren und drei Universitätsbibliotheken zielt das Projekt Forschungsdatenmanagement in Kooperation (FoDaKo) Rekowski und Hess (2017), FoDaKo Forschungsprojekt. darauf ab, Synergien nutzbar zu machen und Best Practices für das FDM zu entwickeln und auszutauschen. Der Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in Struktur, Maßnahmen und bislang gesammelte Erfahrungen eines Projekts zur Erforschung des Managements von Forschungsdaten in ihrem Lebenszyklus an den Universitäten Düsseldorf, Siegen und Wuppertal und ermöglicht Dritten damit die Adaption von Ansätzen für ein möglichst kosteneffizientes und nachhaltiges FDM. Against the backdrop of the increasing significance of open data approaches and newly emerging requirements in Research Data Management (RDM), imposed by funding agencies, researchers and institutions strive for an upheaval in current RDM practices. The FoDaKo project, Rekowski und Hess (2017), FoDaKo Forschungsprojekt. comprises a collaboration of three Universities' data centres and libraries, gearing towards harnessing synergies in resources, while developing and sharing best practices in RDM throughout the data lifecycle. In this paper, we share our approach and experiences, which can inform other institutions and projects in achieving an economical and sustainable RDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term 'cooperation' is widely used in social and political and biological and economic theory. Perhaps for this reason, the term takes on a variety of meanings and it is not always clear in many settings what aspect of an interaction is being described. This paper has the modest aim of sorting through some of this variety of meanings; and exploring, against that background, when and why cooperation (in which sense) might be of value, or be required, or constitute a virtue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article conceptualises one of the most important factors shaping the Russian–Turkish multidimensional partnership—the dynamics around energy. It seeks to answer the question: "To what extent does energy ensure cooperation in Russian–Turkish relations, despite current tensions?" The author argues that even though the two countries have had disagreements over each other's involvement in certain energy projects, their shared interests in energy have been strengthened by their interdependence and have led to a greater convergence, which in turn allows for cooperation. As a result, the energy sector serves as a mitigating factor in bilateral relations. The author focuses on Russian and non-Russian natural gas pipeline projects, using the interdependence theory as a theoretical framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, global cooperation arrived at an impasse, illustrated by the resistance of industrialized States to allow vaccines-related knowledge transfer to their economically less advantaged partners. One pertinent example is the EU, withholding its waiver of the TRIPS Agreement for vaccines and related medicines and thereby impeding knowledge transfer to States in need – an act that has also been referred to as 'vaccine apartheid'. In the meantime, a new legal instrument intending to address in broader terms the faltering international cooperation emerged on the horizon: the Draft International Covenant on the Right to Development (DICRTD). Concerning health, the DICRTD's preamble already recalls Arts. 1 (3), 55, and 56 UN Charter to take joint and separate action in cooperation with the UN to promote solutions of, inter alia, health problems. Reflecting on lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic, the preamble also points out health emergencies and health crises as serious obstacles to the realization of the right to development. This contribution seeks to critically assess the potential of the future DICRTD to address global health crises through cooperation. Against this backdrop, it analyses the current legal status of the duty to cooperate, the potential transformative impact of the DICRTD on this legal status, and the effectiveness of the DICRTD's implementation mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Praehistorische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Communication depends on cooperation in at least the following way: In order to be successful, communicative behavior needs to be adjusted to the general world knowledge, abilities, and interests of the hearer, and the hearer's success in figuring out the message and responding to it needs to be informed by assumptions about the communicator's informative intentions, personal goals, and communicative abilities. In other words, interlocutors cooperate by coordinating their actions in order to fulfill their communicative intentions. This minimal assumption about cooperativeness must in one way or another be built into the foundations of any plausible inferential model of human communication. However, the communication process is also influenced to a greater or lesser extent, whether intentionally and consciously or unintentionally and unconsciously, by the participants' orientation toward, or preoccupation with, their own concerns, so their behavior may easily fall short of being as cooperative as is required for achieving successful communication. In this paper, we consider in some detail a critical incident from a meeting that took place at the beginning of an intercultural project partnership, and we argue that such communication situations are 'fragile' in that they can put pressure on the participants to be more self-oriented (i.e., self centered) and, therefore, less cooperative. We explore the reasons for this and propose that affective factors including face play a key role. We end by considering the theoretical implications of our study for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores cooperation