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This study aimed to assess bovine tuberculosis-like cases in three slaughterhouses in North Central Algeria and to confirm these suspected cases using microscopic, bacteriological examination, and molecular biology technique. We highlighted the factors influencing the prevalence of the disease. Also, the genomic profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains isolated by Oligonucleotide typing technique (Spoligotyping) were determined. At the abattoir level, bovine carcasses were routinely inspected to detect visible abnormalities including suspicious lesions of bovine tuberculosis (BTB). At the laboratory level (Pasteur Institute, Algiers), Ziehl-Neelsen staining, bacterial culture, biochemical study (nitrate reduction test), and spoligotyping were performed to confirm suspected cases. On a total of 1300 bovine carcasses, 100 presented BTB-like cases (7.69%). Animals over 5 years of age were more affected compared to other age groups. Lesions were observed more often in females than in males and cattle of local breed were the most exposed to BTB-like cases (P, Cilj ove studije bio je procijeniti slučajeve slične tuberkulozi goveda u tri klaonice u sjeverno-središnjem Alžiru i potvrditi sumnjive slučajeve uporabom mikroskopije, bakteriološkog pregleda i tehnike molekularne biologije. Uočili smo čimbenike koji su utjecali na prevalenciju bolesti. Određeni su i genomski profili sojeva Mycobacterium tuberculosis kompleksa (MTBC) izolirani tehnikom tipizacije oligonukleotida (spoligotipizacija). Na razini klaonice, rutinski su pregledana trupla goveda u svrhu detekcije vidljivih abnormalnosti uključujući sumnjive lezije tuberkuloze goveda (BTB). Na razini laboratorija (Pasteur institut, Alžir), obavljeno je Ziehl-Neelsen bojanje, bakteriološka kultura, biokemijska studija (ispitivanje redukcije nitrata) te spoligotipizacija za potvrđivanje sumnjivih slučajeva. Od ukupno 1300 trupla goveda, 100 ih je pokazivalo stanja slična na BTB (7,69 %). Životinje starosti više od 5 godina bile su pogođenije u usporedbi s drugim dobnim skupinama. Ove su lezije zamijećene više u ženki nego u mužjaka, a goveda lokalne pasmine bila su najizloženija stanja slična na BTB (P

The aim of this study was to establish an experimental protocol for the artificial reproduction of royal carp ‘Cyprinus carpio’ with the hormonal induction of spawning. For this purpose, we conducted this study at an aquaculture farm in Khemis Meliana (Ain Defla, Algeria). The study included six royal carp broodstock, 4 females and 2 males. Hormone injection was performed in the dorsal muscle under the fin. The induction of carp was done successively in females by GnRH at a dose of 3 mg/kg and in males by hCG at a dose of 500 IU per kg weight. Fertilisation was done artificially by the dry method. After incubation of eggs, a binocular magnifying glass was used to check the condition of eggs and the development of the embryos over time. The results obtained show that the artificial reproduction of this species was possible, with success of ovulation and fertilisation, and hatching and growth of the larvae. Stripping was done after 24 h of hormonal stimulation at a temperature of 21°C. Disaggregation of eggs was performed efficiently with whole milk. The total number of eggs was 552,000 eggs with a weight of 1104 g. The average latency time was 22 