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U radu se govori o kotorskom Statutu tiskanom 1715. godine u Veneciji, do sada vrlo malo poznatom u znanosti. Cilj članka jest iznošenje sadržaja dokumenata koji se u punom ili skraćenom obliku donose u Statutu. Da bi se olakšalo prepoznavanje i utvrđivanje sadržaja isprava, navode se neki rukopisni zbornici u kojima se danas nalaze prijepisi tih isprava iz Statuta, kao i neke arhivske zbirke s manjim brojem sačuvanih originala isprava. Među ciljevima pisanja članka nalazi se i nastojanje da se na osnovi sadržaja isprava, koje se djelomice ili u cjelini donose, donese odgovor na pitanje na koje su se teme i područja odnosili dokumenti koji su tiskani u ovom Statutu., A collection of documents regarding Kotor and its relations with Venice and Perast was printed in 1715 in Venice under the title of “Statuta civitatis Cathari” comprising 38 pages. The documents which it contains were created in the period from the beginning of the 14th century to 1713. It consists of the norms from the Statute printed in 1616, or more precisely the ones adopted during the Serbian rule of the town, norms adopted in the period of Kotor’s independence, and acts from the time when Kotor accepted the sovereignty of the Venetian Republic. Apart from this, there are other ducali and terminazioni of the Venetian doges and provveditori generali, acts of other Venetian bodies and witness statements. The Statute also mentions acts related to medieval Budva. Several sections can be detected in the documents from this Statute in terms of the contents. The first one comprises documents which state the general readiness of the Venetian authorities to respect Kotor’s legal norms, Statute, traditions, privileges and benefits. This was also expressed in the acts which regulated their relations at the moment when Kotor accepted Venetian sovereignty. The willingness of the Venetian authorities to respect Kotor’s laws and traditions can frequently be found in documents from the 15th and the 17th century, which were adopted within the Statute. The second section comprises documents which deal with the status of nobility. A statutory norm from the early 15th century introduces the prohibition of marriage between Kotor’s noblemen and common women, under threat of being banned from membership in councils. During the 15th century, this norm was observed. Still, sometime later, the Kotor and Venetian authorities allowed access to the Great Council to persons whose mothers had not been of noble ancestry. Kotor’s authorities did not grant access to the council to descendants of Perast women and Kotor noblemen, which caused dissatisfaction among the people of Perast. Their appeals were rejected by the Venetians, as reference was made to Kotor’s norms. The documents related to the relations between Kotor and Venice could be placed in a separate group. Among them stand out the provisions on the free disposal of church property, on the obligation of Kotor’s citizens to participate in the armament of galleys and other vessels, on envoys of the Kotor community. The Statute mentions some norms which stipulate the military duties of Perast citizens towards Venice. The Statute also states the financial responsibilities of the people of Perast They received remuneration for their service to the Venetian Republic. A norm was adopted which prescribed that judges and captains appointed by Kotor’s provveditori would adjudicate in cases involving people from Perast at first instance. In the early second decade of the 18th century, the autonomy of Perast was significantly reduced with the prohibition of freedom of assembly and the abolition of the right to adopt norms related to the community of Perast autonomously. The Statute also provides norms from the late first and the early second decade of the 15th century from the Statute printed in 1616. They are related to the manner of adopting decisions in Kotor’s councils; there are norms from the field of agriculture, contributions to priests, notaries, communication with the neighbouring population and church property matters. The documents in the Statute are often given in a short form. Documents dealing with matters concerning the status of nobility are mainly adopted in full form. Some parts of the text are written in capital or bigger letters to emphasise their importance.

Fanti Oltramarini, odnosno prekomorsko pješaštvo stoljećima su se ubrajali među najcijenjenije vojne postrojbe Mletačke Republike, a u njima su – kao obični vojnici te obnašatelji najviših časničkih činova, ponajprije sudjelovali stanovnici sa širega područja istočnojadranske obale. U ovome radu, zasnovanom na proučavanju gradiva iz Archivio di Stato di Venezia i Državnog arhiva u Zadru, središnja istraživačka pozornost usmjerena je na vojnu karijeru Bokelja Jerolima Smeće. Prati se Smećin put od kadeta i zastavnika četrdesetih godina 18. stoljeća, preko višegodišnjeg obnašanja službe kapetana i bojnika u pješačkim pukovnijama Benedikta Paskvalija i Nikole Scutarija, do završnih godina 18. stoljeća kada je Smeća stekao čin pukovnika. U radu se osobita pozornost poklanja sastavu satnija kojima je Smeća zapovijedao u pojedinim etapama svoje karijere te na kraju donose prijepisi nekih od popisa Smećina vojnoga ljudstva u razdoblju od 1765. do 1794. godine.

