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In 2022, the Society for Reproductive Biology came together in Christchurch New Zealand (NZ), for its first face-to-face meeting since the global COVID-19 pandemic. The meeting showcased recent advancements in reproductive research across a diverse range of themes relevant to human health and fertility, exotic species conservation, and agricultural breeding practices. Here, we highlight the key advances presented across the main themes of the meeting, including advances in addressing opportunities and challenges in reproductive health related to First Nations people in Australia and NZ; increasing conservation success of exotic species, including ethical management of invasive species; improvements in our understanding of developmental biology, specifically seminal fluid signalling, ovarian development and effects of environmental impacts such as endocrine-disrupting chemicals; and leveraging scientific breakthroughs in reproductive engineering to drive solutions for fertility, including in assisted reproductive technologies in humans and agricultural industries, and for regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explanatory note: The following text is described in the Ngāti Rangi mita (dialect), although concepts may be similar e.g. Mouri = Mauri, the spelling reflects the tribal vernacular. Context: National biodiversity monitoring in Aotearoa, New Zealand is primarily conducted within Eurocentric conservation frameworks. At present, Māori (Indigenous Peoples of Aotearoa) have limited interaction and role within these programs. Aims: We explored a biocultural monitoring tool based on mātauranga (Māori knowledge) to inform Ngāti Rangi (a central North Island Māori tribe) about the health of spatially separate, but ecologically similar, forests within the Ngāti Rangi tribal estate. Methods: We did a series of noho taiao (community workshops) and one on one interviews to collect the values that expressed a Ngāti Rangi world view, to measure the health of the ngahere (forest). Gradients and indicators were developed to apply a measure of ngahere health. The metrics were trialled in three forests to create a group understanding. The interviews provided an observation of ngahere health and assessed intergenerational differences in how forest health is perceived. Key results: Rongoā, Manu, Ngahere , Wai , and Tangata were themes prioritised by Ngāti Rangi. Biocultural indicators revealed moderate health across the three forest sites, whilst the more ecological-based indicators indicated moderate to strong levels of health. Age-related differences in how forest condition indicated evidence of an inter-generational shift. However, it was agreed that the forest health had declined over the past 30–40 years. Conclusions: A full sensory evaluation of forest health facilitates a deep relational connection to place, which coupled with philosophies such as reciprocity and whakapapa , are vital features of a biocultural conservation approach. Implications: Cultural–ecological constructs are key in relationships between Indigenous Peoples and their environments. Biocultural approaches can contribute to reversing the current biodiversity crisis, through partnering in placed-based solutions. Indigenous peoples' biocultural visions are poorly represented in mainstream conservation. Māori, of Aotearoa, New Zealand, desire equity in managing their natural resources, and have developed biocultural monitoring approaches. Decolonising conservation systems reinvigorates and supports Indigenous peoples self-determination, and is a step in reversing global biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Knowledge gaps exist for the interference of Avena ludoviciana and Argemone mexicana in chickpea grown in eastern Australia. Aims: This research aimed to examine the effect of different interference levels of A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana for their potential to cause yield loss in chickpea. Methods: Experiments were conducted in a randomised complete block design with five weed infestation levels of both weeds (none, low, medium, high, and very high) in three replications. Key results: Infestations of A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana at 15 and 17 plants m−2 caused an 83 and 48% reduction in chickpea yield, respectively, compared with weed-free situations. Based on the regression model, a 50% yield reduction of chickpea occurred at 10 and 17 plants m−2 of A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana , respectively. Based on the modified hyperbolic model, maximum seed production of A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana in chickpea at an infestation level of 1 plant m−2 was estimated at 366 and 7800 seeds m−2, respectively. At crop harvest, seed retention of A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana was greater than 50 and 90%, respectively. Conclusions: A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana infestation in chickpea caused a substantial reduction in crop yield. High seed retention in A. mexicana and A. ludoviciana in chickpea suggests the possibility to manage these two weeds through harvest weed seed control. Implications: The information generated from this study could help in strengthening integrated weed management in chickpea. Knowledge gaps exist for the interference of Avena ludoviciana and Argemone mexicana in chickpea in Australia. About 50% yield reduction of chickpea occurred at 10 and 17 plants m−2 of A. ludoviciana and A. mexicana , respectively. High seed retention in A. mexicana and A. ludoviciana in chickpea suggests the possibility to manage these two weeds through harvest weed seed control for strengthening integrated weed management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quadrennial International Deer Biology Congresses reflect the world-wide interest in the ecology, biology, and conservation biology of deer and use of cervine products. The origins and development of the International Deer Biology Congress are described in this article. The International Deer Biology Congresses grew out of a series of international conferences on deer biology. The origins and development of the International Deer Biology Congress are described in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of a remarkable new palm bug species on Norfolk Island brings into question its systematic position within the family Thaumastocoridae, and the validity and biogeography of the three extant subfamilies. Latebracoris norfolcensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is described from remote Norfolk Island in the Southwest Pacific. The species was found on the native Norfolk Island palm Rhopalostylis baueri. The formal description of the species includes fine details of external non-genitalic and genitalic characters, supported with images from light and scanning electron microscopy. Details of the egg are described, including the shape and micropylar configuration. All nymphal stages are diagnosed morphologically and morphometrically, with the segregation of the five instars using the Brooks–Dyar Rule. The natural history of the Norfolk Island Palm Bug is documented, including the oviposition site of eggs, and microhabitat of nymphs and adults on palm infructescences, with hypotheses about development in relation to reproductive succession of the palm host. The systematic position of the Norfolk Island Palm Bug is assessed through a phylogenetic analysis of a selection of taxa of the superfamily Miroidea, using the parsimony criterion. The phylogenetic analyses were partitioned into Recent and fossil taxa, revealing monophyly of the Thaumastocoridae, and the subfamilies Thaumastocorinae and Xylastodorinae, with synapomorphy and significant resampling support. The Thaicorinae are verified as synonymous with the Xylastodorinae. The monotypic fossil subfamily Thaumastotinginae is removed from the Thaumastocoridae and treated as incertae familiae. Suprageneric relationships were corroborated in the two taxon partition analyses. An overview of host associations is given verifying palm specialism for the Xylastodorinae. The natural history, palm specialism, biogeography, morphology and systematics of the Xylastodorinae and allies are discussed in light of the discovery of Latebracoris norfolcensis. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:40A20DE4-6489-4B67-BF2E-0B7256BA1CD1 This work reports on the discovery of a remarkable new palm bug of the true bug family Thaumastocoridae on Norfolk Island. This new genus and new species, Latebracoris norfolcensis , is described, along with an analysis of the phylogenetic position and biology, including association with the native Norfolk Island palm, Rhopalostylis baueri. This species has biogeographic significance due to being the first record of the subfamily Xylastodorinae in Australia, and possible connections to New Caledonia, South America and South-east Asia, and isolation on one of the most remote islands in the Pacific. (Photograph by Anthony Postle.) IS23040_TOC.jpg [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article summarises the careers of ten women who have made an amazing contribution to our knowledge of Australian coral reefs and their management, and how this contribution has been used by the Great Barrier Reef Committee (subsequently the Australian Coral Reef Society) to conserve and manage our reefs—an ongoing process in the face of climate change. This paper highlights the critical role that women have played in Australian coral reef science over the last 90 years, through documenting the biodiversity, ecology and functioning of coral reefs. The scientific contributions of ten outstanding women are summarised, along with how they broke down barriers by working on oceanographic vessels and undertaking research in remote areas, while also using their expertise to advocate for the management and conservation of Australia's diverse coral reefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the backdrop of a global pandemic, the Society for Reproductive Biology (SRB) 2021 meeting reunited the Australian and New Zealand reproductive research community for the first time since 2019 and was the first virtual SRB meeting. Despite the recent global research disruptions, the conference revealed significant advancements in reproductive research, the importance of which span human health, agriculture, and conservation. A core theme was novel technologies, including the use of medical microrobots for therapeutic and sperm delivery, diagnostic hyperspectral imaging, and hydrogel condoms with potential beyond contraception. The importance of challenging the contraceptive status quo was further highlighted with innovations in gene therapies, non-hormonal female contraceptives, epigenetic semen analysis, and in applying evolutionary theory to suppress pest population reproduction. How best to support pregnancies, particularly in the context of global trends of increasing maternal age, was also discussed, with several promising therapies for improved outcomes in assisted reproductive technology, pre-eclampsia, and pre-term birth prevention. The unique insights gained via non-model species was another key focus and presented research emphasised the importance of studying diverse systems to understand fundamental aspects of reproductive biology and evolution. Finally, the meeting highlighted how to effectively translate reproductive research into policy and industry practice. The Society for Reproductive Biology (SRB) is an Australian and New Zealand based organisation that supports basic and applied research across all aspects of reproductive biology. This review highlights the key themes from the annual SRB meeting, which was held virtually in 2021. Topics included novel technologies in reproduction, advances in contraception, non-model species, reproductive ageing and sustaining a pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sponge genus Oscarella is very important for the understanding of the early evolution of Metazoa, but the identification of its species is particularly difficult due to the absence of a skeleton and high polymorphism, leading to an underestimate of its diversity. The discovery of nine distinct morphotypes of Oscarella co-existing in cryptic habitats in south-east Brazil represents a taxonomic puzzle that requires an integrative taxonomic approach for species delimitation. Here we combined genetic (cox-1 and cob genes), morphological, anatomical, cytological, microbiological, reproductive and ecological datasets to delimit and describe three new species of Oscarella , one of which is highly polymorphic. Oscarella aurantia , sp. nov. is orange, microlobate, with metachromatic vacuolar cells, granular cells, and microgranular cells. Oscarella carollineae , sp. nov. is intertidal, cream or red, microlobate, with granulo-vacuolar cells, dense globular cells, and granular cells. Oscarella ruthae , sp. nov. is highly polymorphic, with tubular or papillate lobes; colour violet, pink, purple, red, orange or cream, often with shades of cream or green at the base; abundant clusters of vacuolar cells type 1, and rare vacuolar cells type 2 and microgranular cells. No single character was sufficient for species delimitation due to high intraspecific variation. Integration of multiple datasets was essential to delimit species of Oscarella and would also be helpful for the taxonomy of other polymorphic sponges. ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0CA34949-1C29-46E8-9AB3-E89F73909E37 The species of the sponge genus Oscarella are difficult to define because they have no skeleton, and some species may be highly variable. We found nine types of Oscarella co-existing in south-east Brazil and we combined genetic, morphological, anatomical, cytological, microbiological, reproductive and ecological information to determine how many species are there. As a result, we described three new species of Oscarella , of which one is highly variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) is a short single-stranded deoxyribonucleotide complementary to the sense strand of a selected nucleic acid. As a result, an ASO can modulate gene expression through several mechanisms. The technology based on ASO has already been applied in studies on gene function in mammalian cells and selective therapeutic strategies for many diseases. The conceptual simplicity and low cost of this method, and the developments in the field of plant genome sequencing observed in the last decades, have paved the way for the ASO method also in plant biology. It is applied in gene function analysis as well as the development of non-invasive plant production technology involving gene modifications without transgenesis. Therefore, the first part of this review provides a comprehensive overview of the structure, mechanism of action and delivery methods of ASOs in plants and shows the most important features essential for the proper design of individual experiments. We also discuss potential issues and difficulties that may arise during practical ASO implementation. The second part of this article contains an analysis of ASO applications in various studies in the field of plant biology. We presented for the first time that ASOs were also successfully applied in cucumber. This paper reviews important features implementing experiments using antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) technology in plants. Strong social non-acceptance of GMO creates demand for the development of the alternative technologies not connected with introducing of foreign genes into the plant genome. ASO technology seems to be one of the solution that meets these demands. Many successful applications of ASO in different plant species have already been reported. For the first time, we present ASOs successfully applied in Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground pearls (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), so called for their shiny spherical cyst stage, are important root-feeding pests of a broad range of plants predominantly belonging to the family Poaceae. In the tropical and subtropical regions of eastern Australia, ground pearl species cause significant damage on sugarcane and turf grasses and have been identified at multiple sites of pasture dieback in Queensland. The potential impact of ground pearls on pasture production in Australia and elsewhere is largely unknown. This paper reviews Australian and international literature on the