hours. The hatching rate after 3 days of incubation on artificial spawning grounds at 21±1°C was 441,600 larvae (80%). Larvae food follow-up started from the 3rd day post-hatching with a combination natural food (rotifers) and artificial food. At the end of this experiment, we can conclude that it is possible to improve reproduction through the proper use of hormonal stimulation techniques and by improving feeding and abiotic factors that are dominant in fish farming., Cilj je ovoga bio rada utvrditi eksperimentalni protokol u svezi umjetnog osjemenjivanja šarana ‘Cyprinus carpio’ s hormonalnom indukcijom mriještenja. U tu smo svrhu proveli studiju na akvakulturnoj farmi u Khemis Meliana (Ain Defla, Alžir). U ovom smo radu koristili šest šarana iz matičnog jata: 4 ženke i 2 mužjaka. Hormonalne injekcije dane su u dorzalni mišić ispod peraja. Indukcija šarana u ženki obavljena je sukcesivno putem GnRH pri dozi od 3 mg/ kg i mužjaka dozom hCG po stopi od 500 IU po kg mase. Oplodnja je obavljena umjetno, suhom metodom. Nakon inkubacije jajašaca za provjeru stanja jajašaca i razvoja embrija tijekom vremena rabljeno je binokularno povećalo. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da je umjetno osjemenjivanje ove vrste moguće, kao i preživljavanje i rast ličinki s uspješnom ovulacijom, oplodnjom i izlijeganjem ličinki. Prikupljanje zametnih stanica obavljeno je nakon 24 sata od hormonalne stimulacije na temperaturi od 21 °C. Deagregacija jajašaca učinkovito je obavljena pomoću punomasnog mlijeka. Ukupni broj jajašaca bio je 552,000 jajašaca s masom od 1104 g. Prosječno vrijeme latencije bilo je 22 sata. Postotak izlijeganja nakon 3 dana inkubacije na umjetnoj podlozi za mriještenje na temperaturi od 21 °C +/- 1 bio je 441,600 ličinki (80 %). Naknadna hranidba ličinki započela je trećeg dana od izlijeganja s diversifikacijom između prirodne hrane na bazi rotifera i umjetne hrane. Na kraju pokusa, možemo zaključiti da je moguće ispravnom uporabom tehnika hormonalne stimulacije i poboljšanjem hranidbe i abiotičkih čimbenika koji su dominantni u uzgoju ribe poboljšati reprodukciju.

This study was carried out to evaluate a probiotic effect on the mobilisation of body reserves in goats towards the end of gestation by measuring ketone body production in blood and calculating the body condition score (BCS). Ketone body production was monitored by measuring the betahydroxybutyrate BHB levels in the blood using a portable kit (PRECISION XTRA Blood ketone test). The results revealed that the use of the probiotic SYMBIOVEBA® (association of Saccharomyces cervicae and Lactobacillus) did not decrease the formation of blood BHB in goats, and therefore did not decrease mobilization of the body reserves of goats in late pregnancy., Ova je studija provedena da bi se procijenio probiotički učinak na mobilizaciju tjelesnih rezervi koza na kraju njihove gravidnosti, uzimajući u obzir proizvodnju ketonskih tijela u krvi i ocjenu tjelesne kondicije (BCS). Proizvodnja ketonskih tijela praćena je mjerenjem razina betahidroksibutirata (BHB) u krvi uporabom prijenosnog kompleta (PRECISION XTRA test za ketone u krvi). Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da uporaba probiotika SYMBIOVEBA® (kombinacija Saccharomyces cervicae i lactobacillus) nije smanjila formiranje BHB-a u krvi koza te time nije smanjila mobilizaciju njihovih tjelesnih rezervi u kasnoj gravidnosti.

