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Effective species conservation necessitates the ability to accurately differentiate among species, a challenge compounded by taxonomic uncertainties in freshwater mussels due to substantial intraspecific variation and pronounced phenotypic plasticity in shell morphology. The taxonomic status and species validity of Scabies longata and S. chinensis, two species endemic in China, have been under continuous debate since establishment. The lack of essential molecular data required for a comprehensive systematic study has resulted in the unresolved taxonomic status of these two species. This study presents molecular data, including COI barcoding, COI + 28S rRNA, and mitogenomic data combined with morphological characteristics to assess the validity of S. longata and S. chinensis. Both morphological and COI barcoding data support the conclusion that S. longata and S. chinensis are junior synonyms of Nodularia douglasiae and N. nuxpersicae respectively. Our findings suggest the absence of Scabies species in China. Mitochondrial phylogenetic analyses were used to further elucidate intrageneric relationships within the genus Nodularia, revealing the following relationships: (N. breviconcha (Nodularia sp. 1 (N. douglasiae (N. nuxpersicae, N. nipponensis)))). We underscore the significance of employing an integrated taxonomic approach for species identification, especially given the considerable morphological disparities between larvae and adult freshwater mussels. Proper morphological identification of adult specimens is essential for extracting meaningful taxonomic characters. Furthermore, our findings suggest a notable resemblance between the freshwater bivalve fauna in southern China and those east of the Mekong River. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rediscovery of the silver-backed chevrotain (Tragulus versicolor), an endemic species to Vietnam, in 2019 – after almost 30 years of being lost to science – is a remarkable outcome for conservation. Since its rediscovery, there has been significant concern for the conservation of the species due to hunting for wild meat, a practice deeply rooted in Vietnamese culture. Conservation plans face multiple obstacles as the species has not yet been listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature due to the lack of data. Given the limited effectiveness of current conservation measures, we propose that local actions, community cooperation, and empathetic values can help conserve the silver-backed chevrotain through integrating modern technologies (e.g. the Internet, crowdfunding platforms, social media, AI, etc.) with citizen and community science. Communicating conservation information to the community, especially children, must stimulate their thinking and imagination about nature, develop their curiosity and desire to protect wildlife, and eventually build conservation and eco-surplus core values in their mindsets. To successfully awaken human values within the community and incorporate them into conservation endeavours, messages referring to 'mouse-deer', 'chevrotain', or the scientific name T. versicolor are largely ineffective as they fail to engender feelings of familiarity. Therefore, we suggest calling the mouse-deer 'cheo cheo', a local name that can create familiarity and closeness, awaken the environmental conscience, and stimulate thinking and imagination. All these factors encourage conservationists, scientists, and the government to support conservation and the community in building a conservation and eco-surplus culture. The silver-backed chevrotain is an endemic species to Vietnam, rediscovered in 2019 after almost 30 years of being lost to science. Current conservation measures are ineffective. Communicating conservation information to the community, especially children, must stimulate their imagination about nature, develop their desire to protect wildlife, and eventually build eco-surplus core values. We suggest calling this chevrotain 'cheo cheo', a local name that can create familiarity, awaken the environmental conscience, and help build a culture that will support conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe flooding in early 2020 and 2021 necessitated major desedimentation works at the iconic Blue Lake in the Jenolan Karst Conservation Reserve (JKCR). Movements and behaviour of platypuses were monitored before, during and after these works, using direct observations, remote cameras and environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling. Platypuses were observed along a 3 km reach of the Jenolan River, including the areas where works occurred, although in low numbers. In their use of the available waterways, platypuses negotiated artificial barriers, including a 10 m high dam, two smaller weirs and natural waterfalls and cascades. Overland movements were detected through vegetation tunnels, drainage pipes and culverts, and individuals were seen entering the cave system, where eDNA was also detected. Platypuses responded to the works activity by foraging outside the affected areas but also continued to traverse these areas from time to time. We describe movements around and through instream infrastructure and past natural barriers and report on other species detected by remote cameras. These observations could help planning and deployment of bypasses suitable for movement of platypuses around anthropogenic barriers and provide insights into impediments to dispersal and gene flow within stream systems. Because of their cryptic nature and being active predominately at night, movement of wild platypuses is poorly documented. Our studies of their movements in the upper Jenolan River showed them moving around and through natural and artificial instream structures, including across weirs, through culverts, around waterfalls and entering caves. This research is important to the management and conservation of the species in relation to human activities in rivers. Photograph by Anne Musser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We found evidence of a broad-toothed rat (Mastacomys fuscus) in a spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) scat collected within a fragmented site in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales. The nearest known population of M. fuscus is located 50 km away in the Barrington Tops, where the population is listed as endangered. This is a potentially significant discovery for the conservation of this species and suggests that it may exist in a fragmented landscape outside its current distribution. We recommend further research is undertaken to determine if a population does exist near to where the sample was collected. A spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) scat collected in a fragmented habitat in the Hunter Valley, NSW contained evidence of a broad-toothed rat (Mastacomys fuscus). Given the nearest population of broad-toothed rat is located 50 km away in the Barrington Tops, this is a potentially important discovery for the conservation of this threatened species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrition is essential for not only survival but also successful growth and reproduction. Dietary demands are increased in a diseased state due to the increased energy and nutritional requirements associated with immune response, inflammation and convalescence. The herbivorous bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus) is notably susceptible to sarcoptic mange, a disease caused by the mite, Sarcoptes scabiei , which causes debilitating pruritic skin disease and leads to secondary bacterial infections and increased wombat morbidity and mortality, as well as regionally variable population declines. It is unknown why wombats are so susceptible to sarcoptic mange and if nutrition may play a role in disease expression, particularly relating to seasonality. The objective of this study was to quantify the differences in the nutritive value, over four seasons, of plants (mostly grasses and sedges) that are available as food items for bare-nosed wombats. We collected plants over four seasons from five wombat habitats that were known to have wombats affected by sarcoptic mange. We found seasonal and site differences for macro and micronutrients in the plants analysed. Monitoring the diet quality of wombats in the wild is useful for managing their populations and understanding population dynamics in relation to food resource quality. Nutritional value of plants available as food for bare-nosed wombats was assessed at sites within NSW. Significant seasonal and site differences were determined. Wombats are affected by sarcoptic mange, which affects their metabolic rate and nutrient needs; therefore, supporting nutrition and health of wombats is important for conservation of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Many Australian terrestrial mammal species occupy relictual distributions that represent only a small proportion of their original distribution and habitat breadth. Aim: To illustrate how examination of the historical records of a taxon, and their interpretation in an ecological context, can benefit conservation programs by counteracting the pervasive effects of generational memory loss (recency bias) and shifting baselines. Methods: Historical records including recent detailed mapping of the routes used by two European exploration parties