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Laparotomy was once the preferred modality of treatment for various gynecological conditions. However, over the years, with the advancements worldwide, a new technique for surgery, laparoscopy, came into play. Since then, laparoscopy is preferred over laparotomy for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes since it was less invasive than laparotomy. Further advancements include laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS), which is a procedure that, as the name implies, only uses one port. It includes using a single incision near the umbilicus in contrast to laparoscopy, which traditionally includes one main port incision and various other side ports. Through the port, multiple devices can be inserted into the cavity. The use of a single port can reduce post-operative complications and help reduce the duration of hospital stays. A single incision near the umbilicus would not leave a very significant scar, and the wound healing time would be comparatively less, reducing the hospital stay time. This novel technique is, therefore, an amalgamation of traditional surgery and recently surfacing minimally invasive surgery. Other modalities which are being used widely include vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES). Since the ports formed are frequently inconspicuous, these procedures leave patients with "scarless" results.

Infertility in developing countries is a distinct and complex problem that disproportionately affects women. Though not a physically restraining disease, it causes a huge social burden on the emotional, financial, and psychosocial quotients of those who suffer from it. Assisted reproductive procedures are frequently used to treat infertility. Years ago, the emergence of ovulation induction represented a significant advancement in treating female infertility. Letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, is a potential therapy for ovulation induction. Numerous clinical conditions, including anovulatory infertility, polycystic ovarian syndrome, unexplained infertility, and early stages of endometriosis-related infertility, as well as many with improved live birth rates, have been proven to benefit from letrozole treatment. Letrozole is a superior alternative to the widely utilized ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate. While clomiphene citrate has certain limitations, letrozole successfully overcomes these limitations because of its lack of prolonged anti-estrogenic activity, short half-life, and lack of estrogen receptor activation. In most cases, this results in mono-follicular development and excellent live birth rates. According to the most recent research, letrozole can be used as the first-line therapy to treat infertility caused by polycystic ovarian syndrome and other causes. Letrozole is also emerging as a possible treatment for male infertility of unknown cause, proving to be an effective way of influencing hormonal profiles and increasing various seminal parameters such as sperm motility and concentration, as it inhibits aromatization affecting the feedback mechanism to the hypothalamus. This review focuses on our current knowledge of the uses of letrozole for female and male infertility, its mechanisms, and its benefits.

Infertility is a problem that affects both developed and developing countries today. Many couples choose to have financial stability before conception, irrespective of age. Tubal blockage accounts for 30%-40% of a woman's fertility. Congenital abnormalities, acute and persistent inflammatory diseases, endometriosis, and different pathologies are associated with infertility and cause partial or complete obstruction of the fallopian tubes. Approximately 30% of women experience infertility due to fallopian tube illness, with 10%-25% of these women experiencing proximal fallopian tube obstruction. The fallopian tube is an integral part of the union of sperm, and its normal function is a prerequisite for natural conception. Tubal obstruction is a common cause of infertility. These patients are keen to unblock their blocked fallopian tubes and restore reproductive function. Accurate diagnosis and optimal treatment options are essential for treating infertility.