The objective of the current work was to study in vitro sperm quality after antibiotics and symbiotic administration and to evaluate treatment administered before insemination with the aim of reducing artificial insemination failures in goats. This experimental study was carried out at the Animal Reproduction Biotechnology Laboratory (Blida, Algeria). Semen analysis was performed using the Computer-assisted sperm analysis system. In the first experimental approach, we used the antibiotics most commonly administered in the veterinary field for the treatment of subclinical endometritis. A total of eight antibiotics were studied. Each antibiotic tested was co-incubated with frozen goat semen brought from the Centre for Artificial Insemination and Genetic Improvement. For the second experimental approach, we incubated semen with a symbiotic (Symbiovéba). Finally, we selected two antibiotics among those used, namely colistin and cotrimoxazole, and these were co-incubated with the symbiotic and the semen, to examine possible combinations of antibiotics with symbiotics in the treatment and prevention of uterine infections (broad spectrum synergistic activity). Antibiotics have been shown to have a detrimental effect on the sperm cell, by decreasing sperm motility. The average value calculated on all antibiotics was 18% (as opposed to initial motility of 78% in the control group), with an alteration of the linear speed that would have a negative impact on fertilization. On the other hand, symbiotics had a beneficial effect on spermatozoa motility and vitality. The combination of the symbiotic and colistin proved to be very promising. In conclusion, the use of symbiotics in the treatment of subclinical endometriosis at the time of goat insemination is beneficial, and requires greater attention in future research., Cilj je ovoga rada bio proučiti in vitro kvalitetu sperme nakon dodavanja antibiotika i simbiotika te procijeniti terapiju danu nedugo prije osjemenjivanja da bi se smanjio broj neuspješnosti umjetnih osjemenjivanja (AI) u koza. Naša eksperimentalna studija provedena je u Laboratoriju za asistiranu reprodukciju životinja (Blida, Alžir). Analiza sjemena provedena je sustavom računalno potpomognute analize sperme (CASA). Za prvi eksperimentalni pristup rabili smo antibiotike koji se najčešće daju u veterini za liječenje subkliničkog endometritisa (SCE), a proučeno je ukupno osam antibiotika. Svaki ispitani antibiotik bio je koinkubiran sa zamrznutim sjemenom koza iz Centra za umjetno osjemenjivanje i genetsko poboljšanje (CNIAAG). Za drugi pristup koinkubirali smo spermu sa simbiotikom (Symbiovéba). Na kraju smo izabrali dva antibiotika među onima rabljenima - kolistin i kotrimoksazol. Da bismo pokušali pronaći moguću kombinaciju antibiotika sa simbioticima u liječenju i prevenciji infekcije maternice (široki spektar sinergizirane aktivnosti) koinkubirali smo ih sa simbiotikom i sjemenom. Pokazalo se da antibiotici imaju negativan učinak na spermije jer su prouzročili smanjenje njihove pokretljivosti. Prosječna izračunata vrijednost na svim antibioticima bila je 18 % (početna pokretljivost kontrolne skupine bila je 78 %) te promjena linearne brzine koja bi imala negativan učinak na oplodnju, dok su simbiotici su imali blagotvorni učinak na pokretljivost i vitalnost sperme. Kombinacija simbiotika i kolistina bila je vrlo obećavajuća što znači, da je uporaba simbiotika u liječenju subkliničkog endometritisa (SCE) u vrijeme umjetnog osjemenjivanja koza korisna, ali ju je potrebno i dalje pratiti i istraživati.

In Algeria, camel breeding participates in the national milk production. However, this breeding faces significant health problems, including mammary pathologies. This disease is a major public health threat, due to the existence of human pathogens in milk. Several species are associated with this mastitis. Unlike cow’s milk, goat and camel milk are most often consumed in the fresh raw state, thus escaping any official control. The present study aimed to determine the nature and frequency of mastitis, and the nature and frequency of the responsible bacteria in each type of mastitis in southern Algeria. A total of 62 camels were subjected to clinical examination and screening for subclinical mastitis and the presence of Brucella using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and ring test, respectively. CMT positive samples were then further subjected to bacteriological analysis. Clinical and subclinical mastitis were present with frequencies of 4.44% and 95.55%, respectively. Bacteriological analysis isolated a total of 73 samples of 45 seeds. Staphylococci were most commonly isolated, with a frequency of 63.01%. Among these, Staphylococcus aureus were at the top of the list, with 35.61%, while Staphylococcus SCN (coagulase negative staphylococci) represented only 27.39%. Streptococci