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The purpose of this work is to illustrate how movement, involving the physical execution of specific skills or actions through muscles, joints and limbs, draws not solely from physical occurrences but also from societal influences. Each chapter in this essay contemplates a fundamental query: how do the physical and societal spheres collaborate to generate movement and the development of movement skills? Hence, within the chapters of this research volume, every argument purposefully delves into an aspect or realm of movement and the learning of movement skills, not solely to showcase a social concept or ideological construct but to imbue movement itself with the capacity to mould various relationships. These relationships encompass the dynamic between movers and instructors, students and teachers, or researchers and their participants. To elaborate on this crucial subject and ponder its implications for the future of kinesiology as a discipline harmonizing the physical and societal realms in movement studies, the premise and central focus of each chapter shall now be clarified in their respective sequence. The significance of physical activity in human existence often goes unnoticed, unintentionally, due to its omnipresence. Nevertheless, these activities lay the groundwork upon which the edifice of kinesiological exploration is erected.

The book explores diverse facets of physical education (PE) and motor activities (MA) from a pedagogical standpoint. It delves into a range of theories pertinent to physical education, encompassing topics like the significance of motor development during early childhood and the promotion of healthy lifestyles through physical education. Moreover, it elucidates the distinct nature of movement and its implications for teaching and learning, highlighting the role of perception and motor function in cognitive development. The book also delves into the responsibilities of physical education and sports educators in fostering motor learning for educational purposes. It examines various theoretical models associated with motor learning and their pedagogical implications, encompasses instructional models for teaching motor activity, and underscores the significance of pedagogical content knowledge in implementing these models. Lastly, it delves into the models-based approach to teaching physical education. Ultimately, it offers a comprehensive comprehension of the pedagogical facets of physical education and motor activities, encompassing theories, methodologies, and techniques for effective teaching and learning.

The employment prospects available to individuals who have completed physical education programs have broadened significantly beyond traditional roles in public school gymnasiums and college activity programs. In recent years, physical educators have found diverse and stimulating positions within allied health professions, including nursing, specialist preparation programs such as exercise physiology or exercise science, and corporate settings that involve the management of wellness and fitness programs. Consequently, physical educators can function as "fitness educators" for various populations. The exercise professional (EP) as personal training has emerged as a burgeoning business in recent times (IRSHA, 2022). In the field of exercise, it is widely acknowledged that an exercise professional should possess the ability to tailor an exercise program to the needs of a diverse range of individuals (Cereda, 2015b; Malek et al., 2002). Specifically, an EP must have the skills to evaluate an individual's requirements and devise a program that is both safe and effective in meeting those needs. In order to achieve these goals, a variety of qualifications are necessary. Certification is considered to be a desirable attribute for the EP, as it provides assurance to the client that the trainer has undergone a rigorous professional training curriculum. Nonetheless, evaluating the certification program can be just as important as assessing the trainer's qualifications. It is recommended that the trainer be certified by an esteemed educational organization that provides comprehensive training and skill assessment for trainers. In summary, to be considered a proficient EP, the following qualifications are advised (Cereda, 2015a).

The academic, pedagogical, and scientific progress undertaken at Università Cattolica in the field of exercise and sports sciences has placed particular emphasis on transformations in terms of the educational curriculum, research projects, and their impact on the academic and professional community. In a context where disciplines related to motor sciences are gaining increasing relevance, the critical analysis presented provides an overview of the challenges and opportunities faced within the Department of Education. Through a historical review of the initiatives taken, it delineates pedagogical strategies, external partnerships, and the evolution of research lines that have characterised this journey. The work highlights the synergy between teaching and research, illustrating how scientific output in the field of motor sciences has contributed to the enrichment of students’ education and innovation in the field. The analysis of the experience at Università Cattolica serves as a significant model for academic institutions interested in developing advanced study programmes and research in the field of exercise and sports sciences. Finally, this contribution offers a glimpse into the future, identifying challenges and prospects for the next decade, including possible developments in terms of curriculum, applied research, and interdisciplinary collaborations.