U ovom radu, zasnovanom na proučavanju gradiva iz Archivio di Stato di Venezia i Državnog arhiva u Zadru, središnja istraživačka pozornost usmjerena je na vojnu karijeru Bokelja Jerolima Smeće. Prati se Smećin put u mletačkoj službi od kadeta i zastavnika četrdesetih godina 18. stoljeća, preko višegodišnjeg obnašanja službe kapetana i bojnika u prekomorskim pješačkim pukovnijama (Fanti Oltramarini) Benedikta Paskvalija i Nikole Scutarija, do završnih godina 18. stoljeća kada je Smeća stekao čin pukovnika. U prilozima se donose prijepisi nekih od popisa Smećina vojnog ljudstva u razmaku od 1765. do 1794. godine., Fanti Oltramarini, or the overseas infantry units, have for centuries been described as the most appreciated military units of Venetian Republic. The inhabitants of the wider area of the eastern Adriatic coast formed the majority in these units, ranging from soldiers to the highest officer ranks. In this paper, based on the study of the material kept at the Archivio di Stato di Venezia and the State Archives in Zadar, the military career of Jerolim Smeća from Boka stands in the very focus of research. The paper follows Smeća’s way from cadet and ensign in the 1740s, over yearlong service as captain and major in infantry regiments of Benedikt Paskvali and Nikola Scutari, to the final years of the 18th century, when Smeća obtained the rank of colonel. The paper pays special attention to the composition of companies in Smeća’s command in individual stages of his career, and ends with transcripts of some of the lists of Smeća’s military manpower in the period between 1765 and 1794.

Autor u radu donosi sistematizirana dosadašnja znanja o lazaretima Boke Kotorske, upotpunjena historijskim podatcima i planovima iz mletačkih arhiva te rekognosciranim objektima, odnosno njihovim arheološkim i arhitektonskim ostatcima in situ. U Boki Kotorskoj nastanak lazareta vezan je za prihvaćanje vlasti Mletačke Republike 1420. godine. Najstariji lazaret bio je u samom Kotoru, a karantena se izdržavala i na lokacijama udaljenim od grada, ispred Đurića kod tjesnaca Verige, na otoku Stradioti u blizini Tivta, u Žanjicama kod Herceg-Novog itd. Usavršavanjem zdravstvenih mjera i vezivanjem funkcije lazareta za trgovinu robom nakon raskuživanja i kontrole, postepeno je došlo do približavanja lazareta gradovima i njihovim lukama i tržnicama. Kotorski lazaret nalazio se u neposrednoj blizini luke i gradskih bedema, a novi lazareti grade se u Herceg-Novom nakon njegova oslobođenja od Turaka 1687. godine. Tada nastaje lazaret na Toploj, predgrađu Herceg-Novog, gdje se još mogu rekognoscirati njegovi ostatci uklopljeni u novije građevine, a potom nešto dalje od grada, u Meljinama, koji je ostao autentično sačuvan do naših dana. Nažalost, najnoviji radovi na adaptaciji ovog objekta u velikoj su mjeri narušili njegovu autentičnost, a time i svojstva kulturnog dobra., Lazarettos are a specific type of hospitals located outside the town centre – closer to or further from it; in ports or in their vicinity; or at the end of waterways. They used to serve for directing and halting infected or suspicious ships, their crews, passengers and cargo, and to put them under quarantine. In Boka Kotorska, the emergence of lazarettos was connected with the acceptance of the authority of Venetian Republic in 1420. In Kotor, quarantine was first mentioned in 1431, when a ship from Kotor survived the quarantine in front of Đurić, far from the town itself. The island of Stradioti near Tivat, which had earlier offered shelter to inhabitants of Kotor during epidemics, served the same purpose at the beginning of the 17th century. Thanks to improving health measures and linking the function of lazarettos to trading in goods after conducting disinfections and control, the lazarettos gradually grew closer to towns, their ports and markets. The Kotor lazaretto was located very close to the port and the town walls. This was considered unfavourable according to Venetian sources dating from the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century, and hence emphasised as argument in favour of closing the lazaretto in Kotor and opening one in Herceg-Novi instead, after its liberation from the Turks in 1687. The lazaretto was first built close to the entrance to the bay and the Herceg-Novi fortress, on the Topla location. The lazaretto that was built later, and somewhat further from the town, in Meljine, has been preserved in its original shape up to the present. The most recent works on the adaptation of this facility have to a major extent damaged its authenticity, and thereby also the features of a cultural asset.

