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Introduction The world over, hepatitis C virus (HCV) engenders the risk of developing chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has many extrahepatic manifestations, among which diabetes and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been increasingly recognized and has become an active research field. The current study aimed to ascertain the frequency of MetS in chronic hepatitis C patients and to curb its long-term adverse outcomes. Methods In our cross-sectional analysis, a total of 331 subjects diagnosed with chronic HCV were registered from June 2017 to November 2018 in two tertiary care hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was delineated following the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III). Categorical variables were compared by using the Chi-square test, and a significant P value was at the value of < 0.05. Results We found that adults of 40 - 49 years of age were the worst sufferers of hepatitis C. Out of the total 331 patients of hepatitis C, 97 (29.3%) cases were suffering from metabolic syndrome. Conclusion Prevalence of MetS is substantial among HCV-infected individuals Therefore estimation of MetS in individuals with HCV infection is imperative and patients should be educated for lifestyle modification, diet, and weight control. However, we cannot generalized the results of our study as it was done in some tertiary care centres, so additional surveys are warranted to know the actual prevalence of MetS in our entire population.

Background: The levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA) are increased in tubercular pleural effusion and its determination has acquired popularity as a diagnostic test which is inexpensive and is readily accessible. Pleural fluid ADA showed sensitivity (86.36%), specificity (61.54%), diagnostic accuracy (80.70%), positive predictive value (88.37%), and negative predictive value (82.42%) confirmed by pleural biopsy as a gold standard. Methodology: Our study was a prospective cross-sectional study which was conducted for three years at a tertiary care center in Karachi, Pakistan. The data were collected and analyzed using IBM statistics SPSS vs21. Results: There were 52 patients included in our study. Twenty one were males and thirty one were females. Most patients presented with shortness of breath. There was a significant association found between raised ADA levels and pulmonary tuberculosis (p < 0.05). The ADA levels are 12 times more likely to be raised in tubercular pleural effusion. Conclusion: The ADA level is an important marker for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in lymphocytic pleural effusion. It is a convenient and an inexpensive method. The ADA levels assessment is economical when compared to other diagnostic methods.