in the mid-19th century, were used to investigate and interpret the localities and environments previously occupied by Mitchell's Hopping Mouse (Notomys mitchellii). Key results: In south-eastern Australia, the current realised niche of Mitchell's Hopping Mouse is a subset of the historical niche occupied in the mid-1800s. It formerly occurred in two bioregions and four sub-regions that are currently not known to support the species. Understanding these contractions is important in developing the full range of conservation strategies for the species. Conclusions: This case study provides a valuable example of the potential effects of recency bias; for example, the tendency to focus conservation actions within the current realised niche and neglect consideration of other potential sites and habitats. Not recognising such distortions may restrict consideration of the full range of options for conservation strategies and actions. Implications: Understanding the ecological history of a taxon has potential to play an important role in species conservation programs and should be a priority early in the development of conservation plans. Recent mapping of the activities of two European exploration parties in south-eastern Australia in the mid-19th century has provided greater detail about the collection localities of some important fauna specimens. Using Mitchell's Hopping Mouse as a case study, this refined information about the breadth of the historical niche was compared with the current distribution and habitat (contemporary niche). The results suggest a greater range of conservation sites and actions for the species in south-eastern Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Feral cats are a significant threat to wildlife in Australia and globally. Current feral cat management techniques have limitations that can result in wary, remnant individuals persisting in the landscape and reducing overall pest control efficacy, thus there is a need for additional innovative management techniques. Aims: This research aimed to identify whether the Mata Hari Judas technique could be applied to female cats (queens) in situ as a means of attracting and assisting the capture of feral cats. Methods: Three queens were induced into prolonged oestrus and contained in enclosures (vennels) in situ with traps attached to capture attracted feral cats. Two vennel treatments were trialled, one housing a Mata Hari Judas queen (queen vennel) and another using auditory and olfactory lures from a Mata Hari Judas queen (faux queen vennel) to compare the attractiveness of the two treatments at three study sites. Camera traps and soil plots were used to monitor and compare cat activity surrounding the vennels prior to, during and after the presence of a Mata Hari Judas queen or her lures. Key results: Both vennel treatments attracted multiple feral cats of both sexes, and each trapped one male cat, demonstrating proof of concept for this technique. The queen vennel was significantly more attractive than the faux queen vennel, as demonstrated by higher frequency of cat detections and the duration of time feral cats spent at this vennel. Comparisons between monitoring periods and when the vennels were active showed significant differences in the frequency of cats attracted to the area, further supporting that both the queen and her lures were attractive to cats. Conclusions: This research is the first instance where Mata Hari Judas queens have been successfully used in situ to attract and capture feral cats. Future studies should aim to assess this technique in a controlled area with a known cat population to allow for a direct comparison of efficacy with more traditional feral cat management methods. Implications: With further refinement, the use of Mata Hari Judas queens in situ could provide an efficient technique for removing remnant cats. Feral cats are a significant threat to Australia's wildlife, and innovative management techniques are needed to capture remnant individuals that persist following traditional management actions. This study aimed to assess whether a female cat in prolonged oestrus could attract and help capture feral cats in situ. Proof of concept was achieved, and with further refinement, this technique could be significant for feral cat management. Photograph by Abby Dennien. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Carnaby's cockatoos in Western Australia are experiencing ongoing population declines. Despite being highly mobile and adaptable, this endangered species has been impacted by fragmentation of its habitat, with an ongoing need for research on its movements in regional areas across its range to gain an understanding of habitat requirements, and to inform conservation plans. Aims: This study aimed to determine whether regional differences in movement (distances travelled, revisitations and home range) exist for foraging and roosting behaviour for this species. Methods: Movement analysis of satellite-tagged Carnaby's cockatoos (n = 11) across three agricultural regions was conducted. Key results: When comparing distances between roosts and daily foraging behaviour, no significant differences were found between regions (P ≥ 0.05). Resident home ranges (home ranges in areas of resident daily movement) of flocks were much larger in the Esperance region, however, showing differences in movement patterns between regions. Conclusions: Because flocks were similar in size (n = ±300) between regions and used a similar amount of native vegetation for foraging (±20%), we concluded that movement may have been influenced by the spatial separation of patches of native vegetation. In addition, key foraging habitat often occurred within patches of non-native foraging species. Implications: The information derived from this research has proven valuable in assessing the use of native vegetation in the landscape, identifying key habitat and determining daily and seasonal movement patterns. In addition, the importance of non-native food sources must be recognised and protection of native and non-native food sources must play a critical role in the species' conservation management. We present an analysis of the movement metrics of an endangered species through satellite telemetry, to investigate if variation in movement and foraging behaviour occurs at the regional level and what this means for habitat conservation plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penelope (Penny) Olsen is among the first small, but significant tranche of women field biologists. Penny is a world-renowned ornithologist and author who has spent her entire working career passionately pursuing conservation of Australian wildlife. Her award-wining books make science decipherable to ordinary readers. This paper is a brief biography of Penny, as one of the more successful of those pioneer women conservation biologists to work in the Pacific region. It tracks her early life, her influences and career path, and her struggles to balance work and family while working largely as a self-funded biologist and writer. Penny Olsen was among the first small, but significant tranche of women field biologists. Penny is a world-renowned ornithologist and author who has spent her entire career passionately pursuing conservation of Australian wildlife and making science decipherable to ordinary readers. This paper is a brief biography of Penny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Protected areas are necessary to conserve biodiversity. Their locations, design and management can have major impacts on their effectiveness. In timber and pulpwood production forests of Victoria, Australia, Immediate Protection Areas (IPAs) were established by the Victorian Government to conserve biodiversity. IPA identification has overlooked much of 30 years of reserve selection science. This has resulted in poor selection of locations for protection, lack of attention to habitat suitability for target species, and a destructive past land use history that has eroded current habitat suitability. Aims: Our aim was to assess the suitability IPAs for threatened species, including Leadbeater's Possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) and the Southern Greater Glider (Petauroides volans). Methods: We assessed aspects of effectiveness of IPAs for forest-dependent species of conservation concern. We compared the IPAs to a prioritised protected area network using Marxan accounting for past forest disturbances, including logging and high severity wildfires. Key results: We found IPAs failed to include the most suitable habitat areas, capturing only 11.7% of modelled habitat for Leadbeater's Possum and 5.3% for the Southern Greater Glider. Our analyses also revealed large parts of the IPA network had been clearcut logged, eroding habitat value for many species. Conclusions: Given IPAs do not protect substantial amounts of important habitat for threatened species such as Leadbeater's Possum and Southern Greater Glider, we conclude the current IPAs are unlikely to adequately protect biodiversity from logging. Implications. The IPAs need to be better designed to improve their effectiveness for biodiversity conservation. We provide recommendations on how this might be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Understanding breeding success and site threat profiles is critical to conservation planning, particularly for species of conservation