Kroz proces višegodišnjeg istraživanja autor je proučio dostupnu literaturu i povijesnu dokumentaciju o utvrđenjima Boke Kotorske iz domaćih i stranih arhiva i knjižnica. Uspoređivanjem izvora i literature sa sačuvanim izgrađenim strukturama proučeni su tipologija, razvoj i arhitektura fortifikacija obrađivanog područja. Istraživanja su pokazala izuzetan povijesni značaj fortifikacijske arhitekture Boke Kotorske, osobito njezinih utvrđenih gradova. Kotor i Boka bili su ključna strateška područja za mnoge moćne države iz regije, a osobito za Mletačku Republiku, zbog uloge značajnog kontrolnog punkta mletačke trgovine Mediteranom. Fortifikacijska arhitektura odražava taj povijesni strateški značaj, predstavlja vjerno svjedočanstvo vrijednosti kulturne baštine u pogledu razvoja arhitektonske teorije i prakse, pokazujući pritom njezinu kvalitetu i značajno mjesto u širem kontekstu obrambenog sustava Mletačke Republike. Proučavanje utvrđenja Boke Kotorske, osim neposrednog znanstvenog interesa, ima i evidentan praktični značaj. Naime, sustavi fortifikacija u zaljevu gubljenjem značaja padom Mletačke Republike, a osobito Austro-Ugarske Monarhije 1918. godine, izloženi su neprestanom propadanju, rušenju i devastaciji. Znanstveno proučavanje ove, nepravedno zapostavljene kategorije graditeljske baštine osnovno je polazište za uspješan proces njezine revitalizacije., In course of a several-year long research, the available literature and historic documentation about the fortifications of the Boka Kotorska Bay were carefully studied. Those were the documents from local and foreign archives and libraries, such as old manuscripts and rare publications; epigraphic and heraldic monuments; engravings; panorama pictures; military architecture plans; geodesic maps; and photo documentation. A solid documentation base was formed through collecting, studying and systematising the authentic sources, through the analysis thereof and comparison with available relevant literature, and through comparison with the preserved previously studied building structures. The development of the fortification architecture in this area was studied upon this base. The research has confirmed the exceptional historic importance of the Boka Kotorska Bay fortifications, especially walled towns. The town of Kotor and the Boka Bay had been the key strategic area for the powerful neighbouring empires. This area was particularly important to Venetian Republic due to being a very important checkpoint in the Mediterranean basin trade routes. The architecture thereof testifies to its strategic historical role, representing a genuine testimony of values of cultural heritage, showing its quality and importance in the context of the wider defensive system of Venetian Republic. The research of the Boka Kotorska Bay fortifications has – besides direct scientific interest – an evident practical value as well. After the fall of Venetian Republic, and especially after the fall of Austrian Monarchy in 1918, these places – particularly those far from the sea and on high locations, lost their strategic importance, and became abandoned and exposed to decay and devastation, to atmospheric, seismic and vegetation impacts, and to negligence. Scientific research of this category provides a sound base for the future process of its successful revitalisation.