biology and management of this poorly understood group of pests. Ground pearls have several features that make control difficult, including a resilient cyst which provides resistance to drought and excessive moisture, a relative impermeability to insecticides, and ease of dispersal through movement of soil. Ground pearls can also modulate the period of encystment to survive adverse environmental conditions, with some species capable of surviving for years while disassociated from a host. No insecticide effectively controls ground pearl cysts. Biological control agents have been identified for some species; however, these pathogens are relatively ineffective on subterranean ground pearl cysts. Cultural control methods such as cultivation and fallowing have helped to reduce ground pearl populations in sugarcane. In turf, practices that maintain plant health such as adequate irrigation and nutrition can mask signs of ground pearl infestation. The paucity of research conducted on the biology and impact of ground pearls represents a constraint to improving management of this pest. Ground pearls are important pests of a broad range of plants predominantly belonging to the grass family (Poaceae). In eastern Australia, they cause significant damage on sugarcane and turf grasses, and have recently been found in pasture situations in Queensland, but their impacts are unknown. This work reviews Australian and international literature on the biology and management of ground pearls, finding that relatively little research has been undertaken and several knowledge gaps remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-nine endangered brush-tailed rock-wallabies (Petrogale penicillata) were reintroduced to Grampians National Park, western Victoria, between 2008 and 2012. Subsequent high mortality, low breeding, and no recruitment were linked to fox predation and physical disturbance during monitoring. From 2014 to 2017, the colony was left undisturbed and monitored only by remote camera. Five adult animals were identified across this period (1 ♂ and 3 ♀s -- all tagged; and one untagged female), and an average of 0.7 pouch young were birthed per tagged female per year. In 2019, camera-monitoring and non-invasive genetic monitoring (faecal) were used to identify colony members, genetic diversity, and breeding. Camera monitoring in 2019 identified the same five individuals, whereas genetic monitoring using 12 microsatellites identified eight individuals (two male and six female genotypes). Genetic diversity within the colony was moderate (expected heterozygosity (He) = 0.655, observed heterozygosity (Ho) = 0.854). Leaving the colony undisturbed after 2013 correlated with improved adult survival, increased breeding, and successful recruitment of young to the population. Recommendations for the Grampians colony include continuation of regular camera- and scat monitoring to improve our understanding of the reintroduction biology of P. penicillata and other marsupials in open, unfenced landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Windmill grass (Chloris truncata R.Br.) and feathertop Rhodes grass (Chloris virgata Sw.) are two weeds of the northern region of Australia that are rapidly expanding in range, being favoured by conservation agricultural systems and prevailing weed management using a narrow pool of herbicides. Information on competitiveness and seed-production dynamics of these weeds is lacking for mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), a major summer crop in the region. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of different densities of these weed species on crop yield of mungbean in the 2016–17 (2016) and 2017–18 (2017) seasons. Windmill grass reduced mungbean yields by 56% with 39 weed plants m–2 in 2016 and 55% with 47 weed plants m–2 in 2017. Windmill grass produced a maximum of 98 708 seeds m–2 in 2016 and 118 613 seeds m–2 in 2017, and there was 15–21% seed dispersal at crop harvest. Competition from feathertop Rhodes grass resulted in yield losses of 73% with 49 weed plants m–2 and 65% with 45 weed plants m–2. Feathertop Rhodes grass produced a maximum of 229 514 seeds m–2 in 2016 and 367 190 seeds m–2 in 2017, and seed dispersal at crop harvest was only 3–7%. Competition from both weed species resulted in a significant reduction in number of pods per m2, grains per pod and 1000-grain weight of mungbean. These results show that windmill grass and feathertop Rhodes are highly competitive against mungbean, and their timely management is crucial for minimising yield loss. Although both weeds produced a substantial number of seeds, seed dispersal at crop harvest was low, especially for feathertop Rhodes grass. The high weed-seed retention relative to maturity of mungbean may help in managing these problematic weeds through various means including weed-seed capturing and destruction Knowledge of competitiveness of weeds in crops will provide valuable information for weed management. A study assessed the competitiveness and seed-production dynamics of windmill grass and feathertop Rhodes grass in mungbean crops, and showed that both the weeds were highly competitive and led to substantial reduction in crop yield. Abundant weed seed was produced at crop harvest; however, the high weed seed retention may help in managing these problematic weeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australian lizards are a diverse group distributed across the continent and inhabiting a wide range of environments. Together, they exhibit a remarkable diversity of reproductive morphologies, physiologies, and behaviours that is broadly representative of vertebrates in general. Many reproductive traits exhibited by Australian lizards have evolved independently in multiple lizard lineages, including sociality, complex signalling and mating systems, viviparity, and temperature-dependent sex determination. Australian lizards are thus outstanding model organisms for testing hypotheses about how reproductive traits function and evolve, and they provide an important basis of comparison with other animals that exhibit similar traits. We review how research on Australian lizard reproduction has contributed to answering broader evolutionary and ecological questions that apply to animals in general. We focus on reproductive traits, processes, and strategies that are important areas of current research, including behaviours and signalling involved in courtship; mechanisms involved in mating, egg production, and sperm competition; nesting and gestation; sex determination; and finally, birth in viviparous species. We use our review to identify important questions that emerge from an understanding of this body of research when considered holistically. Finally, we identify additional research questions within each topic that Australian lizards are well suited for reproductive biologists to address. Australian lizards exhibit a diversity of reproductive traits and provide excellent opportunities to study how those traits function and evolve. We review the contributions that Australian lizard research has made to understanding animal reproductive biology. We then highlight major emergent and outstanding research questions, and urge readers to consider Australian lizards as ideal model organisms for addressing these questions. Photo by C. Friesen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid breeding in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has the potential to deliver major yield increases. This is a requisite to guarantee food security for increasing population demands and to counterbalance the effects of extreme environmental conditions. Successful hybrid breeding in wheat relies on forced outcrossing while preventing self-pollination. To achieve this, research has been directed towards identifying and improving fertility control systems. To maximise cross-pollination and seed set, however, fertility control systems need to be complemented by breeding phenotypically distinct male and female lines. This review summarises existing and novel male sterility systems for wheat hybridisation. We also consider the genetic resources that can be used to alter wheat's floral development and spike morphology, with a focus on the genetic variation already available. Exploiting