were the second most isolated group, with 28.77%. Gram-positive bacilli were in third place, accounting for 6.85% of all isolates. Gram- negative bacilli (enterobacteria) were isolated with a frequency of 1.36%. Brucella was present with a frequency of 4.44%. Finally, an extended study on a larger sample of camels is required in the future., U Alžiru, uzgoj deva sudjeluje u nacionalnoj proizvodnji mlijeka. Međutim, taj uzgoj suočava se sa zdravstvenim problemima, uključujući patologiju mliječnih žlijezda koja zauzima znatno mjesto. Ova bolest predstavlja glavnu prijetnju javnom zdravlju uslijed prisutnosti patogena opasnih za ljude u mlijeku. Naime, nekoliko bakterija povezano je s mastitisom. Za razliku od kravljeg mlijeka, kozje mlijeko i mlijeko deva često konzumiraju sami uzgajivači svježe i sirovo, čime se izbjegava službena kontrola. Ova studija imala je za cilj ustvrditi svojstva i učestalost mastitisa, kao i svojstva i učestalost opasnih bakterija u svakoj vrsti mastitisa u južnoj regiji Alžira. Ukupno 62 deve podvrgnute su kliničkom pregledu vimaa i prisutnosti brucele uporabom kalifornijskog testa za mastitis (CMT), odnosno ring testa. Pozitivni uzorci CMT testa podvrgnuti su bakteriološkoj analizi. Klinički i supklinički mastitis bili su prisutni s učestalošću od 4,44 %, odnosno 95,55 %. Bakteriološka analiza omogućila je izolaciju ukupno 73 uzorka 45 sojeva. Stafilokoki su najčešće izolirani s učestalošću od 63,01 %. Među njima, Staphylococcus aureus bio je najprisutniji s 35,61 %. Staphylococcus CNS (koagulaza negativni stafilokoki) predstavljali su 27,39 %. Streptokoki su bili druga najčešće izolirana skupina s 28,77 %. Gram-pozitivni bacili bili su na trećem mjestu sa 6,85 % izolata. Gram- negativni bacili (enterobakterije) izolirane su s učestalošću od 1,36 %. Brucela je bila prisutna s učestalošću od 4,44 %. Zaključno, u budućnosti će biti osmišljena proširena studija na većem broju deva.

Veterinary treatments, mainly antibiotics, used for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes in dairy cows, may be the cause of the presence of their residues in milk. This can have harmful consequences on animal and human health. To fully understand this problem, the present study aimed to evaluate the presence of antibiotic residues on 160 samples of cow’s milk in the North Central region of Algeria, using two distinct microbiological techniques (acidification test and agar diffusion test) for two strains Bacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus subtilis. The results showed antibiotic residue contamination in 18.12% of samples. Tetracycline and/or penicillin residues were responsible for the contamination of 90% of positive milk samples, while macrolide and/or aminoglycoside residues were only detected in 6.66% of positive samples. The confirmation by the agar diffusion test of the 31 raw milk samples including 30 positive and one suspicious sample, analysed by the acidification test, showed a contamination rate of 90.32% for beta-lactams and/or tetracyclines (28 samples) and a contamination rate of 3.22% for aminoglycosides and/or macrolides (2 samples). The suspicious sample tested negative. The results of this study showed that the control and monitoring of antibiotics and their residues by collectors and in foods of animal origin are particularly important to ensure the safety of food of animal origin, and thus to protect the consumer., Liječenje mastitisa uglavnom se temelji na uporabi antibiotika. Međutim, u novije vrijeme, postoje izvješća o povećanju fenomena otpornosti i o prisutnosti rezidua u mlijeku i mliječnim prerađevinama. Širom svijeta kao i u Alžiru nekoliko se studija usredotočilo na liječenje mastitisa pomoću homeopatije. Cilj je ove studije pojasniti primjenjivost homeopatije u liječenju mastitisa. Istraživanje je provedeno na dvije farme mlijeka na 14 krava u regiji Laghouat (jug Alžira). Prije početka istraživanja, obavljeno je ispitivanje tolerancije na dvije krave izdvojene za klanje bez ikakve očite infekcije [osim mastitisa]. U određeno vrijeme zamijećene su lokalne i opće reakcije. Ukupno 31 mamitska regija zaprimila je svakih 12 satitijekom razdoblja od 48 sati 4 intramamarne injekcije homeopatskog preparata koji sadrži nekoliko prirodnih proizvoda. Obavljen je klinički pregled i analiza uzoraka mlijeka na dan D0, D7 i D14 na svim kravama, a odluka je donesena 14. dan. Podatci su pokazali vrlo dobru toleranciju homeopatskog preparata i izlječenje 75 % kliničkih mastitisa. Zamijećeno je i poboljšanje sa smanjenjem CMT bodova. Uz to, prijavljena je i stopa ozdravljenja od 51,85 % za supklinički mastitis na dan D7 i od 59,29 % na dan D14. U konačnici, homeoterapija bi, u nekim slučajevima, mogla predstavljati alternativu antibiotskoj terapiji i osigurati prednosti za uzgajivače. U budućnosti je potrebno obaviti dodatna ispitivanja.