in the circular agency problem. In circular agency, an agent has weak power in the face of its principal. This research explores a cooperation mechanism in which three participants simultaneously have the identity of principal and agent, in order to illuminate the power struggle between the board of directors, the external shareholder, and the manager of a company. We use the equilibrium results to explain the phenomenon of cooperation between members of the enterprise in practice. Our results have implications for firm governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automatisierungstechnik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rapid technological advances and enhanced global cooperation have led to tremendous changes in access to information and new modes of communication and, hence, calls have been made for instantaneous adjustments in education (Fullan, 2007). Despite global access to internet-enhanced modes of communication and up-to-date information on all subjects – including those relating to new and effective approaches to pedagogy – traditional teacher-centered teaching prevails in many EFL contexts. This is the case even though this approach to teaching has been insufficient to address challenges in EFL teaching. This study explores how the teaching beliefs of 12 EFL teachers changed as they learned to teach innovatively and to teach with features of learner-centeredness and L2 interaction. In the context of a MA program capstone course, the teachers were introduced to the essential elements, such as learner-centeredness and L2 interaction, involved in four approaches to teaching innovatively: task-based language teaching, problem-posing, scripting and oral interpretation, and extensive reading. The data analyzed comprised the teachers' belief reports, written reflections on teaching interactively, interview accounts, and the teacher educator's observational notes. The results of this study revealed changes in teachers' beliefs about innovative teaching with the aforementioned features, the influential forces bringing about the change, and teachers' growing expertise in using and drawing on concepts in teaching practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Germans spend most of their short trips in Germany and enjoy time in nature, but also typical food and drinks of the regions they visit. This study aims at showing how German wineries can seize this trend through a collaborative approach and by creating memorable wine tourism experiences – such as wine tastings, vineyard or cellar tours – in a customer-oriented manner with the aim of attracting more of these tourists for a vacation in the wine regions. Methodology. A case-study approach was applied using the wine region Palatinate and the organization #OpenDoorWein as an example. In-depth interviews and stakeholder workshops were conducted with wineries, tour guides, destination management organizations, and wine tourism experts. Results were validated through an online survey with wineries (n = 108) and expert interviews. Findings. Results show that success factors are online availability of information and online booking options. Wineries should offer wine tourism experiences on a regular basis to overcome existing barriers of tourists to visit wineries. Cooperation among wineries and other tourism providers is important to promote a region's wine tourism offerings. Practical implications. Wineries can use the recommendations to professionalize existing wine tourism offerings. Tourism providers and destinations can learn how wine tourism networks can be used to strengthen wine tourism within a distinct wine region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is all about the construction of a new analytical framework to understand conflict and cooperation both at the international and at the domestic level with the aim of then finding mechanisms to reduce tensions and initiate conflict resolution schemes. The existing research literature on such analytical frameworks has so far been conducted a) mostly on standard social science disciplinary lines and has not incorporated the important work done on these questions by neuro-scientists and behavioral geneticists and b) is not really capable except in very specific instances to deal with the evolving dynamics of conflict and cooperation. Conflict over scarce resources (territory, mates, food) between members of the same species is a universal feature of evolution. Often conflict, especially armed conflict is supposed to be due to shows of force by two or more parties in order to appropriate or dominate resources. Force appears thus not to be the only decisive factor; perceived entitlement and powerful feelings of injustice thereby generated in the case of challenge, extended to group identity are also at the basis of conflict and aggression in humans. The relationship between environment and conflict, the role of emotions such as fear, and the absence of clear definition and enforcement of property rights within societies are also factors in the development of conflict. Thus we have here developed an analytically based numerical model that aims to include finding on these topics by Neuroscience and to emphasize the role of emotions in conflict and cooperation dynamics. This model has been simulated without specific reference to a particular country with the result that economic conditions drive our system since in one case sustained growth produces stability and end of combats whereas deteriorating capital growth and GDP collapse lead to increased hostile coalition participation and more fighting. However, the mere trigger of economic conditions is insufficient to explain conflict escalation, which results from increased participation in mutually hostile coalitions and greater fighting propensity where emotions such as