these resources can lead to enhanced outcrossing, a key requirement in the progress towards hybrid wheat breeding. The ability to sustain the global population in the current climate crisis requires new agricultural approaches and improved breeding strategies. Hybrid breeding, already commonly used for maize and rice, could potentially be implemented in wheat if the challenge of increasing outcrossing is addressed. In this review, we provide an overview of how the wheat plant might be modified to increase outcrossing, thereby rendering hybrid breeding in wheat more feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2019 meeting of the Society for Reproductive Biology (SRB) provided a platform for the dissemination of new knowledge and innovations to improve reproductive health in humans, enhance animal breeding efficiency and understand the effect of the environment on reproductive processes. The effects of environment and lifestyle on fertility and animal behaviour are emerging as the most important modern issues facing reproductive health. Here, we summarise key highlights from recent work on endocrine-disrupting chemicals and diet- and lifestyle-induced metabolic changes and how these factors affect reproduction. This is particularly important to discuss in the context of potential effects on the reproductive potential that may be imparted to future generations of humans and animals. In addition to key summaries of new work in the male and female reproductive tract and on the health of the placenta, for the first time the SRB meeting included a workshop on endometriosis. This was an important opportunity for researchers, healthcare professionals and patient advocates to unite and provide critical updates on efforts to reduce the effect of this chronic disease and to improve the welfare of the women it affects. These new findings and directions are captured in this review. Our health during adulthood begins as early as fertilisation. The Society for Reproductive Biology (SRB) in Australia supports research into the crucial factors governing reproductive health that underlie our ability to improve the health of future generations. This review captures highlights from the SRB annual meeting held in Sydney in August 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Survival of the embryo and establishment of a pregnancy is a critical period in the reproductive function of female cattle. This review examines how the transforming growth factor-β (TGFB) superfamily (i.e. bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 15, growth differentiation factor (GDF) 9, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)) and interferon-τ (IFNT) affect ovarian function and embryo development. The oocyte in a primary follicle secretes BMP15 and GDF9, which, together, organise the surrounding granulosa and theca cells into the oocyte–cumulus–follicle complex. At the same time, the granulosa secretes AMH, which affects the oocyte. This autocrine–paracrine dialogue between the oocyte and somatic cells continues throughout follicle development and is fundamental in establishing the fertilisation potential and embryo developmental competency of oocytes. The early bovine embryo secretes IFNT, which acts at the uterine endometrium, corpus luteum and blood leucocytes. IFNT is involved in the maternal recognition of pregnancy and immunomodulation to prevent rejection of the embryo, and supports progesterone secretion. Manipulation of BMP15, GDF9, AMH and IFNT in both in vivo and in vitro studies has confirmed their importance in reproductive function in female cattle. This review makes the case that a deeper understanding of the biology of BMP15, GDF9, AMH and IFNT will lead to new strategies to increase embryo survival and improve fertility in cattle. The enhancement of oocyte quality, early embryo development and implantation is considered necessary for the next step change in the efficiency of natural and assisted reproduction in cattle. Early embryo survival and successful implantation are of obvious fundamental importance in establishing a pregnancy in cattle, yet have received surprisingly little attention. A comprehensive review of the literature has identified early development of ovarian follicles and the first 3 weeks of embryo development as critical periods that determine reproductive success. A deeper understanding of these critical periods in female reproductive biology will inform the next step change in improving the efficiency of natural and assisted reproduction in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brassica tournefortii Gouan. (wild turnip, WT) has become a problematic weed in the no-till production systems of the northern grains region of Australia. Experiments were undertaken using different biotypes of B. tournefortii to examine its phenology, emergence and seedbank persistence. Biotypes were obtained from paddocks of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (WT1 and WT9) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) (WT1/17 and WT2/17). Fresh seeds initially had high dormancy rates and persisted for a short period on the surface. Seedbank persistence increased with burial depth, with 39% of seeds remaining for WT1 and 5% for WT9 after 30 months at 2 cm depth. Persistence of buried seeds varied across biotypes; WT1/17 seedlings also emerged in the second growing season from 2 cm depth. Compared with buried seeds, seedlings readily emerged from the surface (in March–June following increased rainfall) within 6 months of planting. Emergence was greatest on the surface and varied between biotypes and tillage systems; the highest rate recorded was ~14%. Multiple cohorts were produced between February and October. No-till systems produced higher emergence rates than conventional tillage systems. Seedlings of B. tournefortii did not emerge from 5 cm soil depth; therefore, diligent tillage practices without seedbank replenishment could rapidly reduce the presence of this weed. A soil-moisture study revealed that at 25% of water-holding capacity, B. tournefortii tended to produce sufficient seeds for reinfestation in the field. Brassica tournefortii is a cross-pollinated species, and its wider emergence time and capacity to produce enough seeds in a dry environment enable it to become widespread in Australia. Early cohorts (March) tended to have vigorous growth and high reproduction potential. This study found B. tournefortii to be a poor competitor of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), having greater capacity to compete with the slow-growing crop chickpea. Therefore, control of early-season cohorts and use of rotations with a more vigorous crop such as wheat may reduce the seedbank. The information gained in this study will be important in developing better understanding of seed ecology of B. tournefortii for the purpose of developing integrated management strategies. In this study of Brassica tournefortii , a problematic weed in no-till production systems of northern Australia, seeds were shown to persist for a short period on the soil surface and emergence was high from the soil surface. Brassica tournefortii could compete with chickpea and has a tendency to produce sufficient seeds under water-stress condition for reinfestation. A strategy of diligent control of seedlings during a 6–12-month fallow could exhaust the seedbank, resulting in a minimal weed problem in the following crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and applications have enabled numerous critical advances in legume biology, from marker discovery to whole-genome sequencing, and will provide many new avenues for legume research in the future. The past 6 years in particular have seen revolutionary advances in legume science because of the use of high-throughput sequencing, including the development of numerous types of markers and data useful for evolutionary studies above and below the species level that have enabled resolution of relationships that were previously unattainable. Such resolution, in turn, affords opportunities for hypothesis testing and inference to improve our understanding of legume biodiversity and the patterns and processes that have created one of the most diverse plant families on earth. In addition, the genomics era has seen