Bovine mastitis is an important commercial and sanitary cost in milk production. The prevention and treatment of this disease is essentially based on the use of antibiotics that have limited effectiveness and can negatively affect milk quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an alternative treatment based on a symbiotic in the control and prevention of subclinical mastitis (SCM), and in the improvement of the quality of milk produced on a dairy farm in north-central Algeria. The milk of 68 cows was collected and analysed by somatic cell count and bacteriological analysis. Three samples were taken at one-month intervals. The first sample was taken before the administration of a feed additive (SYMBIOVEBA®) to lactating dairy cows. Animals were divided into two groups to study the effects (curative and preventive) of the symbiotic. Each group was further divided into two subgroups, where one received the symbiotic and the other was the control. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis at this farm was 33.82%. Bacterial identification was performed using classical methods only on the group of cows with mastitis; a total of 13 bacterial species were isolated from the three samples. Staphylococci were dominant, with a frequency of 45%, followed by Enterobacteriaceae (40%). These rates were considerably lower in both subgroups, though treated cows showed 100% cure rate for both Staphylococci and Enterobacteriaceae. Individual somatic cell count (ISCC) was performed on all three samples and in both groups, and revealed a cure threshold (S) of 200,000 cells/mL, and a 100% cure rate for the SYMBIOVEBA®-treated cow subgroup compared to 62.5% for the control subgroup (P, Mastitis krava predstavlja važan ekonomski i sanitarni trošak u proizvodnji mlijeka. Prevencija i liječenje ove bolesti u osnovi se temelje na uporabi antibiotika koji negativno utječu na kakvoću mlijeka i čija je učinkovitost ograničena. Cilj je ove studije bio procijeniti učinkovitost alternativnog liječenja na temelju simbioze kontrole i prevencije subkliničkog mastitisa (SCM) te poboljšanja kakvoće mlijeka koje se proizvodi na farmi mlijeka koja se nalazi u sjevernom središtu Alžira. Prikupljeno je mlijeko 68 krava te analizirano prema broju somatskih stanica, a učinjena je i bakteriološka analiza. Izuzeta su tri različita uzorka u intervalu od mjesec dana. Prvi je uzorak izuzet prije davanja dodatka prehrani (SYMBIOVEBA®) mliječnim kravama u laktaciji. Životinje su klasificirane u 2 skupine kako bi se proučila dva učinka (ljekoviti i preventivni) simbioze. Svaka skupina podijeljena je u dvije skupine, jedna je primala simbiozu, a druga je bila kontrolna skupina. Pojavnost subkliničkog mastitisa na ovoj farmi bila je 33,82 %. Identifikacija mikroorganizama provedena je klasičnom metodom i odnosila se samo na skupinu krava s mastitisom na početku; to je dopustilo izolaciju 13 različitih mikroorganizama iz tri uzastopno uzorkovana uzorka. Otkrivena je dominacija stafilokoka s učestalošću od 45 % i enterobakterija (40 %). Ovi su postotci bili značajno niži u obje skupine, osim što je to bilo značajnije u liječenih krava: 100 % izlječenja za stafilokoke i enterobakterije. Broj somatskih stanica u mlijeku pojedine krave (ISCC) ispitan je u sva tri uzorka i u obje skupine je otkrio, za prag uprabe terapije (S) od 200,000 stanica/mL, 100 % postotak izlječenja za skupinu krava koje su primale SYMBIOVEBA® dodatak prehrani u usporedbi sa 62,5 % za kontrolnu skupinu krava (P