fear and resentment play their role. Finally a detailed empirical analysis of the current Syrian conflict has been undertaken which shows the ability of the model to forecast actual historical developments. This study also indicates that worsening economic conditions are not the only triggering factors in civil conflict. Perceptions of opportunities due to a weakening of a regime's authority also play a major role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der Aufsatz stellt das Kooperationsmodell der vifanord vor, in der vier regional benachbarte Sondersammelgebiete die unterschiedlichen Bedürfnisse ihrer jeweiligen Fachcommunity in einem Portal gemeinsam bedienen. Innerhalb der vifanord hat sich insbesondere die Metasuche zu einem von den Wissenschaftlern geschätzten Angebot entwickelt, für welches es kein adäquates kommerzielles Produkt gibt. So plädieren die Autorinnen dafür, die vifanord mit ihrer Metasuche als Mehrwert für Regionalstudien im Rahmen der entstehenden Fachinformationsdienste auszubauen und dabei Synergieeffekte aus der Kooperation mit anderen Virtuellen Fachbibliotheken auszunutzen. This paper presents vifanord's cooperation model, in which four regionally neighboring special subject collections work together to serve the different needs of their own communities in one portal. Within vifanord, the metasearch has become one of the tools most valued by researchers, for which there is no adequate commercial product. The authors advocate that vifanord with its metasearch as an added value for regional studies be expanded within the framework of the specialized information services being developed and thus take advantage of the synergies created by the cooperation with other virtual special libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arbeit is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper uses an events data set for the post-Cold War era to measure the impact of trade interdependence on three different types of dyadic interactions: political, military, and economic. The paper extends the literature on trade and peace by estimating a model in which trade and interstate interactions are treated as endogenous. We also move beyond the common measure of conflict as the use of force to consider different types and levels of conflict that fall short of war. We find that trade significantly raises net cooperation on political and economic interactions, but trade does not improve net cooperation over military issues. By allowing for mutual causality between cooperation and trade, we show that more cooperation on political and military issues leads to greater trade between countries. Moreover, the impact of overall cooperation on trade is larger than the effect of trade on cooperation. An important lesson from the paper is that the relationship between trade and net cooperation depends on the type of interstate relations being examined. The general findings are supported even after performing a number of robustness checks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies how organizations seek to promote cooperation between their members when individual contributions to an organization's output are imperfectly observable. It considers an overlapping-generations game in which members with conflicting interests expend effort in pursuing activities outside the organization, in addition to the effort they devote to increasing the organization's output. We show that cooperation is easier to enforce when organizations link rewards and punishments to effort in outside activities. In the best public perfect equilibrium, effort in outside activities is distorted in order to signal a member's willingness to cooperate inside the organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides an account of the pragmatist philosophical conception of reciprocity and altruism based on the ontology of 'panrelationalism'. The Deweyan concepts of transaction and cooperation are also outlined in some detail as well as the pragmatist (Rortyan) idea of justice. The author attempts to show that altruism is not necessarily just reciprocal but demands as its supplement (at least) altruism without reciprocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

. In this paper, we examine the question of whether a collective activity can influence cooperation in a subsequent repeated one-shot prisoner's dilemma (PD) game. We conduct two series of experiments. The first consists of control experiments in which 30 periods of a PD game are played, with a random rematching of the pairs in every period. In a second series of experiments, subjects first play a donation game (DG) and then the PD game. In the DG, they collectively discuss the amount of a donation to a given charity, before putting the question to an individual and anonymous vote. Cooperation levels in the PD games preceded by the DG are significantly lower than those observed in the control experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to reconcile reciprocity with a fundamentally 'subject-centred' ethic by interpreting the reciprocity condition as a consequence of the fact that justice is in part a relational value. Duties of egalitarian distributive justice are not grounded on the duty to reciprocate benefits already received, but limited by a reasonable assurance of compliance on the part of those able to reciprocate, because their point is to constitute a valuable relationship, one of mutual recognition as equals. We have unconditional duty to help establish just global institutions, institutions which would allow us to share fairly in the burdens and benefits of global economic cooperation, but no unilateral duty to share fairly, where such institutions are not in place. Since non-contribution on the part of those unable to contribute involves no failure of recognition, the disabled do not fall