significant advances in our understanding of the ecology of legumes, including their role as nitrogen fixers in global ecosystems. The accumulation of genetic and genomic data in the form of sequenced genomes and gene-expression profiles made possible through NGS platforms has also vastly affected plant-breeding and conservation efforts. Here, we summarise the knowledge gains enabled by NGS methods in legume biology from the perspectives of evolution, ecology, and development of genetic and genomic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and applications have enabled numerous critical advances in legume biology, from marker discovery to whole-genome sequencing, and will provide many new avenues for legume research in the future. The past 6 years in particular have seen revolutionary advances in legume science because of the use of high-throughput sequencing, including the development of numerous types of markers and data useful for evolutionary studies above and below the species level that have enabled resolution of relationships that were previously unattainable. Such resolution, in turn, affords opportunities for hypothesis testing and inference to improve our understanding of legume biodiversity and the patterns and processes that have created one of the most diverse plant families on earth. In addition, the genomics era has seen significant advances in our understanding of the ecology of legumes, including their role as nitrogen fixers in global ecosystems. The accumulation of genetic and genomic data in the form of sequenced genomes and gene-expression profiles made possible through NGS platforms has also vastly affected plant-breeding and conservation efforts. Here, we summarise the knowledge gains enabled by NGS methods in legume biology from the perspectives of evolution, ecology, and development of genetic and genomic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major goal in agricultural research is to develop 'elite' crops with stronger, resilient root systems. Within this context, breeding practices have focussed on developing plant varieties that are, primarily, able to withstand pathogen attack and, secondarily, able to maximise plant productivity. Although great strides towards breeding disease-tolerant or -resistant root stocks have been made, this has come at a cost. Emerging studies in certain crop species suggest that domestication of crops, together with soil management practices aimed at improving plant yield, may hinder beneficial soil microbial association or reduce microbial diversity in soil. To achieve more sustainable management of agricultural lands, we must not only shift our soil management practices but also our breeding strategy to include contributions from beneficial microbes. For this latter point, we need to advance our understanding of how plants communicate with, and are able to differentiate between, microbes of different lifestyles. Here, we present a review of the key findings on belowground plant–microbial interactions that have been made over the past decade, with a specific focus on how plants and microbes communicate. We also discuss the currently unresolved questions in this area, and propose plausible ways to use currently available research and integrate fast-emerging '-omics' technologies to tackle these questions. Combining past and developing research will enable the development of new crop varieties that will have new, value-added phenotypes belowground. One of the penultimate aims in farming is to grow high yielding crops in a sustainable way. One of the main issues facing breeders, however, is how to balance plant immunity with improved nutrient use efficiency and other value-added attributes. Here we review some of the recent advances in understanding plant–microbe symbioses, and propose how these data may help future breeding effort to produce stronger crop varieties that require fewer inputs while maintaining high productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the evolutionary significance of Homoscleromorpha, their diversity and biology are largely unknown. Here we integrate data of morphology, cytology, microbiology, ecology, reproduction, and mitochondrial cox - 1 and cob gene sequences to resolve a complex of sympatric species of Plakina in South-eastern Brazil. All datasets congruently supported the delimitation of three species, two of which are new to science. Plakina coerulea has its distribution extended from one locality to over 2360 km wide. Plakina cabofriense , sp. nov. also occurs in North-eastern Brazil. Plakina cyanorosea , sp. nov. occurs only in a single, small tide pool and may be critically endangered. Plakina cyanorosea , sp. nov. produces conspicuous, abundant larvae useful for laboratory investigations. A thin, bright orange organic coat covers some spicules of P. cabofriense , sp. nov. and P. cyanorosea , sp. nov. The three Plakina species harbour diverse microbial symbiont communities, including previously unknown morphologies. Molecular phylogenies and barcoding gaps based on cox - 1 and cob sequences supported that each species is monophyletic and distinct from other congeners. The genus Plakina is paraphyletic and strongly needs redefinition. The integrative approach provides new data that widens our knowledge of Homoscleromorpha diversity, distribution and biology. Despite the evolutionary significance of the Homoscleromorpha (Porifera), its diversity and biology are largely unknown. Here we integrated data of morphology, cytology, microbiology, ecology, reproduction, and cox - 1 and cob gene sequences to distinguish three species of Plakina in Brazil, two of which are new to science. The integrative taxonomy approach widened our knowledge of Homoscleromorpha diversity, distribution and biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Australia, Sonchus oleraceus has been emerging as a major weed in conservation agricultural systems. The effect of environmental factors on germination and emergence of S. oleraceus was assessed on populations collected from Gatton (SOG) and St. George (SOS) regions of Australia, which are high and low rainfall regions respectively. Germination of both populations responded similarly to various environmental factors studied. Although S. oleraceus seeds germinated under a broad range of temperatures (15/5, 20/10, 25/15 and 30/208C day/night), germination was lower at 15/58C. There was only 47-53% germination under dark conditions compared with 62-87% under alternating light-dark. Germination was only 2 and 3% at -0.8 MPa osmotic potential for SOG and SOS populations respectively, and no germination occurred at -1 MPa. Germination was 6 and 8% at 200mM NaCl for SOG and SOS populations respectively. Although S. oleraceus seed germination exceeded 80% for pH 6-7, germination was reduced at pH outside this range. Germination was 83 and 87% for SOG and SOS populations respectively at the soil surface; and emergence decreased with increasing depth, with none from seeds buried at 6 cm depth. Wheat residue amount within the range of 0-2000 kg ha-1 did not alter germination; however, germination was significantly reduced when the crop residue amount increased to 4000 kg ha-1 and the lowest germination was at 6000 kg ha-1. The potential to germinate under diverse environmental conditions correlates with the widespread occurrence of this weed in the northern region of Australia. High residue amounts and occasional tillage leading to deep burial of seeds may reduce its emergence and incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body temperatures in ectotherms are strongly affected by their thermal environment. Ectotherms respond to variation in the thermal environment either by modification of behavioural thermoregulation to maintain their optimal body temperature or by shifting their optimal body temperature. In this study, the body temperatures of males of three populations of spotted snow skinks, Niveoscincus ocellatus , living along an altitudinal gradient (low, mid, and high altitude) were studied in the field and laboratory in spring, summer, and autumn, representing the full activity period of this species. The environmental variation across both sites and seasons affected their field active body temperatures. At the low and mid altitude, N. ocellatus