Ovarian cysts (OC) are among the major factors affecting dairy cattle fertility due to their impacts on reproductive performance. Extension of the calving-calving interval and the costs of treatment associated with this pathology are the main sources of economic losses for the dairy industry. This study involved conducting an epidemiological survey relating to ovarian cysts in cows based on the observations of veterinary practitioners in Algeria. This survey was performed using a questionnaire distributed to 103 practicing veterinarians in different regions of Algeria. According to the responses, OC dominated all ovarian diseases, followed by smooth ovaries and ovarian adhesions. Ovarian tumours were encountered very rarely. In general, veterinarians considered any follicular structure greater than 20 mm in diameter and persisting for at least 10 days to be cystic. The aetiology was multifactorial, and the following were cited: alimentation, high milk production, puerperal pathologies (metritis, retained placenta), postpartum, age, and winter season. Anoestrus was often the most observed behaviour in cystic cows, accompanied by changes in the genital tract, namely the cervix and uterus. As a consequence, in most cases, OC was associated with a delay of first insemination and conception. The use of hormones, especially PGF2α and GnRH, to treat OC was the most widely used method in the field. Clinical recovery was obtained approximately 11-15 days after the beginning of treatment, though the risk of recurrence was appreciable. The majority of vets interviewed promoted the prevention of OC. They advised breeders to improve feeding and hygiene conditions, especially during calving. Medical prevention was based on the use of hormones (PGF2α and GnRH). Though the survey showed varying results, they were generally consistent with the literature., Ciste jajnika (OC) su jedan od ključnih čimbenika koji utječu na plodnost mliječnih krava, zbog njihovog učinka na reproduktivnu sposobnost. Produženo međutelidbeno razdoblje i troškovi liječenja povezani s ovom patologijom izvor su ekonomskih gubitaka za mliječnu industriju. Stoga, ova studija ima za cilj provesti i iskoristiti epidemiološku anketu u svezi cista jajnika u krava na temelju opažanja veterinara u Alžiru. Ova anketa provedena je uporabom upitnika koji je podijeljen 103 veterinara u različitim regijama Alžira. Prema odgovorima, OC je dominantna među svim bolestima jajnika, nakon čega slijede glatki jajnici i adhezije jajnika. Tumori jajnika su vrlo rijetki. Općenito, veterinari su trebali dijagnosticirati bilo kakvu folikularnu strukturu veću od 20 mm promjera koja traje dulje od 10 dana kao cističnu. Etiologija je bila višeznačna, a naveli su slijedeće: hranidbu, visoku proizvodnju mlijeka, kao i puerperalne patologije (metritis, zaostala posteljica), puerperijum, dob i zimsko razdoblje. Anestrus je bio najčešće zamijećena patologija u cističnih krava, a popraćen je promjenama u genitalnom traktu, odnosno vratu maternice i u maternici. Posljedično, u većini slučajeva, OC je povezan s odgodom između prve inseminacije i začeća. Uporaba hormona, posebice PGF2α i GnRH, za liječenje OC-a bila je najraširenije rabljena metoda na terenu. Klinički oporavak postignut je oko 11-15 dana nakon početka spomenutog liječenja, ali rizik od ponovne pojave OC je bio značajan. Većina intervjuiranih veterinara bila je za prevenciju OC-a. Uzgajivačima su preporučili poboljšanje hranidbe i higijenskih uvjeta, posebice u vrijeme teljenja. Medicinska prevencija temeljila se na uporabi hormona (PGF2α i GnRH). U konačnici, provedena anketa pokazala je različite rezultate, ali su se oni uglavnom podudarali s literaturnim podatcima.