Vođeni ekonomskim interesima, još od sredine XIII. stoljeća, u unutrašnjost srpske srednjovjekovne države počeli su se naseljavati rudari Sasi, a za njima i trgovci iz primorskih gradova. U toj novoj sredini oni će organizirati svoje zajednice, težeći da u njima okupe rimokatoličko stanovništvo, trajno ili privremeno nastanjeno u trgovima i rudnicima. Novo Brdo će od sredine XIV. stoljeća zadobiti prvo mjesto po važnosti među već tada brojnim rimokatoličkim zajednicama u unutrašnjosti Srbije. Upravo će ovaj trg i rudnik, sa značajnom rimokatoličkom kolonijom, među prvima osjetiti posljedice slabljenja i raspada srpske srednjovjekovne države. Nalazeći se na jednom od glavnih pravaca turskih prodora i privlačeći ih svojim bogatstvom, Novo Brdo bit će cilj turskih pljačkaških odreda, najvjerojatnije još za života posljednjeg vladara iz dinastije Nemanjića. Osnovna tema ovog rada jest prikaz stanja u kojem se nalazila rimokatolička zajednica u Novom Brdu tijekom osmog desetljeća XIV. stoljeća, o čemu govori i pismo Pape Urbana VI. iz veljače 1381. godine upućeno kotorskom biskupu. Turski napadi koji su uslijedili tijekom osmog desetljeća XIV. stoljeća iz korijena će izmijeniti život cjelokupnog stanovništva toga kraja. Tada će neki Kotoranin unutar novobrdske tvrđave sagraditi crkvu posvećenu svetom Nikoli. Dok su trajali turski napadi, istodobno su provođene i neke aktivnosti s ciljem podvrgavanja vjerskog života u novobrdskoj župi jurisdikciji jedne osobe, rektoru crkve svete Marije. Ta crkva bila je napuštena tijekom prvih turskih napada i u narednom razdoblju nastojalo se postići ujedinjenje ovih dvaju novobrdskih crkava., During the first half of the 14th century, due to the development of mining and trade, a significant Catholic parish, which was first mentioned in the sources in 1346, was formed in Novo Brdo. This Catholic community was initially gathered around the church built by German miners – the Saxons, and dedicated to Saint Mary. General situation in the area of Novo Brdo changed after the battle of Marica in September 1371. In a letter addressed to the bishop of Kotor in February 1381, Pope Urban VI summed up the problems faced by the Catholic community in Novo Brdo. According to the information provided to Pope by the rector of St. Mary’s, the godless Turks had for a long time been consistently attacking the area of Novo Brdo. Therefore, the rector of the church of St. Mary had to leave the aforementioned church and shelter the population from the area of the Lower Square in the fort of Novo Brdo. Shortly afterwards, probably in mid 1380s, a man from Kotor built a smaller church dedicated to St. Nicholas inside the castle of Novo Brdo. Both of these churches are mentioned in mediaeval archives, and there are some usually incomplete descriptions of these churches or their remains in later canonical references. The question of identifying and locating the church dedicated to St. Nicholas has long been open and controversial. Now we may safely state that its location is inside the castle of Novo Brdo, and its remains were visible by the end of 19th century. After the construction of the church of St. Nicholas, the question of management arose. Nicolaus de Vico, rector of St. Mary’s, asked for the Pope’s help for the newly built church to be merged with the church of St. Mary. Urban VI gave his support. Nevertheless, the efforts of the rector of St. Mary regarding the unification of the two churches, even with the Pope’s support, could not be materialised for a long time. Only the surviving sources from the 1430s point out that these churches were invicem unitarum. The letter by Pope Urban VI represents a valuable source for the events that followed in the areas ruled by the Mrnjavčević brothers after the battle of Marica. After the battle, before the end of that same year, Turkish forces reached Novo Brdo. Fleeing before them, a part of Novo Brdo population was forced to find refuge in distant Dubrovnik, bringing with them large quantities of gold and glam silver, for which Novo Brdo was known, as referenced by the chronicler of Dubrovnik Nikola Ranjina. The purpose of Turkish attacks was looting, andestablishing fear and panic among the population. The letter of Urban VI gives the description of the situation in these areas as seen from other Pope’s letters from the 1380s and other rare sources from the endangered areas.

