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Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction presents a major clinical challenge due to its complex pathophysiology and limitations in its therapeutic options. This comprehensive review explores the comparative effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, focusing on their impact on diabetic versus non-diabetic patients, individuals with chronic kidney disease, and the elderly. A comprehensive literature search identified randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and clinical studies that evaluated the role of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in managing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Findings indicate that sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors significantly reduce heart failure hospitalizations and cardiovascular mortality. Among chronic kidney disease patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors showed a decrease in the risk of cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization. Furthermore, their use in elderly patients was associated with improved health-related quality of life and cognitive function, with no notable increase in adverse events. Clinical guidelines increasingly recommend sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors as part of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction management. However, further research is required to refine patient-specific strategies and explore additional benefits, such as their cardioprotective role post-myocardial infarction. This review highlights the effectiveness of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors in managing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction across various subgroups. Additionally, integrating these agents into clinical practice has significant potential to improve patient outcomes., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Alsuwayh et al.)

Hypertension is a major global health concern and a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease and premature death. Despite effective treatments, blood pressure control remains suboptimal due to challenges in medication adherence, lifestyle modifications, and regular monitoring. Wearable technologies offer potential solutions by providing continuous monitoring and promoting healthier behaviors. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the impact of wearable technologies on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. A comprehensive search of databases identified six randomized controlled trials, which varied in sample size, interventions, and outcomes. The meta-analysis revealed small, non-significant effects on systolic (standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.27, 95%CI -0.57, 0.04) and diastolic (SMD = -0.16, 95%CI -0.41, 0.08) blood pressure, with considerable heterogeneity across studies. While wearable technologies show promise in hypertension management, their effects on blood pressure control are inconsistent. Future research should focus on more tailored interventions, identifying patient subgroups that may benefit most, and integrating wearables with traditional care to enhance hypertension management., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Mohrag et al.)

In teenagers and young adults, dextroamphetamine-induced cardiomyopathy is becoming a more common cause of heart failure. More patients are at risk of this cardiac manifestation due to the medication's increased use in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), particularly those who are unaware of the risks associated with using it improperly to improve concentration for poor performance. It becomes imperative to draw attention to the link between heart failure and amphetamine-dextroamphetamine usage to raise awareness of this illness. This case study revolves around a 32-year-old man with a complicated medical history who was recently diagnosed with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF < 10%), which was linked to amphetamine-induced cardiomyopathy. His recent diagnosis of ADHD and the treatment that followed raise questions regarding the potential for drug-induced worsening of underlying cardiomyopathy. To address his cardiac and concomitant issues, the patient is currently on a complete pharmaceutical regimen that includes atorvastatin, aspirin, furosemide, spironolactone, enoxaparin, omeprazole, and carvedilol. To maximize results and stop additional cardiac deterioration, patients with dual diagnoses, especially those involving amphetamine use and preexisting cardiac conditions, need to be carefully monitored and managed by a multidisciplinary team., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Al-Juhani et al.)

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent condition, especially in aging populations, with significant implications for quality of life. While phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) are the first-line treatment, a substantial percentage of patients do not respond satisfactorily. This study aimed to identify predictors of PDE5I treatment failure in ED patients., Methods: Data from January 2016 to January 2022 was reviewed for patients with ED who either failed PDE5I treatment or had a successful outcome. Demographic, medical, and laboratory data were collected and analyzed. Patients with contraindications or who did not complete the treatment were excluded., Results: The treatment failure group comprised 288 patients, while 225 age-matched patients formed the control responder group. There were no significant differences in marriage duration, comorbidities, smoking, or BMI. However, HbA1c levels, free testosterone, and SHBG were significantly different between the two groups., Conclusion: This study found that high HbA1c levels, low free testosterone, and high sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were associated with PDE5I treatment failure. Managing high HbA1c levels and addressing hormonal imbalances may enhance PDE5I treatment effectiveness in ED patients. However, further research is needed to explore other factors contributing to treatment outcomes., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Albarakati et al.)

This case report describes a two-step percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in a 22-year-old male who had severe kyphoscoliosis and a malrotated kidney. The operation was performed with the patient under general anesthesia and in the left lateral decubitus position. All stones were successfully removed. No complications occurred during surgery, and the patient recovered well. Regardless of the posed challenges for kidney stone treatment in patients with spinal deformities, PCNL is not only a minimally invasive but also a safe and effective treatment option when done under correct positioning. The success rate is high, and the morbidity rate is low. According to the literature, only 125 cases of PCNL implications in kyphoscoliosis patients have been reported in emerging case reports and case series., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2021, Alomar et al.)

The bulbar urethra is the most common site of anterior urethral strictures. In this case report, we present a 30-year-old male who was referred to us as a case of mid-bulbar urethral stricture. Urethroplasty was booked and a papillary lesion was found on routine diagnostic cystoscopy. An open biopsy was taken which showed invasive high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation. This case is rare in terms of a young age of incidence, a lack of risk factors, an absence of suspicious symptoms, and a short duration of signs and symptoms. Urologists should consider workup for malignancy even in young patients who present with an idiopathic urethral stricture and a short duration of symptoms., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2021, Alghafees et al.)

Background Obesity in Saudi Arabia is on the rise, especially among females who are more likely to suffer from obesity in the reproductive age group than males in the adult age group. Biologically, pregnancy can increase women's weight and put them at greater risk for adverse obstetric outcomes. Objectives To find the prevalence of obesity among pregnant women and their obstetric outcomes. Methods This retrospective study was conducted on pregnant women who delivered between January 2013 and May 2018 at the obstetrics clinic of King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A datasheet was formed to collect data from the medical records of these pregnant women. The analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 26 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY). A p-value of < 0.05 was used to calculate statistical significance. Results A total of 9,095 pregnant women delivered during that period. Of those women, a total of 2,235 were found to be obese, and 1,842 were included in the study. A total of 1,130 women were categorized under Class I obesity, 458 were categorized under Class II obesity, and 254 were categorized under Class III obesity. The majority of the sample were Saudis (72.3%) and young adults (90.8%) with 1,672 cases. The average age was 31.7 (standard deviation (SD): 5.9). Twenty percent of the sample had preterm newborns, while the majority (62.4%) ended up with cesarean delivery. Advanced age, multipara, and cesarean delivery were statistically significant with adverse pregnancy outcomes (p < 0.05). Conclusion As demonstrated in this study, obesity among females in Saudi Arabia has increased over the past decade. Hence, this puts them at higher risk of developing adverse pregnancy outcomes, as pregnancy physiologically results in additional weight gain. Proper antenatal counseling, health education, and a comprehensive plan prior to conception are highly recommended., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2021, Fallatah et al.)