concern. Regular surveillance is fundamental to observing spatiotemporal changes at breeding colonies. Still, it can be challenging for species with broadly distributed, unpredictable populations susceptible to various threats. In these cases, cooperative networks and citizen science programs offer an opportunity to support monitoring and conservation efforts. Aims: This study aimed to assess the outcomes, threats and sources of breeding failure at Australian Fairy Tern (Sternula nereis nereis) colonies. Methods: Through collaborative surveillance, this study identified the outcomes and threats at 77 monitored colonies over five breeding seasons between 2017/18 and 2021/22. The leading causes of nest failure were then considered against the Recovery Plan for the Australian Fairy Tern to understand how the observed threats compare with the identified risks in this plan. Key results: Nearly half (48%) of all colonies failed, with predation (32%) and inundation (27%) being the biggest causes of failure. At least 10 native and four invasive/domestic species contributed to themortality of eggs, chicks, and/or adults or complete colony failure. Disturbance, including off-road vehicles, was identified as a recurring threat, impacting at least 30% of colonies. Conclusions: These identified threats have the potential to drive populationlevel effects and were consistent with those identified under the Recovery Plan. Implications. This study highlights the importance of developing practical solutions, including habitat protection, the control of invasive species and education programs to safeguard colonies and boost breeding success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The Patagonian huemul, an endangered Odocoilinedeer, has an estimated 350–500 individuals remaining in Argentina. Today's population size, representing a numerical reduction of >99% of original estimates, is fragmented into small groups along ~2000 km of Andean mountains. The species' numbers were heavily reduced by past overexploitation and they disappeared in areas of high anthropogenic activity, predominantly the fertile valley bottoms. Aims: This research delineates the current potential distribution of Patagonian huemul by using climatic indicators, topographic and vegetational proxies, and anthropogenic pressure, to determine the relevance of the climatic envelope on current distribution. Methods: Occurrence records (latitude and longitude) were compiled (n = 159) by consulting the literature. Twenty environmental variables were used (WorldClim database) and two other representative environmental variables (normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI)) were added to test their predictive power. We added the human footprint index (HFP) as a variable to control for model bias. Using the maximum entropy algorithm (MaxEnt), we modelled the species' potential distribution. We designated the historical distribution as area M. Additionally, we calculated three areas of distribution: current, historical and potential. Finally, we calculated distributional retraction of the species and area lost per year. Key results: The model showed good predictive power (AUCTest = 0.764 ± 0.091). However, low values were obtained for AUCtrain and AUCprom for the different predictor scenarios. Although the model shows the interaction among several climatic, environmental, and topographic variables, the human footprint index (39.9%) was the variable that most influenced the current potential distribution of this species. Conclusion: Our model shows that most of Patagonia's surface is climatically suitable for huemul. This suggests that the causes of distributional retraction are not related to limitations imposed by the climate envelope, but rather concur with recent research showing impact owing to the species' behavioural response to anthropogenic activity. Implications: Current populations are small, fragmented, and confined to poor-quality sites. Although the species is currently found mainly within protected areas, management actions must be initiated that promote innovative strategies in unprotected areas, as well as high-value habitats, particularly as protected areas contain limited fertile lower-valley habitats. Different anthropogenic factors heavily reduced the number of the huemul, an endangered Patagonian deer. Our aim was deliminated potencial distribution of huemul by using climatic indicators, topographic, vegetational, and anthropogenic. Our model shows that most of argentine Patagonia is climatically suitable for huemul, suggesting that the causes of the distributional retraction are linked to factors derived from the combination of characteristics of the species' biology and the increased anthropic. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct management and protection actions for species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. The iconic grass-trees (Xanthorrhoea semiplana) of Australia are used by many animal species, but their role as shelters against weather extremes is poorly known. The severe contribution ofthe fungal pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi to grass-tree deaths and current burning practices could affect small animal conservation by exacerbating impacts of weather extremes. Aims. We examined the buffering role of X. semiplana canopies against extreme weather at four sites in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. Methods. We measured ambient temperature, temperatures under grasstree canopies, and 2 m away atrandom locationsin summer(>35°C) and in winter(<13°C) over 24-h periods at each study site. We scored soil dryness under the canopies during and after heavy rainfall. Key results. Temperatures under grass-tree canopies were more stable and with smallerrangesthan other temperatures, and showed dramatic differences in summer when conditions were up to 20°C cooler than ambient. Temperatures were higher under grass-trees at night in winter. The soil under the largest canopies was completely dry during and after heavy rainfall. Conclusions. Xanthorrhoea semiplana buffers ground-dwelling animals against temperature extremes and rain so that the animals maintain their thermal resistance. Animals may choose foraging times based on grass-tree availability. The largest grass-trees provide the bestshelter. Implications.Considerable grass-tree deathsfrom P. cinnamomi infestation, together with removal or burning, can have dramatic detrimental consequences for their habitat value and the survival of wildlife using them as shelter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feral cats (Felis catus) are a significant predator of native birds in Australia, and a recognised predator for the endangered night parrot (Pezoporus occidentalis). We examined camera trapping data from 2014 to 2020 collected at the Pullen Pullen (night parrot) reserve in south-western Queensland to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of feral cat activity. These data were collected from two discrete periods, with slightly different foci, and we undertook careful data exploration and refinement to identify a consistent data set. We modelled the relationship between the camera detections and a range of environmental, spatial, and temporal parameters, using logistic regression and two selection criteria (Akaike's and Bayesian). The final parsimonious model identified that feral cat detection probability decreased with increasing ruggedness and increased as distance to creek lines decreased. Feral cat detection probability also declined over time from camera deployment. In each model the variance component estimates suggested that some influences on cat detection probability remain unexplained. Regardless, our results provide further data on feral cat activity, and therefore information to focus and improve the management of this threat to the night parrot and other significant species on this conservation reserve. Feral cats are a potential threat to the endangered night parrot. We examined camera trapping data from 2014 to 2020 collected at the night parrot reserve in south-western Queensland to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of feral cat activity. The final parsimonious model identified that feral cat detection decreased with increasing ruggedness and increased with distance to creek lines. Feral cat detection probability also declined over time from camera deployment. These data will help focus management of feral cats on this important conservation reserve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vatica venulosa is one of the Dipterocarpaceae species that is threatened with extinction. Distributed in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo, the tree is classified as Critically Endangered by IUCN Red List (International Union for Conservation of Nature) based on an assessment conducted in 1998. This assessment, however, was only based on the populations in Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to update the global conservation status of V. venulosa using all the occurrence records across the species' natural distribution. Reduction analysis and geographic range of the species were calculated based on the occurrence data stored in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and scientific publications. Following IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, the category Vulnerable (VU A4c) was