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Purpose: Health system of a country is backbone of economy. It has fundamental importance in sustainable development of a country. Aim of this article is to excavate future challenges to health system of selected 106 countries. Design/Methodology/Approach: It is a country level comparative analysis of health risk factors. Design of the study includes review of literature, data extraction and analysis. The cross-sectional secondary data has been drawn from website of World Development Indicators (WDI) 2020. Grey relational analysis is used as technique of investigation. Findings: Results show that majorly, member countries of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have exceptionally high grey relational grade, therefore, are considered to be countries having less future health risks, whereas, Southern African Development Community (SADC) have exceptionally low grey relational grade, therefore, have high future health risk. Implications/Originality/Value: It is a unique study using different dataset and methods that provides valuable insights to political governments, researchers and health system managers.

Purpose: The primary objective of the paper is to synthesise the available literature on technology and innovation management in business firms. The study examines and elaborates the sequential relationship between all constructs that ensure innovation and technology management happen in an integrated way. Approach/Design/Methodology: The study employs a qualitative approach of deductive reasoning, based on the reverse engineering method. Existing literature has been used as secondary data to harmonize the constructs as delineated in the conceptual framework for the research. Findings: Several empirical and conceptual studies besides academic contributions have reasonably helped to find that innovation and technology management require essential support of creativity, knowledge and leadership vision. Not only a significant relationship exists but a sequential order is also affirmed for the whole process. Originality / Value: This study presents the mechanism through which organizations can ensure better innovation and technology management. The inclusion of vision, knowledge and creativity in an orderly manner has added another dimension to the subject matter as a new contribution. It will help researchers, academicians and decision-makers to look into the process in a different yet practical manner.

Aim of the study is to evaluate climate selected sixty-six countries of the world. Since climate plays a vital role in economic growth of any country and there is dearth of climate models comparing country-wise position to predict as how climate of country is relatively better than others and how it may change in the future and how will it affect on businesses. Overall design of the study consists of review of literature, data elicitation & analysis. It follows quantitative research philosophy based on secondary data obtained from World Development Indicators (WDI). Grey relational analysis is used method of analysis. A classification is made under a predetermined scheme of ensigns like: much better, better, somewhat better, fair, poor, somewhat worse and worse. Results of the study show that Arabian Countries (AC), mostly member countries of European Union (EE), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) have much better and conducive climate, whereas, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries have worse and unfavorable climate for business. It is an original and valuable study that uses country level data from a reliable source. Results of the study are useful for international business community, political governments, society at large and researchers.

Aim of the study is to evaluate ease of doing business though analysis of trade facilitations by different countries. The scope of the study involves one hundred and twenty-seven countries of the world and uses secondary data taken from World Development Indicators (WDI) 2020. Overall design of study consists of review of literature, data extraction and analysis. This study uses Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) as research methodology. Results show that member countries of OECD performed exceptionally well, whereas, member countries of SADC have exceptionally poor performance on agenda of ease of doing business and trade facilitations. The study is useful for existing and potential business owners/mangers, policy makers and researchers. It uses reliable country level original dataset therefore findings of the study are valuable for stakeholders.

International trade has fundamental importance for all the countries and the analysis concerning international trade particularly concerning tariff barriers is high on the agenda of researchers in the field of economics, business and politics. Aim of the study is to assess the world tariff barriers of 158 countries. Overall design of the study comprises of a crisp literature review, data extraction and analysis. It is a study of one hundred fifty-eight countries that uses secondary data taken from World Development Indicators (WDI) 2020. It uses Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) as research methodology. Results of GRA show that Macao SAR, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Montenegro, Mauritius, Brunei Darussalam, Myanmar, Chile, Peru and Australia have relatively highest grey relational grades meaning thereby, low tariff trade barriers whereas Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Central African Republic, Nepal, Guinea-Bissau, Fiji, Gabon, Barbados, Djibouti, St. Kitts and Nevis have lowest grey relational grade meaning thereby, these countries have high level of tariff based barriers of international trade. Interestingly, all the member countries of European Union occupy the rank of 27 (i.e. all countries have the same rank) which can be explained in the perspective of their union of tariff. Since, they have uniformed tariff policy as against rest of the world, therefore, have same rank. It is a study based on reliable real time data set. The study has value for all stakeholders i.e. international community, local governments, society at large, policy makers, researchers and international institutions.

Aim of the study is to appraise women development in selected thirty-six countries with special reference to Pakistan. The design of the study comprises of survey of literature, data elicitation and analysis. The study uses grey incidence analysis model (usually known as Grey Relational Analysis or simply GRA). The model has been applied on the secondary data extracted from the website of World Development Indicators (WDI). The countries included in the analysis have been selected on the basis of availability of data. From the result of GRA it can be learnt that thirty-six countries of the world are classified into seven different categories. There are five countries (namely Estonia, Hungary, Slovak Republic, Thailand and Ecuador) categorized as countries having exceptionally high women development, whereas, five countries under each next ensign (very high, high, moderate, low and very low). There are six countries (namely Tanzania, Madagascar, Cote d'Ivoire, Pakistan, Nigeria and Afghanistan) categorized under the ensign of exceptionally low. Pakistan fall under the ensign of exceptionally low. This study is designed on an original country level data extracted from very reliable source and the results of the study are useful for regulators, researchers, NGOs and other stakeholders of the phenomenon by way of providing deeper and new information.

This study explores importance of Tacit Knowledge (TK) sharing for formal loan makers in Pakistan. Main objective of the study is to expound, conceptualize and hierarchicalize the factors of TK critical to credit decision making. The study follows positivist approach and overall research design consists of literature review, field survey and data analyses. Data was collected from credit officers of Pakistani banks. Following the triangulation approach for confirmation and comparison of results, multiple techniques viz EFA, GRA and RIDIT were employed. Results of EFA showed that there are eight major dynamics of TK. Findings of GRA revealed that TK about recovery of loans is the most important factor hence occupies the highest GRA rank, whereas, the TK about resources of borrowers occupies the lowest rank. RIDIT analysis showed that TK about multitude of business sectors is the most important factor hence occupies the highest RIDIT rank, whereas, TK about capacity to repay the loans occupies the lowest rank. Juxtaposition of results of GRA and RIDIT revealed that TK gained during recovery of loans is one of the most important factors. It is a seminal study in the area of knowledge management particularly in context of Pakistani banks based on original data collected in field setting. The study gives insight of critical factors of TK, which has high value for credit personnel in banks. The results are useful for decision makers in banks, academicians and researchers.

Identifying, ranking, exhuming and classifying the relations among the critical resemblances between Islamic and conventional banking is aim of this study. It also discusses the structure of these resemblances and devises valuable guidelines for discerners. It follows qualitative paradigm of research philosophy and overall design consists of review of literature, data collection and analysis. Literature review is used to prepare a list of resemblances, Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) is employed for ranking, exhuming and modeling the relationships among resemblances, whereas, cross impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) for substantiating the results of ISM by classifying factors into independent, dependent, linkage and autonomous clusters. Through the discourse of literature review a list of eighteen critical resemblances has been prepared. Results of ISM show that resemblance in rating system and resemblance in public perception occupy highest rank therefore are least critical, whereas, resemblance in settlement of cost of funds and similar employee qualification occupy bottom of the model therefore are the most critical. MICMAC analysis validates the results of ISM. This study is helpful to discerners who want to understand differences and similarities between two paradigms of banking. It is equally useful for regulators, management, employees, customers, researchers, religious scholars and society at large being an original attempt by the authors substantiated by real time survey data collected from experts on the issue.