U ovom radu autorica prati razvoj mjernog sustava kotorske komune od XV. do XIX. stoljeća. Na temelju dosegnutih rezultata hrvatske metrologije, dosadašnjih autoričinih istraživanja, pisanih arhivskih i tiskanih izvora te trgovačkih priručnika, raščlanjuje se razvoj osnovnih mjera za dužinu i površinu u navedenom razdoblju, od najstarijih komunalnih mjera, mjera mletačkog sustava, austrijskih mjera do modernog metričkog sustava. Kotorska komuna i Boka kotorska su od 1420. godine dijelile političku sudbinu Dalmacije, te su postale dijelom mletačkog "Stato da Mar" na istočnoj obali Jadrana. Nakon propasti Mletačke Republike 1797. g. i kratkotrajne francuske vladavine 1805. – 1813. postala je dijelom Habsburške Monarhije. Metrološki sustavi, u temelju ekonomski, redovito su ovisni i vezani uz političku vlast pa su tako do uvođenja austrijskih mjera 1856. g. u uporabi mjere venecijanskog sustava, a još ranije kotorske komunalne mjere., In this paper, the author follows the development of the measuring system in the Kotor commune between the XVth and the XIXth centuries. On the basis of the results achieved in Croatian metrology, the author’s research conducted so far, written archival and printed sources, and tradesmen’s manuals, the paper analyses the development of basic length and area measures in the mentioned time period, ranging from the earliest communal measures, the Venetian measuring system and Austrian measures to the modern metric system. The Kotor commune and Boka Kotorska had since 1420 shared Dalmatia’s political fate, having become a part of the Venetian Stato da Mar on the eastern Adriatic coast. After the collapse of the Venetian Republic (1797) and the brief French rule (1805 – 1813), it became a part of the Habsburg Monarchy. Metrological systems, which are basically economic, depend on and are in connection with the political power; hence, before the introduction of Austrian measures in 1856, first the Kotor communal measures and later the Venetian measuring system had been used.

Nakon uspostave austrijske uprave 1814. i u dubrovačkom i kotorskom okružju kao redarstvo se nastoje ustrojiti teritorijalne snage koje bi trebale održavati red, mir i sigurnost. One se u ova dva okružja konačno ustrojavaju tek 1832. i u svemu, osim u sudbenom pogledu, izjednačavaju s već postojećima u ostalim okružjima. U radu se obrađuje nekoliko temeljnih pitanja, poput pripreme kod uvođenja teritorijalnih snaga u dubrovačkom i kotorskom okružju, načina njihova ustroja i djelovanja, zatim neki aspekti nedjelotvornosti, kao što su samovolja časnika i pandura, te problemi službovanja. Unatoč uvođenju teritorijalnih snaga u ova dva okružja, čini se da, zbog nepostojanja tradicije, neobvezne te neplaćene i pogibeljne službe, ovaj oblik redarstva nikada nije zaživio u obliku kakav je bio u ostalim okružjima pokrajine., Upon the establishment of Austrian rule in Dalmatia in 1814, in the districts of Dubrovnik and Kotor territorial forces (forza territoriale) were introduced with the purpose of maintaining law and order. Following thorough preparations, their consolidation took place in 1832. Although the rest of Dalmatia had a three centuries-old police tradition, in the district of Dubrovnik it was a novelty. The article addresses several most relevant issues, as the preparations for the introduction of territorial forces in the districts of Dubrovnik and Kotor, their organisation and activity, certain aspects of inefficiency due to insubordination of officers and pandours and service-related problems. Reasons underlying lesser popularity of the territorial forces in these two districts than elsewhere in Dalmatia should be sought in the absence of police tradition and the voluntary basis of this dangerous and unpaid service.