had a higher mean body temperature than at the high altitude. Animals achieved their thermal preference at the low and mid altitude sites in all seasons. At the high altitude, however, N. ocellatus struggled to reach its preferred body temperatures, especially in autumn. The lower body temperature at the high-altitude site is likely due to limited thermal opportunity and/or an effect of avoiding the costs associated with increased intensity of basking. This study investigated the body temperatures of spotted snow skinks living along an altitudinal gradient over a full activity period of this species. The environmental variation across sites and seasons affected their body temperatures, and they achieved their thermal preference with the exception at high altitude. Thermoregulatory behaviour acts as a potential buffer to overcome changes in environmental conditions. Photo by Erik Wapstra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Editorial reflects on the past 50 years of Functional Plant Biology and its future directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little did I know as a small child with a love of nature and exploration that one day I would be doing exactly the same thing -- studying biology, exploring new and exciting environments, and telling everyone about it! -- as well as realising my wildest dreams. However, it has been a circuitous route, with several swerves and ups and down. On the way through, I have been resilient and developed skills in diverse areas, by taking advantage of whatever opportunities were offered to me and being receptive to new ideas and ways of doing things.MySTEM background has affected and enhanced every position I have held in this broad, life-long education. My ultimate passion is unlocking the information contained in historical and contemporary natural history collections, and translating why this work is important and why we should be looking after our environment, to a world-wide audience. Hopefully, this will engender in young people especially a curiosity about their world and a desire to pursue careers in conservation science -- just like me! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere ([CO[sub 2]]) has a direct effect on terrestrial vegetation through shifts in the rates of photosynthetic carbon uptake and transpirational water-loss. Free Air CO[sub 2] Enrichment (FACE) experiments aim to predict the likely responses of plants to increased [CO[sub 2]] under normal climatic conditions. The Giessen FACE system operates a lower [CO2] enrichment regime (480 μmol mol[sup -1]) than standard FACE (550-600 μmol mol[sup -1]), permitting the analysisofa mixed species temperate meadow undera[CO[sub 2]] level equivalent to that predictedin25-30 years. We analysed the physiological and morphological responses of six species to investigate the effect of moderate [CO[sub 2]] on spring biomass production. Carbon dioxide enrichment stimulated leaf photosynthetic rates and supressed respiration, contributing to enhanced net assimilation and a 23% increase in biomass. The capacity for photosynthetic assimilation was unaffected by [CO[sub 2]] enrichment, with no downregulation of rates of carboxylation of Rubisco or regeneration of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Foliar N content was also not influenced by increased [CO[sub 2]]. Enhanced [CO[sub 2]] reduced stomatal size, but stomatal density and leaf area index remained constant, suggesting that the effect on gas exchange was minimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminal drought is a common abiotic stress affecting wheat yield in Mediterranean-type environments. As terminal drought develops, top layers of the soil profile dry, exposing the upper part of the root system to soil water deficit while deeper roots can still access soil water. Since open stomata rapidly exhausts available soil water, reducing stomatal conductance to prolong availability of soil water during grain filling may improve wheat yields in water-limited environments. It was hypothesised that genotypes with more root biomass in the drying upper layer of the soil profile accumulate more abscisic acid in the leaf and initiate stomatal closure to regulate water use under terminal drought. The wheat cultivar Drysdale and the breeding line IGW-3262 were grown in pots horizontally split into two segments by a wax-coated layer that hydraulically isolated the top and bottom segments, but allowed roots to grow into the bottom segment. Terminal drought was induced from anthesis by withholding water from (i) the top segment only (DW) and (ii) the top and bottom segments (DD) while both segments in well-watered pots (WW) were maintained at 90% pot soil water capacity. Drysdale, initiated stomatal closure earlier than IGW-3262, possibly due to higher signal strength generated in its relatively larger proportion of roots in the drying top segment. The relationship between leaf ABA and stomatal conductance was strong in Drysdale but weak in IGW-3262. Analysis of ABA metabolites suggests possible differences in ABA metabolism between these two genotypes. A higher capability of deeper roots to extract available water is also important in reducing the gap between actual and potential yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined pollen of 19 genera of Hemerocallidaceae by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and one genus (Dianella) by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Pollen was generally small in size, with a rounded triangular outline when hydrated, and a characteristic three-armed aperture, a distal trichotomosulcus. The pollen surface was finely sculptured and the exine was thin. Microreticulate pollen is a potential synapomorphy for several species of the 'crown phormioid' subclade recognised in molecular analyses. Perforate and fossulate pollen supports a relationship between several species of Dianella. Microrugulate pollen is more frequent in the johnsonioids than in the phormioids. Hemerocallis is distinguished by elongated monosulcate pollen, a relatively thick exine with a pronounced reticulate surface, and large globules of attached pollenkitt. We hypothesise that Hemerocallidaceae are ancestrally buzz-pollinated, and their pollen morphology is an adaptation to this pollination type. A reversal to butterfly or moth pollination occurred in Hemerocallis, with associated changes in pollen morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyliosoma Pocock, 1895, the oldest available genus name for Australian giant pill-millipedes, is revised with a redescription of its type species, Sphaerotherium angulatum Butler, 1878. All 16 species of Epicyliosoma Silvestri, 1917 are transferred to Cyliosoma, together with two species, Sphaerotherium fraternum Butler, 1872 and S. marginepunctatum Karsch, 1881, which are redescribed here. A new phylogenetic analysis of the Sphaerotheriida was conducted using 100 morphological characters and including two Cyliosoma species and four recently described or redescribed species of the family Zephroniidae. Most character states are illustrated for Cyliosoma, including the first SEM images of a member of the genus. Cyliosoma is neither closely related to the South African Sphaerotherium, nor to the other Australian genus, Procyliosoma, and is here placed in a new family, Cyliosomatidae. The monotypic Australian genus Cynotelopus Jeekel, 1986 is also referred to the Cyliosomatidae. The current position of the Cyliosomatidae is in a trichotomy including the South African Sphaerotheriidae and the Malagasy-Indian Arthrosphaeridae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anurans exhibit a greater reproductive diversity than any other vertebrate order. However, studies investigating the effects of the external fertilisation environment on fertilisation success are limited to aquatic-breeding species. This study investigated the effects of fertilisation medium osmolality, sperm concentration and short-term oocyte storage on fertilisation success in a terrestrial-breeding anuran, Pseudophryne guentheri. Split-clutch experimental designs were used to determine optimal fertilisation conditions. To determine the effect of short-term sperm storage, sperm viability was assessed using fluorescence microscopy