In the vast panorama of motor activities, the fundamental synergies between theory, technique, and didactics come into focus. A complex and sinuous understanding, which unfolds like a harmonious ballet, is revealed within the pages of this book. Scientific research extensively demonstrates the health benefits associated with physical activity, adequate sleep, and the reduction of sedentary behaviors and screen time. These benefits are universally recognized across all age groups and stages of development. Particularly for children and youth, the significance of these behaviors is confirmed by a substantial body of literature. International and national organizations have endorsed guidelines recommending optimal motor behavior for all age groups, including school-aged children and youth (5-17 years old), encompassing physical activity, sleep, and sedentary behavior/screen time. It is noteworthy that insufficient physical activity has been identified as a significant contributor to premature deaths worldwide, accounting for 1 in 10 deaths. Physical Education (PE) is a field that promotes physical activity and the acquisition of motor skills. The effectiveness of PE in achieving these objectives depends on the methods and didactics employed. Various teaching and pedagogical models have been developed and studied to provide students with meaningful and enjoyable experiences in physical education. These models aim to offer a structured approach to teaching and learning, encompassing cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. The importance of methods and didactics in PE, as well as the benefits of physical activity for individuals of all ages, has been underscored by this issue. Through the examination of a variety of teaching and pedagogical models, this book seeks to provide an exploration of these topics, offering insights and guidance for educators, researchers, and professionals in the field of physical education and motor activity.

Physical Education and Sport contribute to the holistic development of individuals, guiding them towards a state of well-being and yielding both physical and psychological benefits. Thus, it is crucial to establish favorable conditions that allow students in schools to dedicate more time to physical activities. Moreover, those entrusted with their guidance should possess the requisite expertise to carry out their responsibilities effectively. In Italy, Renzi's Linea Guida and the project Sport di Classe have been formulated, advocating for the inclusion of a physical education teacher in elementary schools as a specialist in this field. Their role would involve designing programs for prevention, physical health, and sport. Additionally, the Italian National Guidelines (D.P.R. n. 254/2012) are currently in effect, endorsing a comprehensive approach to personal education. Consequently, the discourse surrounding the role of physical education is being revisited, a subject of longstanding debate. The question arises as to whether Physical Education should be regarded solely as a discipline of the body or as a discipline encompassing the entirety of the individual. Furthermore, it is pertinent to consider whether an overarching education of the person should be the objective. Sport not only pursues objectives primarily linked to physical and psychological well-being but also embodies values such as self-respect, respect for opponents, equality, solidarity, racial integration, and peace.

I media digitali costituiscono un aspetto intrinseco della vita quotidiana dei bambini e dei giovani. Nonostante abbiano apportato sviluppi positivi nell'ambito dell'istruzione, rappresentano anche potenziali rischi come l'addiction e l'insufficiente attività fisica. Pertanto, è essenziale adottare un approccio pedagogico nell'utilizzo dei media digitali, in particolare nelle scuole dove gli studenti possono essere adeguatamente preparati per la vita in un mondo digitale. L'integrazione dell'educazione ai media nelle materie tradizionali potrebbe aumentare la motivazione degli studenti. Tuttavia, sebbene la comunità scientifica abbia affrontato apertamente questa sfida, le discussioni nell'ambito dell'educazione fisica tendono a concentrarsi sulla mancanza di esercizio fisico. Nonostante ciò, l'educazione fisica, come materia distintiva ed estetica, svolge un ruolo cruciale nel dibattito sull'uso dei media digitali nell'istruzione.

The book explores diverse facets of physical education (PE) and motor activities (MA) from a pedagogical standpoint. It delves into a range of theories pertinent to physical education, encompassing topics like the significance of motor development during early childhood and the promotion of healthy lifestyles through physical education. Moreover, it elucidates the distinct nature of movement and its implications for teaching and learning, highlighting the role of perception and motor function in cognitive development. The book also delves into the responsibilities of physical education and sports educators in fostering motor learning for educational purposes. It examines various theoretical models associated with motor learning and their pedagogical implications, encompasses instructional models for teaching motor activity, and underscores the significance of pedagogical content knowledge in implementing these models. Lastly, it delves into the models-based approach to teaching physical education. Ultimately, it offers a comprehensive comprehension of the pedagogical facets of physical education and motor activities, encompassing theories, methodologies, and techniques for effective teaching and learning.