proposed as the new global conservation status of the species. Under this category, V. venulosa is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. Therefore, comprehensive conservation action is needed to prevent it from extinction. This study aims to update the global conservation status of Vatica venulosa using all the occurrence records across the species' natural distribution. Reduction analysis showed that the species experienced 30% population reduction over the past three generations. We proposed the category Vulnerable (VU A4c) as the new global conservation status of V. venulosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The butterfly genus Ogyris Angas, 1847 consists of several striking but poorly resolved complexes endemic to Australia and New Guinea, many of which have an obligate association with ants. Here, we revise the systematics of the Ogyris aenone (Waterhouse, 1902) complex through an integrative taxonomic approach based on molecular phylogenetic analysis, morphological examination, life histories and ecology. Mitochondrial sequence data based on concatenated cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome b (cytb) (total of 1203 bp) for 36 ingroup samples were generated and combined with sequences available on NCBI GenBank for Ogyris. Phylogenetic analysis inferred by maximum likelihood methods resolved five taxa within this group, with one taxon, Ogyris caelestia Beaver & Braby sp. nov., described as a new species and another, O. doddi stat. rev. , raised to full species. Phylogenetic relationships among the five taxa are as follows: (O. caelestia + O. aenone) + (O. ianthis + (O. iphis + O. doddi)). This revision brings the number of recognised Ogyris species to 16 and for the tribe Ogyrini to 18. This group of butterflies was found to be scarce – field samples of host trees that had the co-occurrence of both mistletoe and the appropriate attendant ant at 12 locations in eastern and northern Australia revealed low rates of occupancy (<50%, with an overall average of 17%) based on the presence of immature stages of the five butterfly species. The complete life histories, general biology and ecology of all members of this species-group are illustrated and diagnosed for the first time and confusing aspects of the literature are clarified. Several taxa are of conservation significance, including the new species, and future directions are discussed in relation to this. ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FC258ED6-AA1F-4E11-BFE1-D0A612E4F166 The systematics of the 'sapphire azure' butterfly (Ogyris aenone) species complex is revised through an integrative taxonomic approach. Phylogenetic analysis resolved five species within this group, with one species, Ogyris caelestia Beaver & Braby, sp. nov. , here described as new and another, Ogyris doddi , stat. rev. , raised to full species. The complete life histories, biology and ecology of all members of this species-group are illustrated and diagnosed, and confusing aspects of the literature are clarified. Several species are of conservation significance, including the new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal conservation requires a sound understanding of movement ecology and habitat selection. A key component of this is identifying habitats that animals actively seek or avoid. We quantified habitat selection and investigated the drivers of variability in the short-term activity area of a small, endangered mesopredator, the northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus), in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. We collated, standardised, and analysed 14 northern quoll GPS tracking events from four studies conducted between 2014 and 2018. Northern quolls selected activity areas in locations that were more topographically rugged than the broader landscape, characterised by a higher percentage cover of rocky habitat and riverbed, and a lower percentage cover of spinifex sandplain. The size of their activity area also increased with higher percentage cover of non-preferred spinifex sandplain. Therefore, the destruction of habitats preferred by northern quolls – such as mining of rocky habitat – and introduction of structurally simple habitat like spinifex sandplain, is likely to negatively impact resource availability and lead to altered movement patterns that could decrease survival. Future conservation planning should place emphasis on the protection of rugged rocky habitat for northern quolls, as well as efficient movement pathways between patches of this critical habitat. To effectively conserve species, we must have a good understanding of the habitats that they use or avoid. We investigated the habitat use of the endangered northern quoll and found that they primarily selected areas with higher proportions of rugged, rocky habitat and riverbed, and avoided areas with higher proportions of spinifex sandplain – a habitat that caused quolls to have larger activity areas. These findings will inform conservation efforts to increase the protection of key habitats for the endangered northern quoll. Photograph by Judy Dunlop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining species' distributions is challenging for cryptic species that are difficult to detect using standard techniques. The mallee worm-lizard (Aprasia inaurita Kluge, 1974) is a cryptic reptile in the family Pygopodidae, listed as Endangered in New South Wales. We modelled the species' potential distribution (Maxent) to improve understanding of the species' distribution and surveyed potential habitat in the Scotia Mallee region (an area with suitable habitat) from2018 to 2022, with pitfall traps and artificial refuges (terracotta roof tiles). We completed 11 587 pitfall trap-nights and 3200 tile checks over eight monitoring sessions. Over this period, we detected six vertebrate species (all lizards) using roof tiles and 40 species with pitfall traps, but no mallee worm-lizards. Evaluation of existing records of the mallee worm-lizard from NSW suggested that the state constitutes the north-eastern edge of its continental range, with the species apparently present in low numbers across a wide swathe of south-western NSW. Most records were located within or near to spinifex or porcupine grass (Triodia spp.) communities, on private land. Species distribution modelling provided outputs that are useful for spatial prioritisation of conservation efforts for the species, with region-wide maps showing that much of the Scotia Mallee study area contains potentially suitable habitat for the mallee worm-lizard. However, habitat suitability scores for individual cells in this area were low, in some instances, because of high maximum summer temperatures and soil available water capacity. We anticipate that increasing temperatures associated with climate change may further reduce the suitability of habitat in this area in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining accurate counts that do not cause harm to the animals being studied are important for assessing a species' conservation status. A single evening exodus of ghost bats (Macroderma gigas) was recorded using a thermal imaging camera placed outside the entrance to a cave on Alwal National Park (CYPAL) in September 2022. At least 463 bats were counted, making it the largest known ghost bat colony in Queensland. Further work is required to determine the extent to which this colony is related to other nearby colonies in Cape York Peninsula. Work is also required to identify and reduce threats to this population and ensure its conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microchip-reading devices provide an inexpensive and efficient means of passively detecting and monitoring wildlife reintroductions, particularly where intensive methods such as trapping and radio-tracking may be difficult or pose risk to animal welfare. We trialled the use of microchip-reading antennas for post-release monitoring of the survival of bilbies (Macrotis lagotis) for a reintroduction in south-west Queensland. The antennas detected 76% of the released captive-born bilbies (all microchipped) and 30% of the microchipped wild-born bilbies during the study period. Overall, the microchip-reading antennas greatly improved the rate of detection for bilbies in the enclosure compared to cage trapping alone. Of the 42 bilbies that were microchipped and had the potential to be recaptured in traps or detected on microchip readers, 33 were recorded from the combined approaches, with 20 bilbies recaptured in traps and 29 bilbies detected on the microchip readers. Antenna location/placement should be carefully considered in the context of the target species' home range size as it may affect the probability of animals encountering the antenna. Here we demonstrate the ability to use these microchip-reading antennas to passively monitor post-release survival in a remote location, just one of many potential applications for these devices in wildlife management and conservation. Microchip-reading devices can be used to collect data on animal movements, behaviour and survival. We combined the use of microchip-reading antennas with more traditional trapping methods to monitor the survival of greater bilbies (Macrotis lagotis) after their reintroduction to a fenced exclosure in remote south-west Queensland. Microchip-reading antennas greatly improved the chances of detecting both captive- and wild-born bilbies, which are typically considered a 'trap-shy' species. These antennas are relatively inexpensive with a wide range of potential applications in wildlife management and conservation. Photograph by Cassandra Arkinstall/Save the Bilby Fund. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating how the population density of a species changes over time is an integral step in determining whether that species is stable or needs assistance from conservation managers. The short-eared possum (Trichosurus caninus) is a species that has been poorly studied with only one previous population density estimate. Short-eared possums were live-trapped between August 2020 and January 2021 in the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales, to estimate their current density using a spatially explicit capture–recapture (SECR) model. The average density of short-eared possums was 0.46 possums/ha (95% CI: 0.32–0.66) in temperate rainforest and 0.13 possums/ha (95% CI: 0.06–0.28) in wet sclerophyll forest. No individuals were caught in dry sclerophyll forest. Trap-based home ranges were estimated to be 12.5 ha (95% CI: 8–19) for males and 5.5 ha (95% CI: 3–11) for females. This study provides a reference for determining trends in short-eared possum population density within the Northern Tablelands in the future. Adequate conservation of temperate rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest habitat is important to the conservation of the species. The short-eared possum has been poorly studied with only one historical population density estimate. This study aimed to assess how short-eared possum population density varies across three distinct habitat types, and we demonstrated that the species occurs at highest density in temperate rainforest. We quantify the habitat use of the short-eared possum and provide a current density estimate to enable population monitoring within the Northern Tablelands, NSW, Australia. Photograph by Jacob Crisp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The vitrification of oocytes is important for the conservation of animals, and the effect of vitrification on methylation patterns of bovine oocytes remains unclear. Aims: This article aims to investigate the effect of vitrification on the DNA methylation patterns on vitrified GV oocytes and their in vitro derived MII oocytes. Methods: 5-MeC staining and single-cell whole genome bisulphite sequencing (SC-WGBS) were utilised to analyse fresh GV oocytes (F_GV group), MII oocytes (F_MII group), vitrified GV oocytes (V_GV group) and their in vitro derived MII oocytes (V_MII group). Key results: Results of both 5-MeC staining and SC-WGBS showed that no significant difference was found between the F_GV group and the V_GV group, while the methylation level of the V_MII group was significantly lower than that of the F_MII group. Moreover, supplementation of 2 μM resveratrol (Res) in IVM medium significantly improved maturation and development ability of vitrified GV oocytes by restoring their DNA methylation levels. Conclusion: In conclusion, vitrification of bovine GV oocytes significantly decreased the DNA methylation level of their in vitro derived MII oocytes, and 2 μM Res improved their development ability by restoring DNA methylation level. Implications: Our results provide an efficient approach to improve the maturation and fertilisation ability of vitrified GV oocytes. 5-MeC and SC-WGBS were utilised to detect the DNA methylation patterns of vitrified bovine GV oocytes and their in vitro derived MII oocytes. Results showed that the methylation level of the V_GV group was similar to that of the F_GV group, while the methylation level of the V_MII group was significantly lower than that of the F_MII group. Moreover, supplementation of 2 μM Res in IVM medium significantly improved maturation and development ability of vitrified GV oocytes by restoring their DNA methylation levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire regimes control the population dynamics of fireprone plant species. Here, I re-analyse the data acquired in a study of the conservation requirements of a rare, fire-killed grevillea. I conclude that specific knowledge is required on the rate at which seeds accumulate in the soil, and the effect of fire frequency on population dynamics for a comprehensive understanding of the conservation biology of this species. Modelling indicates that fires at intervals in the order of multiple decades and covering at least 60% of the ground surface are optimal for this species, independently of the type of fire employed. Population modelling of a fire-killed grevillea shows that fire frequency (preferably exceeding 30-year intervals) and the extent of fire coverage (preferably exceeding 60% of the ground surface) are crucial factors in enhancing the conservation status of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Quail, Buttonquail and Plains-wanderer in Australia and New Zealand" is a comprehensive reference book written by Joseph Forshaw and illustrated by Frank Knight. The book provides a detailed account of six species of quail, seven species of buttonquail, and the Plains-wanderer in Australia and New Zealand. It updates the information from the last major reference work on these birds, the Handbook of Australian New Zealand and Antarctic Birds (HANZAB) Volume 2, published in 1994. The book is well-referenced, accessible to both academic and general readers, and includes illustrations, tables, maps, and photographs to enhance understanding. It is recommended for ornithologists, bird enthusiasts, postgraduate students, and wildlife managers. [Extracted from the article]

Mass mortalities in flying-foxes occur in summers that reach extremely hot temperatures. In this study, we examine the spatiotemporal distributions of mortality from pup abandonments and extreme heat events in Australian flying-fox camps during the 2019–20 summer. We recorded data on flying-fox mortality in known affected camps and applied a standard method to estimate the number of deaths. Pup mortalities from abandonments were recorded in 10 camps in New South Wales. A minimum estimate of 2612 flying-foxes died in pup abandonments, the majority of which occurred in one camp in Bomaderry. Die-offs from extreme heat events were recorded in 40 camps associated with eight separate heat events in south-eastern Australia. A minimum estimate of 72 175 flying-foxes died during these heat events, which all occurred within the range of the threatened grey-headed flying-fox (Pteropus poliocephalus). Further, 409 and 2251 live flying-foxes were taken into care from pup abandonments and heat events respectively. The minimum mortality estimated represents the highest recorded mortality of Australian flying-foxes within a single summer. This highlights a need to restore vegetation in flying-fox foraging areas and camps, address anthropogenic climate change and gather more empirical data to inform heat stress interventions to minimise flying-fox mortalities. Mass mortality events have important implications for wildlife conservation management. We estimated that at least 74 787 flying-foxes were killed from pup abandonments and extreme heat events during the austral summer of 2019–20. This was potentially the largest flying-fox die-off recorded to date, highlighting an urgent need to address casual factors and enhance intervention management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding species' distribution, population trends, and the significance of threatening processes are central to the effective conservation and management of wildlife. The island state of Tasmania, Australia, is home to two of the three extant subspecies of common wombat Vombatus ursinus ursinus and V. u. tasmaniensis , both endemic to the state. We provide a comprehensive conservation assessment of both subspecies in Tasmania, providing information on distribution and habitat, population trends and incidence of roadkill. Wombats are widespread in Tasmania, occurring in most vegetation communities, but particularly in agricultural areas, dry eucalypt forests and woodlands, and grasslands. Wombat roadkills are widespread along most major roads, with the interaction of traffic speed and wombat density likely to be one of the main causes of wombat roadkill along roads with low traffic volume. Despite this, and other factors that impact wombats including sarcoptic mange and targeted culling, population indices from standardised spotlight surveys have increased by 2.6 times over the past 36 years for V. u. tasmaniensis on mainland Tasmania and by 4.2 times over the past 27 years for V. u. ursinus on Flinders Island. Based on IUCN criteria for distribution extent and population size and trends, neither subspecies qualifies for up-listing to Threatened. Nevertheless, because of risks to wombats (e.g. disease and roadkill) ongoing monitoring and research into effective mitigation is warranted. There is concern for the conservation status of the two endemic subspecies of common wombat in Tasmania, Australia. This study showed that wombats and roadkill are widespread in Tasmania, and that overall wombat populations have increased over the past 36 years and do not qualify for listing as Threatened. Potential risks to wombat populations such as disease and roadkill, warrant on-going monitoring and research into effective mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia's biodiversity is declining despite two decades of protection for threatened species under the nation's key environmental legislation, the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Among its main functions, the EPBC Act frames the assessment and approval of new developments. However, little research has been conducted into compliance with policy guidelines under the EPBC Act that outline minimum assessment requirements where projects potentially impact threatened species. Focusing on the Endangered northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus), we analysed 'referrals' (a required preliminary impact (self-)assessment) of proposed projects in the species' range between 2007–2010 and 2016 onwards (i.e. before and after species-specific assessment guidelines released), to determine (1) the level of compliance with Commonwealth assessment guidelines, and (2) consistency in the type and amount of survey effort between the two time periods. Of the 33 referrals submitted after 2016 that we examined, only six conducted the minimum 'reconnaissance survey' requirement comprising a multi-faceted field data collection protocol. The types of surveys conducted also differed, albeit marginally, among referrals submitted between the two periods. Despite our findings of variation in survey approach (both periods), and the overwhelming failure to comply with minimum survey requirements (post-2016 only), all the projects we examined were approved under the EPBC Act without the need for further assessment. We suggest that assessments for threatened species under environmental legislation – including proposed national environmental standards in Australia – be improved through strictly enforced minimum survey requirements, lest inadequate environmental impact assessments jeopardise the recovery of threatened species. For environmental impact assessments to be effective, they must be informed by robust baseline survey data on the biodiversity affected by proposed developments. Here we show that Australian Government guidance on minimum survey effort for one of the nation's highest profile endangered mammals is routinely being ignored in impact assessments under Commonwealth law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habitat destruction is a key threatening process for amphibians. Modified or anthropogenic waterbodies can be used to compensate for habitat loss, with several amphibian species utilising created or modified waterbodies. We measured usage of anthropogenic/modified waterbodies by adult and tadpole frog species, including threatened species, in coastal wallum habitat in eastern Australia. Nine road trenches/ditches, 8 artificial 'lakes', 6 golf course waterbodies and 13 natural waterbodies were surveyed for frog adults and tadpoles during the summer/spring period 2011–2012. Additionally, we examined the relationship between frog assemblages and environmental factors (water chemistry, aquatic predators, vegetation types), focusing on Litoria olongburensis and Litoria fallax. Frog species richness differed between waterbody types, with two of three threatened frog species present in both natural and anthropogenic/modified waterbodies. The frog assemblage was influenced by pH, turbidity, salinity and percentage cover of certain vegetation types. Measured abundance of L. olongburensis adults and tadpoles were highest in natural waterbodies with high sedge density and low pH. The measured abundance of adult L. fallax was highest within artificial lakes. We conclude that differences in water chemistry and vegetation density can affect the amphibian assemblage within these environments. Therefore, effective conservation of all frog species would be enhanced by conserving a variety of waterbody types. However, natural waterbodies are more likely to be used by threatened species and the conservation of these waterbodies provides the best conservation outcomes. Where habitat offsets may be required, environmental managers should critically assess the quality of constructed habitat for specialist frog species including those associated with acidic, oligotrophic environments. Wallum frogs are unique as they occur in naturally acidic, oligotrophic waterbodies. These waterbodies and the habitat surrounding them are often influenced by human disturbances. This article looks at determining the suitability of anthropogenic waterbodies for wallum frogs. We found that naturally occurring waterbodies are most suited for wallum frogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the most poorly known species of mouse deer is the Philippine mouse deer ( I Tragulus nigricans i ), also known as "Pilandok". Keywords: Balabac Islands; chevrotains; hunting; Palawan; threatened; ungulates. Finally, local authorities must recognise that the mouse deer population is highly disjunct and natural exchange of remaining populations is impossible; therefore, each population of the species is prone to extinction if conservation actions are not taken. More recently, to strengthen the protection of mouse deer, the Municipality of Balabac has created an ordinance (Ordinance No. 07 series of 2019) declaring the Philippine mouse deer as their "flagship" species. [Extracted from the article]

(b) Vegetation age since major fires in Ngarkat Conservation Park with translocation release site and historic records of mallee emu-wrens S. mallee overlaid. Breeding ecology of mallee emu-wrens remains poorly known, though it is likely similar to that of other emu-wrens (e.g. [45]). EN arid ecology birds conservation mallee emu-wren management population management reintroduction Stipiturus mallee threatened species. Prior to the removal of mallee emu-wrens that made up the spring cohort, the primary harvest sites in Murray-Sunset and Nowingi were surveyed to establish baseline emu-wren density. Keywords: arid ecology; birds; conservation; mallee emu-wren; management; population management; reintroduction; Stipiturus mallee; threatened species. [Extracted from the article]

Our sea turtle density estimates were higher than those recorded by [18] who used a similar in-water distance sampling method for sea turtles at Glover's Reef Atoll, a marine reserve, in Belise. Despite sea turtles being culturally important for many coastal communities around Papua New Guinea (PNG) with 15 000 + turtles harvested annually (over 36% of legal global harvest; [9]), the sustainability of sea turtle populations in PNG is not currently monitored. Raw sea turtle counts were more weakly correlated with the density estimates for inshore transects (adjusted I r i SP 2 sp = 0.37) than reef crest transects (adjusted I r i SP 2 sp = 0.58). Estimated sea turtle abundance at reef crest transects with 95% confidence interval error bars at low, mid, and high tide for each transect monitoring event. [Extracted from the article]

EN conservation cytochrome c oxidase subunit I DNA barcode geckos lizards NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 New Caledonia phylogeny skinks systematics threatened species. Clades highlighted in green represent the formally described species (sensu stricto); unhighlighted groups represent putative species (Bavayia cyclura spp. 1-16 or Bavayia sauvagii spp. 1-11) based on a minimum branch length between formally described forms. It is worth noting that while BOLD algorithmically distributes BINs to cluster DNA sequences together, the number of lizard BINs in this study (212: see Supplementary Table S1) greatly exceeds the number of described and potentially undescribed species we recognise in our sampling and results (100 described species, several putative species or undescribed lineages). Keywords: conservation; cytochrome c oxidase subunit I; DNA barcode; geckos; lizards; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2; New Caledonia; phylogeny; skinks; systematics; threatened species. [Extracted from the article]

IDNA at sea: recovery of whale shark (Rhincodon typus) mitochondrial DNA sequences from the whale shark copepod (Pandarus rhincodonicus) confirms global population structure. Anterior view of a whale shark (Rhincodon typus) mouth, including whale shark copepods (Pandarus rhincodonicus) attached to the top and bottom lips and the sharksuckers (Echeneis naucrates) feeding on euphausiids (Photograph: Brad Norman). Whale sharks at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia, are routinely sighted accompanied by symbiotic echeneids and other commensal teleosts, and an estimated 26% of whale sharks there host the whale shark copepod ([13]). A whale shark (Rhincodon typus), sharksuckers (Echeneis naucrates) and a remora (Remora remora) nocturnally feeding on euphausiids; with whale shark copepods (Pandarus rhincodonicus) visible on the shark's top lip (Photograph: Brad Norman). [Extracted from the article]