and percentage sperm motility and velocity quantified with a computer-assisted sperm analysis system. Fertilisation success was highest in media ranging in osmolality from 25 mOsm kg-1 to 100 mOsm kg-1, representing a broader range and higher optimal osmolality than previously reported for aquatic breeders. High rates of fertilisation (>75%) were achieved in relatively low sperm concentrations (2.5 x 104 mL-1). Oocytes stored in isotonic solutions (200 mOsm kg-1) retained fertilisation capacity (32%) after 8 h of storage, while sperm suspensions maintained motility (≥26%) for 13 days. Additional studies on terrestrial-breeding anurans will be required to ascertain whether the optimal fertilisation conditions reported reflect adaptations to achieve fertilisation in a terrestrial environment. Anurans exhibit a greater reproductive diversity than any other vertebrate order. However, studies investigating optimal conditions for artificial fertilisation are limited to aquatic-breeding species. The present study investigated the effects of fertilisation medium osmolality, sperm concentration and short-term oocyte storage on fertilisation success in a terrestrial-breeding anuran, Günther's toadlet. Optimal sperm concentrations were lower, and optimal fertilisation media osmolalities both higher and broader, than those previously reported for aquatic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Australian endemic ant-mimetic seed bug genus Daerlac is revised. This paper provides a redescription of the genus Daerlac and four species: D. apicalis, D. cephalotes, D. nigricans and D. picturatus. Daerlac tricolor is synonomised with D. cephalotes. A taxonomic key to species is provided. Known distributions of D. apicalis, D. nigricans and D. picturatus are each extended beyond previously known ranges. Daerlac species are found predominantly in temperate open forest and woodlands in association with ants and eucalypts. All species are broadly distributed and there is a high degree of overlap in distributions. They are seed predators found on the ground, in leaf litter, under bark or on trunks of eucalypts, and putatively forage on post-dispersed seeds. Cladistic analysis of morphological characters finds that the four species of Daerlac form two well-supported sister-groups (D. apicalis + D. picturatus, and D. cephalotes + D. nigricans). A discussion of the distribution, biology and myrmecomorphy of the genus is provided, and the tribal placement of Daerlac and its relationship to Laryngodus are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a graphical approach, which we believe can help to integrate nutrition into the broader biological sciences, and introduce generality into the applied nutritional sciences. This 'Geometric Framework' takes account of the fact that animals need multiple nutrients in changing amounts and balance, and that nutrients come packaged in foods that are often hard to find, dangerous to subdue and costly to process. We then show how the Geometric Framework has been used to understand the links between nutrition and relevant aspects of the biology of individual animals. These aspects include the physiological mechanisms that direct the nutritional interactions of the animal with its environment, and the fitness consequences of these interactions. Having considered the implications of diet for individuals, we show that these effects can translate into the collective behaviour of groups and societies, and in turn ramify throughout food webs to influence the structure of ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the prospects of taxonomy. It states that the Platygastroidea Planetary Biodiversity Inventory is a large-scale, multinational effort to significantly advance the taxonomy and systematics of one group of parasitoid wasps. It mentions that increased collaboration among taxonomic specialists can significantly shorten the timeline and add increased rigor to the development of hypotheses of characters and taxa.

The capacity to make measurements of elemental concentrations at the level of single cells by energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis of cryo-fixed, inherently-hydrated plant parts (CEDX) is changing or extending our understanding of many plant functions. We include in this review a wide-ranging catalogue of studies that have used CEDX which provides access to the literature on elements measured, plants and tissues studied, techniques used, level of quantitation and the significant findings. These findings include new perspectives on the following areas: salt tolerance; xylem maturation and solute content, root pressure and embolism refilling; the contents of intercellular spaces; sequestration of toxic elements; biomineralisation with silicon; movement of tracer homologues of native cations; indirect localisation of molecules with a distinctive element component; transfer of nutrients from vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizas; the role of mucilages in protection and in generating mechanical force. In an Appendix we discuss the procedures involved in CEDX: cryo-fixation, specimen planing, etching, elemental quantitation and mapping. Limitations on sample numbers, elements measurable, spatial resolution, sensitivity and threshold concentrations quantifiable are outlined. A brief discussion of the potential of emerging technologies for cell-specific analysis of cryo-fixed, hydrated specimens is included. In the Accessory Publication we list our standard protocol for CEDX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PROtocols, METHods, Explanations and Updated Standards Wiki (PrometheusWiki, http://www.publish. csiro.au/prometheuswiki/) is a new open access, fully searchable web resource that contains protocols and methods for plant physiology, ecology and environmental sciences. Contributions can be uploaded by anyone in the community, with attributed authorship, and are open for wiki-style comment. This resource allows the gathering in one place of methods, links to published methods and detailed protocols used by leading laboratories around the world, with annotation. As a web resource, PrometheusWiki is continually evolving and updatable, easily and rapidly searchable and highly accessible. It will also enhance communication, allowing multimedia description of protocols and techniques, with spreadsheet tools, slide shows and video files easily integrated into the text. This resource is anticipated to lead to strong benefits in standardising methods, improving access to training for students and professionals, promoting collaborations and expanding the cutting edge of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper reviews the current status of opinion and debate regarding ethical issues in three broad categories of relevance to animal biotechnology. The first is scientific integrity, where the focus has been on scientific fraud and the integrity of the research process. The second concerns possible harms or risks to parties affected either directly by research (including animals themselves) or through the eventual commercialisation or development of products from animal biotechnology. The final category concerns a responsibility to serve as a guardian of the public interest with respect to application and development of technologies derived from new genetic sciences. It is plausible to see the scientific community as a whole having such a fiduciary obligation to the broader public in virtue of the technical complexity of the issues and owing to the public funding and institutional support for scientific research. The overall conclusion is that in the latter two categories especially, there is an urgent need for new participation in deliberative consideration of ethical issues by working scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five species of the nephilid genus Nephila Leach are found in the Australasian region, which for the purposes of this study was defined as Australia and its dependencies (including Lord Howe I., Norfolk I., Christmas I., Cocos (Keeling) Is), New Guinea (including Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian province of West Papua), Solomon Is, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, Niue, New Zealand and other parts of the south-west