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Extranodal involvement is more prevalent in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) compared to other non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes, with up to 40% of patients with early-stage disease having at least one extranodal site. Virtually any tissue can be involved, but primary skeletal muscle and bone DLBCL is exceedingly rare. Here we report a case of DLBCL of the humerus and proximal limb musculature in a Vietnam War combat veteran with significant Agent Orange exposure and untreated hepatitis C infection. The patient presented with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-mediated malignant hypercalcemia and massive soft tissue infiltration. He had an excellent treatment response to chemotherapy and involved field radiation therapy. Also, we discuss hepatitis C and Agent Orange in the context of the pathogenesis and management of DLBCL., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Shabbir et al.)

Large granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukemia is a rare form of incurable chronic leukemia frequently complicated by life-threatening cytopenias. The less common NK-cell variant of this disorder poses a diagnostic challenge and its etiologic basis is poorly understood. Here we present the case of an elderly man diagnosed with LGL leukemia after presenting with severe Coombs-negative hemolytic anemia, who had a robust durable response to oral cyclophosphamide. Close to two years after initial diagnosis, he developed a florid Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) infection of the lungs. We discuss the clinical and pathologic features of this case, highlighting aspects common to this disorder and areas of clinical uncertainty. We hope to both raise awareness of the risk for pulmonary MAI infection in patients treated with lymphodepleting drugs and to motivate the prospective evaluation of strategies to prevent opportunistic infections in LGL leukemia., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2021, Kojadinovic et al.)