With fewer than 7500 cheetahs remaining in the wild, ex situ cheetah populations serve as an insurance policy against extinction and a resource to study species' biology. This study aimed to identify the age of pubertal onset in ex situ female cheetahs using non-invasive faecal steroid hormone monitoring and body weights. Faecal samples from nine female cheetahs were collected two to three times weekly from 2 to 36 months of age and body weights were recorded every 3 months. Faecal oestrogen metabolites (FOM) and faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) were analysed using enzyme immunoassays and samples were categorised into 6-month intervals to compare endocrine characteristics. Faecal hormone and body weight data were analysed using generalised linear mixed models. Age was a significant predictor of mean and baseline FOM concentrations, number of FOM peaks, mean and maximum FOM peak concentrations and the number of cycles. Female cheetahs aged 24–30 months exhibited a marked rise in mean FOM concentration and the number of FOM peaks and cycles increased with age until 24–30 months. Females attained adult body weight by 21 months of age. Mean and baseline FGM concentrations were highest at the 0–6 and 12–18 months of age groups and did not follow the same FOM patterns. Based on body weight data, the FOM concentrations and peak patterning, females were considered pubertal from 24 to 30 months of age. Characterisation of cheetah puberty has direct and significant implications for the improvement of management and reproductive success of cheetahs under human care. This information is particularly informative for identifying important windows of development, littermate dispersal and breeding introductions. Cheetahs are charismatic ambassadors for wildlife conservation, but face many challenges in managed environments, including poor reproductive success. Until now little information on the development and sexual maturity of cheetahs existed. Based on body weight and oestrogen hormone patterns, we've identified female cheetah puberty to occur at approximately 24–30 months of age. By understanding cheetah puberty, we can improve zoo breeding programs and the success of managed cheetah populations, improving the genetic variability and sustainability of the species as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous peoples' relationships with biodiversity are often poorly recognised in conservation decision-making, but are critical to Indigenous identity and lifeways. These relationships extend to introduced species that are rarely protected under legislation. Kiore (Rattus exulans , Pacific rat) is a species introduced to Aotearoa New Zealand (hereafter Aotearoa) by Māori (the Indigenous people of Aotearoa) as a food source and bio-indicator of ecosystem state. Once common, kiore are now restricted in numbers and range, and widely considered an unwanted organism by conservation managers and some Māori. However, tribal group Ngātiwai wish to safeguard cultural access to remaining kiore on Mauitaha Island. Therefore, the goals of our study were to assess body condition and the reproductive and disease status of kiore on Mauitaha. Of 16 kiore caught, body condition based on body length to mass ratio was similar to that recorded on other islands in Aotearoa. Subcutaneous fat levels were moderate, but lower in individuals with disease inflammation. The results suggest satisfactory population health, but regular monitoring to identify temporal trends in kiore abundance and condition is important for cultural harvesting and long-term population survival. Planning for harvesting by future generations requires transforming conservation biology through Indigenous perspectives, through further assessment of methods, management and agency, examining how Indigenous knowledge and conventional science can be used to balance ecological and cultural trade-offs. Further consideration of ecological habitat and risk is also required for kiore, because the reserve is a single small island, and national conservation priorities focus on native species protection in ecosystems that exclude humans. Indigenous peoples' relationships with biodiversity extend to introduced species rarely protected under legislation. We live-trapped Pacific rats (kiore) to investigate body condition and reproductive status on an island set aside to protect this population for perpetuity and assess what future information and management approaches are required to support such biocultural relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous resource management (IRM) is dynamic and ever evolving, in part because it is based on co-evolutionary relationships between Indigenous cultures and the biodiversity around them. Forms of conservation imposed on Indigenous people and places by settler-colonialism tend to idealise pre-human and human-excluded environments, leading to conflicts between settler-coloniser conservationists and Indigenous communities detrimental to conservation goals. Conservation efforts that align with IRM and acknowledge the co-evolutionary relationships at the foundation of Indigenous culture can lead to more effective conservation efforts. In Hawai'i, the evolving relationship between Kānaka (Hawaiians) and pua'a (pigs; Sus scrofa) has been the flash point of conflicts between settler-coloniser conservationists and Hawaiian communities. This paper examines the co-evolving relationships between Hawaiians and pigs in an effort to better balance the conservation efforts aimed at controlling invasive species with the State of Hawai'i's obligation to support Indigenous practices and public hunting. We conducted this research by investigating archival Hawaiian language resources, which allowed us to resurrect knowledge lost to time and pinpoint key historical changes over the past 250 years. Our results elucidate this co-evolutionary relationship that shifted from an animal-husbandry relationship to a hunter–prey relationship in the first half of the 19th century. This change in the trajectory of the co-evolutionary relationship was a result of various shifts throughout Hawaiian socio-ecological systems, and therefore necessitates adaptive governance relating to management of and access to pigs. We conclude that Indigenous perspectives offer opportunities to transform conservation biology through multi-objective approaches that address both hunting and conservation goals. Our study analysed the co-evolving relationships between Hawaiians and pigs in Hawai'i over the past 250 years using archival resources and Indigenous perspectives. Understanding the dynamics of biocultural relationships can be used to develop socially-informed policies for both wildlife management and conservation biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quolls are carnivorous marsupials in the family Dasyuridae with characteristic white spots. They are distributed throughout Australia and New Guinea, but uncommonly seen due to their mostly nocturnal solitary nature, and large home ranges. All Australian quolls are listed as 'near threatened' or 'endangered' at state, national and international levels, largely due to human-induced threats. Threats include introduced predators, habitat loss through clearing and modifications including changed fire regimes, disease, human persecution, vehicle collisions and accidental or targeted poisoning by humans and cane toads (Rhinella marina). Conservation efforts that have focussed on reducing introduced predators, and minimising the impact of cane toads, have aided some translocations, hence species recovery in some local areas of Australia has occurred. Where species conservation has required captive breeding for translocation, successful captive management has been crucial. We summarise research conducted in captivity on aspects of birth and development, health and disease, and blood and nutrition parameters of quolls, and suggest future directions for research. Further research on captive and wild quoll populations will benefit future translocations, reintroductions and conservation through increased knowledge, improved maintenance and husbandry of captive colonies, and monitoring of wild populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key soil parameters, organic matter, soil pH and plant nutrients determine the capacity of a soil to sustain plant and animal productivity. Conservation agriculture (CA) and crop diversification or intensification may change these soil parameters positively or negatively, which eventually affect long-term sustainability. We monitored these key soil properties (at depths of 0-15 and 15-30 cm) under CA-based sustainable intensification practices: zero-till (ZT), and crop residue retention, and crop rotations on Inceptisols and Entisols in the Eastern Ganga Alluvial Plains from 2014 to 2017. The rainfall of this sub-tropical region is 1273-3201 mm. Soil organic carbon (C) ranged within 0.46-1.13% and generally followed (positive) rainfall gradients. At all sites, the soil under ZT tended to have higher organic C than conventional tillage (CT). Soil pHH2o ranged within 5.7-7.8 across the region. At all sites, soil pH generally decreased under ZT compared to CT. This was most marked at some acidic soil sites where pH decreased by up to 0.4 units; the lower the initial soil pH, the higher was the decrease in pH under ZT practice. In contrast, the reverse trend was observed for soil organic C. Partial nutrient balances for N, P and K in rice-wheat and rice-maize systems were positive for N and P ( Additional keywords: cropping systems, maize, partial nutrient balance, rice, soil organic C, soil pH, South Asia, wheat. Received 14 June 2019, accepted 30 July 2019, published online 10 September 2019, Introduction Conservation agriculture (CA) and crop diversification or intensification are the major components of the emerging farming systems for ensuring food security in South Asia (Jat et al. 2014; Islam [...]