Pacific region. All species are redescribed and illustrated. Nephila pilipes (Fabricius) occurs in the closed forests of eastern and northern Australia, New Guinea, Solomon Is and Vanuatu (through to South-East Asia); N. plumipes (Latreille) is found in Australia (including Lord Howe I. and Norfolk I.), New Guinea, Vanuatu, Solomon Is and New Caledonia; N. tetragnathoides (Walckenaer) inhabits Fiji, Tonga and Niue; N. antipodiana (Walckenaer) occurs in northern Australia (as well as Christmas I.), New Guinea and Solomon Is (through to South-East Asia); and N. edulis (Labillardire) is found in Australia (including Cocos (Keeling) Is), New Guinea, New Zealand and New Caledonia. Epeira (Nephila) walckenaeri Doleschall, E. (N.) hasseltii Doleschall, N. maculata var. annulipes Thorell, N. maculata jalorensis Simon, N. maculata var. novae-guineae Strand, N. pictithorax Kulczy?ski, N. maculata var. flavornata Merian, N. pictithorax Kulczy?ski, N. maculata var. flavornata Merian, N. maculata piscatorum de Vis, and N. (N.) maculata var. lauterbachi Dahl are proposed as new synonyms of N. pilipes. Nephila imperialis var. novaemecklenburgiae Strand, N. ambigua Kulczy?ski, N. sarasinorum Merian and N. celebesiana Strand are proposed as new synonyms of N. antipodiana. Meta aerea Hogg, N. meridionalis Hogg, N. adelaidensis Hogg and N. meridionalis hermitis Hogg are proposed as new synonyms of N. edulis. Nephila picta Rainbow is removed from the synonymy of N. plumipes and treated as a synonym of N. edulis, and N. nigritarsis insulicola Pocock is removed from the synonymy of N. plumipes and treated as a synonym of N. antipodiana. Allozyme data demonstrate that N. pilipes is distinct at the 80% FD level from N. edulis, N. plumipes and N. tetragnathoides. Nephila plumipes and N. tetragnathoides, deemed to represent sister-taxa owing to the shared presence of a triangular protrusion of the male pedipalpal conductor, were found to differ at 15% FD in the genetic study. No genetic differentiation was found between 10 populations of N. edulis sampled across mainland Australia. Species of the genus Nephila have been extensively used in ecological and behavioural studies, and the biology of Nephila species in the Australasian region is extensively reviewed and compared with studies on Nephila species from other regions of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report describes a recent meeting of the Endocrine and Reproductive Biology Society of Western Australia (ERBSWA) on 23 July 2019, and summarises the research presented and the prizes awarded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents few recent updates and new features that will be available from 2015 in the journal. New Fast Track publication option is aimed at authors who have submitted their work to a high impact journal and received positive comments from reviewers. Functional Plant Biology Hall of Fame is created for recognition of the outstanding contribution to the journal from former authors.

In vitro post-hatching embryos culture is a procedure that allows the establishment of more accurate tools for evaluating embryo developmental potential without the need of transferring them to recipient animals (Vejlsted et al. 2006 Theriogenology, 65, 153–165). It is well established that in the in vitro embryo production (IVP) technique, the sex ratio is imbalanced in favor of male embryos. The difference in sex ratio observed in the blastocyst stage at day 7 may be attributed to a variety of factors including developmental speed. However, whether or not this difference in sex ratio and speed of development continues after hatching is not known. The objective of this study was to evaluate post-hatching embryonic development until day 11 after in vitro fertilization (day 0) associating embryo size and gender. A total of 468 oocytes, obtained from abattoir-derived ovaries, were used. They were matured, fertilized, and cultured in vitro for 8 days in synthetic oviduct fluid medium (SOF Nutricell) and incubated at 39C in 5% CO2 in air. Degenerated embryos on day 8 and non-hatching embryos on day 9 were removed from culture droplets, and only hatched blastocysts were kept. Then, embryos were measured using a graduated ocular and post-hatching development (PHD) medium (Brando et al. 2005 Biol. Reprod. 71, 2048–2055) was added in each well, being the final medium 1:1 of SOF:PHD. On day 11, the embryos were evaluated under stereomicroscope and only morphologically normal blastocysts were measured and frozen at –80C, for gender diagnosis. The DNA from frozen samples was extracted with trizol reagent, sodium citrate solution (0.1 m), and ethanol. Sex embryos determination was performed by PCR and visualized in 2% agarose gel. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. The results show that the majority (69%) of the embryos that reached blastocyst stage at day 7 developed in the PHD system until day 11. From the initial oocytes, 144 embryos (30.1%) and 146 (31.1%) embryos had reached the blastocyst stage at days 7 and 8, respectively. At day 9, 89 (19%) embryos were hatched and 65 embryos (13.9%) developed until day 11, of which only 48 embryos (73.8%) had a clear trophoblast. No difference (P > 0.05) in the percentage of male and female embryos was observed when embryos were evaluated at day 11 of culture. In addition the mean size was similar (P > 0.05) for female (467.24 µm, n = 19) and male (478.84 190.21 µm, n = 29) embryos. The results suggest that after post-hatching culture the differences in sex ration and in gender development in IVP bovine embryos are not evident. The development until day 11 showed that post-hatching in vitro culture of bovine blastocyst can be used for embryo evaluation in later phase of development However, several questions still remain to be investigated regarding post-hatching culture of bovine blastocysts before it can be used as a tool to evaluate in vitro embryos.Supported by Embrapa and UnB, Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimation of genetic parameters for growth traits of Gansu Alpine Finewool sheep that separately identify maternal effects has not been previously conducted. (Co)variance components and corresponding genetic parameters for lamb growth traits were estimated from Gansu Alpine Finewool sheep maintained at Gansu Sheep Breeding Technology Extension Station in north-western China. Records of 17,703 lambs at birth, born over 9 years (2000-2008) and sired by 315 rams, were used in the study. Birth type, sex, dam age, record age and birth year were fitted as fixed effects. Analyses were carried out using a restricted maximum likelihood procedure (ASReml). Six different animal models were fitted for all traits and the most appropriate model was selected through log-likelihood ratio testing. After identifying the appropriate model through single-trait analysis, bivariate analyses were used to obtain the phenotypic and genetic correlations among the growth traits. In addition to the direct genetic effect, and maternal genetic effects, significant negative correlations between direct genetic and maternal genetic effects were found for all the growth traits. The maternal permanent environmental effects were only significant for birthweight, weaning weight and pre-weaning growth rate. The estimates of direct heritability for birthweight, weaning weight, pre-weaning average daily gain, post-weaning average daily gain and yearling weight were 0.22, 0.16, 0.15, 0.27 and 0.19 respectively. The maternal heritability estimates were relatively high and ranged from 0.17 to 0.27. The study provides the breed and its associated finewool sheep industry with a more encompassing basis for designing more effective breeding programs for improvement of growth traits of Gansu Alpine Finewool sheep. Genetic parameter estimates for growth traits of Gansu Alpine Finewool sheep that separately identify maternal effects have not previously been conducted. This paper reports the results of a study of more than 17000 lambs from the Gansu Sheep Breeding Technology Station in north-western China. The study provides the breed and its associated industry with a more encompassing basis for the design and implementation of genetic improvement programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]