Con l’introduzione della riforma degli ordinamenti didattici, imperniata sul sistema dei crediti, il tirocinio formativo entra a pieno titolo nel percorso didattico degli studenti come tirocinio curriculare (art. 10 del D.M. 3/11/99 n. 509) . Lo stage rappresenta uno strumento di orientamento di primaria importanza, in quanto offre la possibilità d’integrare le conoscenze acquisite durante il percorso di formazione universitaria con le competenze professionali acquisibili in ambito lavorativo. Questa esperienza riveste un ruolo rilevante, dal momento che sottolinea la funzione della ricorsività permanente tra teoria e pratica, nonché lo sviluppo dei processi di investigazione e azione, considerati i pilastri di base per acquisire competenze professionali qualitativamente adeguate alle esigenze del mercato del lavoro (Di Nuovo, 2005).

Nel vasto universo dell'attività fisica, dello sport e del benessere per gli adulti, la preparazione dei professionisti si rivela un'impresa che richiede un'ardua e profonda conoscenza teorica, tecnica e didattica. Solo coloro che sono in grado di padroneggiare questi aspetti fondamentali possono pianificare e condurre attività motorie che si dimostrino veramente efficaci, capaci di migliorare la salute, il benessere psicofisico e la qualità di vita delle persone. L'analisi dei processi pedagogici, fisiologici, psicologici e sociali che sottendono le attività motorie costituisce il fulcro della teoria dell'attività motoria per gli adulti. Attraverso la lente di questa disciplina, si possono scoprire gli effetti dell'esercizio fisico sul sistema cardiovascolare, respiratorio e muscolo-scheletrico, nonché sull'equilibrio ormonale e sul sistema nervoso centrale. Oltre alla teoria, c'è la tecnica, un elemento imprescindibile per garantire l'incolumità fisica e per ottimizzare i risultati ottenuti attraverso l'attività fisica. E ancora, la didattica dell'attività motoria per gli adulti si fa strada come un elemento cruciale nella progettazione e conduzione di programmi di attività fisica e sportiva. La sua efficacia si fonda sulla comprensione delle caratteristiche, dei bisogni, delle aspettative e delle motivazioni degli adulti, nonché sull'utilizzo di metodologie didattiche mirate, come l'apprendimento cooperativo, basato sui problemi e sulle esperienze. Il testo si rivela un viaggio nel vasto mondo della teoria, della tecnica e della didattica delle attività motorie per gli adulti, svelando come questa conoscenza si riveli fondamentale per il benessere individuale e collettivo.

I tre volumi La responsabilità della pedagogia nelle trasformazioni dei rapporti sociali. Storia, linee di ricerca e prospettive raccolgono gli atti del Congresso nazionale Siped svoltosi on-line il 14, 15 e 16 gennaio 2021, a chiusura del triennio della presidenza di Simonetta Polenghi, organizzato con l’apporto del Dipartimento di Pedagogia dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano. I tre volumi della sessione plenaria, delle sessioni parallele e delle sessioni junior raccolgono 227 saggi. In essi, la pedagogia accademica italiana si interroga sulle responsabilità della pedagogia nelle trasformazioni dei rapporti sociali, da ricercare nelle radici storiche, per arrivare alle prospettive presenti e alle indicazioni per il futuro, per tendere verso una società più giusta, più inclusiva, più rispettosa delle diversità e delle capacità dei singoli

I tre volumi La responsabilità della pedagogia nelle trasformazioni dei rapporti sociali. Storia, linee di ricerca e prospettive raccolgono gli atti del Congresso nazionale Siped svoltosi on-line il 14, 15 e 16 gennaio 2021, a chiusura del triennio della presidenza di Simonetta Polenghi, organizzato con l’apporto del Dipartimento di Pedagogia dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano. I tre volumi della sessione plenaria, delle sessioni parallele e delle sessioni junior raccolgono 227 saggi. In essi, la pedagogia accademica italiana si interroga sulle responsabilità della pedagogia nelle trasformazioni dei rapporti sociali, da ricercare nelle radici storiche, per arrivare alle prospettive presenti e alle indicazioni per il futuro, per tendere verso una società più giusta, più inclusiva, più rispettosa delle diversità e delle capacità dei singoli.

I tre volumi La responsabilità della pedagogia nelle trasformazioni dei rapporti sociali. Storia, linee di ricerca e prospettive raccolgono gli atti del Congresso nazionale Siped svoltosi on-line il 14, 15 e 16 gennaio 2021, a chiusura del triennio della presidenza di Simonetta Polenghi, organizzato con l’apporto del Dipartimento di Pedagogia dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano. I tre volumi della sessione plenaria, delle sessioni parallele e delle sessioni junior raccolgono 227 saggi. In essi, la pedagogia accademica italiana si interroga sulle responsabilità della pedagogia nelle trasformazioni dei rapporti sociali, da ricercare nelle radici storiche, per arrivare alle prospettive presenti e alle indicazioni per il futuro, per tendere verso una società più giusta, più inclusiva, più rispettosa delle diversità e delle capacità dei singoli.