Mixophyes iteratus (giant barred frog) is listed as Endangered in state and federal legislation, but there have been only two previous studies in scientific literature that have focused on habitat preferences of this species. This study aimed to shed light on habitat selection of M. iteratus by conducting surveys during the 2019–2020 breeding season within the Tweed Valley, northern New South Wales, Australia. Detection rate was also quantified, which is a first for the species. A nested survey method was used in conjunction with a conditional survey design. There were 118 detections of M. iteratus over 31 habitat sites, all beside permanent stream pools >10 m in length. Occupancy modelling suggested that frogs were more likely found in sites with ≥12 m of undercut bank. Over three survey rounds, detection rate was 0.54–0.65. Surveys at historical sites showed that the species can survive severe drought, which was experienced through 2018 and 2019. Findings suggest that at least two surveys for M. iteratus should be conducted at favourable sites or when targeting the species, especially if land management at the site is proposed to change. Riparian management that retains undercut banks and pools is encouraged for the conservation of this species. This study investigated habitat selection and detection rate of Mixophyes iteratus in the Tweed Valley, northern New South Wales, Australia. Raw data and occupancy modelling indicated that the species selected pools with undercut banks, which provide strata to lay eggs and for hatchling tadpoles to complete metamorphosis. Future management should concentrate on protecting these habitat features and conducting a minimum of two frog surveys at favourable sites in favourable conditions to accurately assess the occupancy of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasma gondii is a globally widespread protozoan parasite that can infect all bird and mammal species. Cat species (Felidae) are the only known definitive host for T. gondii and this parasite should have been absent from New Zealand prior to the introduction of the domestic cat (Felis catus) in the 18th Century. Clinical toxoplasmosis has recently been reported in multiple wild-living New Zealand native species, including: Hector's and Māui dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori and Cephalorhynchus hectori maui , respectively), kākā (Nestor meridionalis), red-crowned kākāriki (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae), kererū (Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) and several kiwi species (Apteryx spp.). However, the prevalence of T. gondii infection and associated disease are unknown for most New Zealand native species, and the wider conservation risks of T. gondii remain poorly understood. The preliminary evidence suggests that fatal toxoplasmosis may be more frequent in Hector's and Māui dolphins relative to other native cetaceans and avifauna that have been assessed for infection. This review summarises the research on the effects of T. gondii on New Zealand wildlife, identifies potential options for managing conservation risks, and outlines critical knowledge gaps. Fatal toxoplasmosis has been reported in multiple New Zealand native species, including Hector's and Māui dolphins, and kiwi. This review summarises relevant research on toxoplasmosis in New Zealand wildlife, identifies priorities for managing the conservation risks of toxoplasma, and defines the critical knowledge gaps currently constraining management options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about the ecological functional roles of native predators may help inform the conservation of wildlife and pest management. If predators show preferences for certain prey, such as invasive species, this could potentially be used as a conservation tool to help restore degraded (e.g. overgrazed) ecosystems via the reintroduction of native predators and suppression of exotic prey (e.g. introduced herbivores). The diet of spotted-tailed quolls was studied in a fenced reserve in south-eastern Australia where native mammals have been reintroduced, foxes and cats removed, but invasive European rabbits still persist. A total of 80 scats were collected over 12 months and analysis of macroscopic prey remains was conducted to determine diet. Rabbits were by far the most commonly consumed prey species by volume (~76%) and frequency (~60%), followed by brushtail possums (~11% for both volume and frequency), and other small and medium-sized native mammals in much smaller amounts. Quoll scat analysis revealed 10 mammal species in total, eight of which were native. Bird, reptile and invertebrate remains were uncommon in quoll scats. This suggests that spotted-tailed quolls may show a preference for preying on invasive European rabbits in certain contexts, and this could potentially be used as part of quoll reintroductions to aid rabbit population suppression and ecosystem restoration. Dietary analysis can increase knowledge of the ecological roles of native predators, helping to guide and improve management actions and conservation outcomes, including species reintroductions. We examined spotted-tailed quoll diet using scats, within a fenced conservation reserve containing a diverse native and introduced prey community. European rabbits were the predominant prey species by volume and frequency in scats, followed by small to medium native mammal species. Our findings suggest that reintroducing spotted-tailed quolls could aid rabbit suppression and ecosystem restoration. Photograph by Simon Gorta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryopreserved spermatozoa offers a reliable, efficient and cost-effective means to perpetuate the genetic variation of endangered amphibian species in concert with conservation breeding programs. Here we describe successful cryopreservation of testicular spermatozoa of the common frog Rana temporaria, preliminarily stored in the carcasses of decapitated animals at þ48C for 0, 1 and 4 days. The motility, membrane integrity and fertilisation capability of fresh testicular spermatozoa treated with cryoprotective medium supplemented with 15% dimethylformamide (DMF) or 15% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were examined. DMSO had a significantly greater toxic effect on fresh frog spermatozoa than DMF. Low levels of DNA fragmentation were seen in spermatozoa stored in the testis for different times and then treated with DMF (mean (±s.e.m.) 8.2±0.7% and 18.2±1.8% after 0 and 4 days storage respectively). After 1 day of storage in frog carcasses, the quality of spermatozoa cryopreserved with DMF was not significantly different from that of control spermatozoa (0 days of storage). After 4 days of storage, the quality of frozen-thawed spermatozoa was significantly lower in the DMF-treated than control group: 35% of the spermatozoa cryopreserved with DMF retained motility, 25% maintained the ability to fertilise fresh oocytes and 80% of fertilised oocytes survived to hatch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of a target species' habitat niche and physiological tolerances is important for conservation planning. However, these factors are not well understood for the threatened annual grass Arthraxon hispidus in New South Wales (NSW). Although the species is widespread in modified environments, recent studies have suggested that several threatened wetland types may represent original native habitat for the species, but documented field examples are lacking and the species' physiological response to soil moisture is not clear. We undertook a detailed survey of an A. hispidus population within a relatively intact native sedgeland community, and carried out a nursery experiment to test the hydrological tolerances of the species. We found that A. hispidus plants grew more vigorously in poorly drained or waterlogged conditions, suggesting that the species is well-adapted to overcome such stressors, possibly through the formation of adventitious roots, a trait shared by many wetland plants globally. Our field survey confirmed that the A. hispidus population within the study site occurred only within species assemblages that were characteristic of a freshwater wetland formation and that matched descriptions of a listed endangered ecological community. These findings provide a deeper insight into the species' habitat and threats, and offer a valuable management focus for conservation of A. hispidus as a component of threatened wetland communities in north-eastern NSW. This study describes the preferred microhabitat of a population of the threatened grass Arthraxon hispidus growing within a freshwater wetland dominated by Carex gaudichaudiana , and a nursery experiment that identified that A. hispidus plants grew best under waterlogged and poorly drained treatments. These finding have implications for species conservation planning and habitat restoration approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]