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THE LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE STATE OF DNA The Condensed State of the High-Molecular-Mass Double-Stranded DNA The DNA Condensation and Aggregation Polyphosphates as a Simplified DNA Model Models of High-Molecular-Mass DNA Condensation in Water-Polymeric Solutions Grosberg Model of High-Molecular-Mass DNA Condensation Liquid-Crystalline Phases of the Low-Molecular-Mass Double-Stranded DNA Molecules Ordering of Low-Molecular-Mass Double-Stranded DNAs Brief Concept of Types of Liquid-Crystalline Phases Liquid-Crystalline Phases of Low-Molecular-Mass Double-Stranded DNA Molecules Dispersions of Low-Molecular-Mass Double-Stranded DNA Molecules Low-Molecular-Mass Double-Stranded DNA Dispersions in Water-Polymer Solutions Formation of DNA Dispersions in PEG-Containing Solutions Circular Dichroism of Nucleic Acid Dispersions Circular Dichroism as a Method of Proof of Cholesteric Packing of Nucleic Acid Molecules in Dispersion Particles and Analysis of Their Properties Effect of Different Factors on Formation and Properties of CLCD Particles Parameter of Nucleic Acid Molecule Order in CLCD Particles Polymorphism of Liquid-Crystalline Structures Formed by (DNA-Polycation) Complexes Some Peculiarities of Interaction of DNA Molecules with Polycations Specificity of Chitosan Binding to DNA Formation of Dispersions of (DNA-Chitosan) Complexes CD Spectra of Dispersions Formed by (DNA-Chitosan) Complexes X-Ray Parameters of Phases Formed by (DNA-Chitosan) Complexes Dependence of Efficiency of CLCD Formation by (DNA-Chitosan) Complexes on Various Factors Peculiarities of Interaction of Chitosan Molecules with Nucleic Acids Attempt at a Theoretical Description of Interactions Occurring in the (DNA-Chitosan) Complexes and Resulting in the Formation of Liquid-Crystalline Dispersions with Different Optical Properties Liquid-Crystalline State of DNA Circular Molecules Phase Exclusion of Circular Molecules of Nucleic Acids Formation of Dispersions From Circular Superhelical DNA CD Spectra of Circular Superhelical DNA Dispersions Under Conditions That Modify Parameters of Their Secondary Structure Packing Density and Rearrangement of the Spatial Structure of Superhelical DNA Molecules in LCD Particles Topological Forms and Rearrangement of the Spatial Organization of Superhelical DNA Molecules in LCD Particles DNA LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE FORMS AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY Liquid-Crystalline State of DNA in Biological Objects DNA and Biological Objects DNA Reactions under Conditions Causing Liquid-Crystalline Dispersions Molecular Crowding Condensation of DNA under the Effect of Chitosan in Conditions Causing Molecular Crowding Activity of Nucleolytic Enzymes Under Conditions of Molecular Crowding Activity of Proteolytic Enzymes under Conditions of Molecular Crowding DNA LIQUID-CRYSTALLINE DISPERSIONS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOSENSORICS Nanoconstructions Based on Nucleic Acid Molecules The General Concept of Nanotechnology Biological Molecules as a Background for Nanodesign Two Strategies of Nanodesign Based on NA Molecules Biosensors Based on Nucleic Acids General Concept of Construction and Operation of Biosensors Double-Stranded DNA Molecule as Polyfunctional Biosensing Unit Content and Principle of Operation of an Optical Biosensor Based on DNA Liquid-Crystalline Dispersions DNA CLCD Particles as Sensing Units Sandwich-Type Biosensing Units Based on (DNA-Polycation) Liquid-Crystalline Dispersions DNA Nanoconstruction as a Sensing Unit (New Type of Biodetectors) Hydrogels Containing DNA NaCs as New "Film-Type Biodetectors Index