Pravna valjanost i pravni efekt karte u dalmatinskim gradovima općenito, pa tako — razumije se — i u Dubrovniku i Kotoru, bili su, pod utjecajem slavenskog pravnog shvaćanja sve do početka XIII. st., tj. do uvođenja notarijata kao javnopravne ustanove, vrlo niski. Ni tada, međutim, nije odmah stekla onu važnost koju je općenito zadobila prilično brzo, tj. krajem tog istog stoljeća (od sedamdesetih godina dalje). Od tada je notarska isprava — »carta notarii« kao publicum scriptum seu instrumentum, sastavljena i potpisana od javnog notara (u Kotoru, uz to, i od auditora i jednoga od sudaca), ako ima sve vanjske oznake, tj. ako je napisana u točno određenoj formi s ustaljenim formulama, uživala javnu vjeru (fidem publicam). To je praktički značilo da se o istinitosti njezina sadržaja ne može voditi rasprava, niti je pripušten ikakav protudokaz svjedocima, ili inače. Sve što je u takvoj ispravi zapisano drži se istinitim. Jedino je dopušten prigovor da je ona falsifikat, tj. da je nije sastavio ni potpisao javni notar, čiji se potpis na njoj nalazi, ili da ju je on sam krivotvorio. U tom se jedino slučaju može učiniti ništetnom, nevažećom. Kako je takva karta vrlo važno dokazano sredstvo, to su bile predviđene stroge kazne protiv onih koji bi je krivotvorili. Prema statutima dubrovačkom, i kotorskom, krivotvoritelj karte osuđivan je na odsijecanje desne ruke. Po Dubrovačkom statutu, čak i onaj koji bi i samo prikazao sudu kao dokaz u svoju korist krivotvorenu kartu, gubio bi parnicu i ubuduće svaku vjerodostojnost pred sudom i dužan je bio, uz to, platiti 50 perpera za kaznu. Ako ne bi imao odakle platiti, također bi gubio desnu ruku. Na isti način sud postupa i prema onome koji je dao napraviti krivotvorenu kartu, pa i prema onome koji ne bi mogao pred sudom, skupa s 11 drugova koji će se zakleti za njega, dokazati da je predloženu kartu naslijedio od oca, djeda, ili pređa svojih, a nije znao da je krivotvorena; ako bi mu to uspjelo dokazati, oslobađa se kazne, ali ipak gubi parnicu.Za slučaj nestanka karte bio je propisan vrlo strog način za izdavanje nove iz notarijalne knjige ili, kako se u Kotoru zvalo, iz katastika. Onaj koji je izgubio kartu i želi dobiti nov prijepis od notara, treba se obratiti molbom na suce i Vijeće (očito Malo) koji, primivši od njega zakletvu da je doista izgubio kartu i da za nju ništa ne zna, šalju ga u Kotoru k biskupu s molbom da to objavi u gradskim crkvama i da zaprijeti kaznom izopćenja (poena excomunicationis) onima koji tu kartu nađu i ne povrate je, ili ne obavijeste o tom biskupa. Ako se karta na taj način ne pronađe, tada tek suci s Vijećem (Malim) izdaju nalog notaru da, na osnovi katastika, notarskih koncepata — imbrevijatura, izda stranci novu kartu. Nije potrebno posebno naglašavati koliko bogati arhivski material notarskih i kancelarijskih knjiga, kojih je do naših dana sačuvano na stotine u historijskim arhivima Dubrovnika i Kotora, predstavlja prvorazredne izvore za povijest, u prvom redu gospodarsku, ali i socijalnu, kulturnu, pa i pravno-političku tih gradova a i cjelokupnog Balkana kojemu su ti gradovi, kao trgovačka središta, predstavljali otvor i vezu sa svijetom., In my earlier works dealing with the same subject: Les origines de la chancellerie royal croate au Moyen Age, Rapport tenu au IV Congrès International de diplomatique à Budapest, le 1-6 octobre 1973, (the text now at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Budapest) and Le caractère juridique de la charte (diplome) royale pendant l’epoque de la dynastie nationale croate (vers 839 à 1102 a.), in Folia diplomatica II, Opera Universitatis Purkynianae Brunensis, Facultas Philosophica 201, Brno 1976, pp. 7-16 — I pointed out that »Karta« (diploma) in the Medieval Croatia, i. e. in Dalmatian Croatia, is mostly a picture and reflexion of the Romanic life and Roman juridical principles which — in the period of Croatian ruling dynasty — were influenced by the Slav-Croatian and Italian elements. Then I said that the very influence of the Croatian folk juridical ideas had made »karta« lose its original characteristics, which would be newly restored a little later under the influence of notary offices, well known medieval institutions of the neighboring Italy. In the continuation of the above mentioned works I want to show how the »karta« developed and what were the beginnings of the notary public offices in the medieval Dalmatian communities, particularly those in the South Dalmatia — Dubrovnik and Kotor — in the 13th and 14th centuries, better to say on the territory of the Roman-Byzantine Theme of Dalmatia, which had not immediately and directly entered the Slav Croatian state. The first known notary public presbyter Junius is mentioned in Kotor as early as in 1200 as a »consilii notarius«, a little earlier than in Dubrovnik, where one appeared in 1204 as a »clericus Gutaldus et communis notarius iuratus«. According to known archival and other documents, it may be positively pointed out that the reception process of the Italian notary public office was ended and generally accepted. It was finally organized as a public juridical institution in the whole of Dalmatia at the end of the 12th, but not later than the beginning of the 13th century.