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Around the world, maxillofacial disorders are distributed widely. The oral and maxillofacial area is affected by a wide variety of illnesses, from inflammatory lesions to benign and malignant cancers. Objective: This is a base line study that will aid in the diagnosis and management of oral healthcare and also guide recommendations and associated research in the local population in the future. Methods: In this descriptive observational study, 124 patients with orofacial lesions reported at the Hayat Abad medical complex, Department of Oral Maxillofacial and Dental Surgery between 2021 and 2022 were analyzed. Result: A total of 124 orofacial lesions were found, of which 47 were malignant and 57 benign, with the posterior mandible being the most commonly affected area. The pathology that affected most frequently was squamous cell carcinoma. In the fourth, fifth, and sixth decades of life, the soft tissue lesion affected 41% of males and 37% of females. These included squamous cell carcinoma well-differentiated in 32 (25.80%), fibrous epulis in 11 (8.8%), and pyogenic granuloma in 16 (12.90%) of cases. Conclusion: With the posterior mandibular area being the most common site, oral squamous cell carcinoma affects adolescents and the elderly with the most incidence rate.

The study of the epidemiologic association between fluorosis and periodontitis, as well as the effects of fluorosis on periodontal tissues and the effects of periodontal therapy on teeth of non-fluorosed and fluorosed. There has been limited research into the effects of fluorosis on organic tissues for example bones. The biomechanical, histology and biochemical properties of fluorosed bones have still not been studied in alveolar bone, which, like extremities, is an important component of the periodontal tissue. Objective: The goal of this research was to compare the histology of fluorosed femur bones to that of non-fluorosed femur bones. Method: 40 non-fluorosed and fluorosed healthy bone (femoral) samples were tested using a microscope to compare and assess the histology of non-fluorosed with fluorosed bone. Results: When comparing the non-fluorosed group (11.835.21, 9.853.45) to the fluorosed group (7.724.42, 6.702.42), bone of cortical and cancellous cellularity was shown to be substantial in term of statistics. The non-fluorosed and fluorosed bone had the same trabecular density statistically not significant, p-value is equal to 0.726]. Nonfluorosed bone had thick trabeculae, while fluorosed bone had short and thin trabeculae. Conclusion: The identified histologic variations could affect the pathogenesis of periodontitis / the efficacy of periodontal therapy. In widespread fluorosed regions, dental fluoride could likely be identified as an important public health issue.