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR- associated system (Cas) is a system that provides immunity to most prokaryotic organisms against viral attacks and other foreign bodies. CRISPR systems consist of a scissor-like protein called Cas9 and a genetic GPS guide “The guide RNA”. However, researchers have reoriented and repurposed the primordial immune system to precisely manipulate genomes in most organisms by introducing DNA double-strand breaks at specific genome locations to introduce specific DNA modifications. More applications of CRISPR have arisen since its discovery, from disabling parasites to correcting mutations and improving crop yields. This review was conceived as a guide to CRISPR technology, from its discovery to the latest breakthroughs. It is hoped that this study will provide a general-based view for this life changing technology, inspiring scientists to go further with CRISPR in the sake of a better life., Grupirane pravilno razmaknute kratke ponavljajuće palindromske sekvence (CRISPR)/CRISPR-povezani sustav (Cas) je sustav koji osigurava imunost većine prokariotskih organizama na napade virusa i drugih stranih tijela. CRISPR sustavi se sastoje od bjelančevine nalik škarama naziva Cas9 i genetskog GPS vodiča „vodičke RNK“. Međutim, istraživači su preorijentirali i prenamijenili iskonski imunološki sustav za preciznu manipulaciju genomom u većini organizama uvodeći dvolančane lomove na DNK na određenim lokacijama genoma radi uvođenja specifičnih izmjena DNK. Od njegova otkrića CRISPR ima sve više primjena; od onemogućavanja parazita do ispravljanjamutacijaipoboljšavanjaprinosa u poljoprivredi. Ovo istraživanje provedeno je da bi poslužilo kao vodič za CRISPR tehnologiju, od povijesti njegova otkrića do najnovijih saznanja. Nadamo se da će ova studija osigurati općeniti pregled ove tehnologije koja mijenja živote, a i inspirirati znanstvenike da nastave istraživanja s CRISPR-om, za bolji život.

The aim of this study was to identify the species and parasitic indices of ticks. A flock of 57 individuals (sheep, goats, cattle and dogs) in southern Algeria was studied from March 2019 to February 2020 during monthly visits. A total of 2544 ticks were collected by examining the entire body of the animal. Two tick species were identified: Hyalomma dromedarii (2430 ticks) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (114 ticks). The first species had annual activity and consisted only of adults, while the second species had spring and summer activity and contained both adults and nymphs. At the annual level, the prevalence of infestation, abundance, and intensity were 38.60%, 44.63 and 115.64 ticks per animal, respectively. At the monthly level there were species specific fluctuations, with a peak in activity in September., Ova je studija provedena na jugu Alžira u svrhu identifikacije vrste i parazitskih indeksa krpelja, a proučavano je stado u vremenskom razdoblju od ožujka 2019. do veljače 2020. uz učestalu posjetu jednom mjesečno. Ispitivanjem cijelog tijela životinje prikupljena su ukupno 2544 krpelja ispitivanjem cijelog tijela životinje. Identificirane su dvije vrste krpelja: Hyalomma dromedarii (2430 krpelja) i Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (114 krpelja). Prva vrsta bila je aktivna cijelu godinu i sadržavala je samo odrasle jedinke, dok je druga vrsta bila aktivna u proljeće i jesen i sadržala je i odrasle i nimfe. Pojavnost infestacije, brojnost i intenzitet bili su 38,60 %, 44,63, odnosno 115,64 krpelja godišnje po životinji. Na mjesečnoj razini te ovisno o vrsti životinje, bilo je fluktuacija, s vrhuncem aktivnosti u rujnu.