outside the scope of distributive justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a formal analysis of the evolution of cooperation in the management of common property resources. We develop a dynamic model that includes moral norms or a sense of 'identity,' and show that cooperation may -- but need not -- be an equilibrium outcome in the absence of intervention by a managing agency or punishment by peers. We demonstrate that outside intervention has ambiguous effects when identity matters -- it may reduce welfare of the agents harvesting the stock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper explores the pragmatic foundations of unreliable narration (UN), a narrative technique highly popular in western literary texts. It sets out by giving a critique of the competing theoretic frameworks of UN, namely the seminal Boothian concept and more recent constructivist approaches. It is argued that both frameworks neglect a pragmatic perspective as the most viable way for identifying and analysing UN. Such a pragmatic model is then developed on the basis of theories of cooperation, such as the Gricean maxims, relevance theory, and politeness. The emerging definition of UN treats a narrator as unreliable if he or she violates the cooperative principle without intending an implicature. This model is tested against three prototypical UNs: Christie's The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, Ishiguro's The Remains of the Day, and Poe's The Tell-Tale Heart. These sample analyses yield a typology of UN: while pragmatic deviation is shown to be the intrinsic feature of the phenomenon, unreliable narrators vary according to their degree of intentionality. Finally, two recurring issues in the UN debate are briefly discussed: the existence of textual clues of UN, and the role of the reader in constructing unreliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of literature has succeeded in explaining the economics of existing open source communities. However, the question why such communities come into existence has so far not been answered satisfactorily. This paper addresses this question with an evolutionary model: software developers repeatedly decide whether to use an open source or a proprietary license using boundedly rational decision rules. We analyze the resulting stochastic process and provide conditions under which open source licensing is the only long-run outcome that is stable to perturbations. It turns out that these conditions coincide with important stylized facts about thriving open source communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper pursues an analysis of politeness as a Gricean implicature. My claim is that this analysis captures both uses of politeness: politeness as the expected thing to do, the rule, as well as unexpected politeness, a voluntary contribution to communication by an individual speaker. Moreover, it covers cases in which politeness is employed as a strategy to achieve smooth interaction and cases in which it is employed in order to convey some message to the addressee. In order to be able to analyse politeness as an implicature, I propose a Maxim of Politeness which supplements Grice's Cooperative Principle. This maxim, like the other four, can be observed or flouted and so give rise to different kinds of implicatures. The addition of the Maxim of Politeness to the CP is necessary in order to account for multiple implicatures generated by the same utterance in the same situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hungary had been one of the frontrunners in the political and economic transition process in Central and Eastern Europe in the 1990s, and in 2004 it joined the European Union. Since 2010, Hungary has gradually become an autocratic regime, a process that has been facilitated by the political benefits of EU integration and money transfers. While the support of the Hungarian people for EU membership has remained high, tensions have increased between the Hungarian government and EU institutions. This article evaluates how the external shock of Russia's war against Ukraine has shaken Hungary's so far developed authoritarian equilibrium within the EU. The authors show how embedded the Hungarian autocracy has become and argue that although there have been some effects to the pillars of the authoritarian equilibrium, it has remained stable, and most probably will continue to do so, as long as the illiberal regime stays in power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We implement an experimental design based on a duopoly game in order to analyse the impact of public subsidies on the willingness to cooperate in research and development (R&D) activities. We first implement six experimental markets by exogenously varying the level of knowledge spillovers (low or high) and the intensity of competition in the product market (low, intermediate, or high). We find that the probability of cooperation increases in the level of spillovers and decreases in that of market competition. We then replicate the six experimental markets by subsidising subjects who cooperate. Whenever they are sufficient to change the incentive structure of the game, subsidies substantially increase the probability of cooperation, causing, however, a reduction of R&D investments. Overall, our evidence suggests that, depending on the characteristics of the market, the provision of subsidies is not always desirable. These might be redundant because firms have sufficient private incentives to invest cooperatively in R&D, or even counterproductive, as they might induce firms to significantly reduce R&D investments compared to the noncooperative scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Sino-Iberoamerican Interaction / Interacción Sino-Iberoamericana is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)