Nessun ciclo di studi può offrire una formazione completa e definitiva. Anche nella professione di chi si occupa di attività motoria e sportiva è così. L’apprendimento avviene per tutto l’arco della vita. Nonostante la recente presa di posizione da parte del legislatore (si veda d. lgs. 28 febbraio 2021, n. 36 “Attuazione dell’articolo 5 legge 8 agosto 2019, n. 86) quali sono gli indicatori di conoscenza, competenza e abilità che rendono affidabile un personal trainer? In un lavoro del 1999, Rupp et al., riportano che nelle palestre un corso di formazione o di certificazione, garantisce che l’istruttore ha completato un percorso di formazione professionale. In Italia, al momento, non ci sono indicazioni che possano fornire quali siano gli standard didattici, nei metodi e nei contenuti, per corsi di questo tipo. Inoltre esiste una sovrabbondanza di associazioni che affermano che solo i loro corsi certificano la conoscenza, le abilità e le competenze che sono essenziali per lavorare come insegnanti per il fitness. La Marca (in Zanniello, 2008), riferendosi al ruolo dei maestri, così come a quello di qualsiasi educatore o formatore, evidenzia come la professionalità può avvenire solo in contesti in cui il soggetto è direttamente o indirettamente coinvolto. Nello specifico, Thomas et al. (1993) riportano che il vasto apprendimento non formale nel professionista della salute e fitness non si traduce necessariamente in un professionista competente e capace. Solo il 39% delle persone intervistate, inoltre, aveva un titolo di studio universitario attinente alle scienze dell’esercizio fisico. Alla compilazione di un questionario con domande inerenti gli aspetti nutrizionali, la fisiologia e la programmazione dell’esercizio, chi aveva conseguito una delle due certificazione internazionali più accreditate, quella dell’ACSM (American College of Sports Medicine) o quella della NSCA (National Strenght and Conditioning Research) e chi aveva un percorso formativo univers

I tre volumi La responsabilità della pedagogia nelle trasformazioni dei rapporti sociali. Storia, linee di ricerca e prospettive raccolgono gli atti del Congresso nazionale Siped svoltosi on-line il 14, 15 e 16 gennaio 2021, a chiusura del triennio della presidenza di Simonetta Polenghi, organizzato con l’apporto del Dipartimento di Pedagogia dell’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano. I tre volumi della sessione plenaria, delle sessioni parallele e delle sessioni junior raccolgono 227 saggi. In essi, la pedagogia accademica italiana si interroga sulle responsabilità della pedagogia nelle trasformazioni dei rapporti sociali, da ricercare nelle radici storiche, per arrivare alle prospettive presenti e alle indicazioni per il futuro, per tendere verso una società più giusta, più inclusiva, più rispettosa delle diversità e delle capacità dei singoli.

La metodologia dell’attività motoria viene presa in considerazione e collocata nel panorama educativo attuale. L’importanza della sua azione educativa sul corpo e sulla mente viene riportata inoltre nel contesto dell’educazione in generale e nell’ambito scolastico. L’educazione motoria si pone lo scopo primario di sviluppare tutte le funzioni della persona intesa in tutte le componenti che la costituiscono. L’educazione fisica trova la sua ragion d’essere in modelli metodologici e didattici che rendono possibile l’introduzione all’educazione sportiva ed allo sport vero e proprio. I fini dell’educazione motoria devono rientrare in quelli dell’educazione generale e un discorso metodologico deve partire da queste premesse, da cosa s’intende realizzare attraverso il movimento e subordinare la scelta dei mezzi ritenuti più idonei per realizzarli., The methodology of physical activities are taken into account and are situated in the contemporary educational horizon. Its importance in the educational acting on both the body and the mind is described in the general educational context and in the school context as well. Physical education has its primary scope in developing all the functions of the person considered in all the components that constitutes the self-same person. Physical education has its reason of existing in methodological and teaching models that make possible the introduction to sport education and to actual sport. The goals of physical education have to be included in general education and a methodological discourse has to be based upon these premises, that is what is to be effected by means of movement and basing upon this choosing the means considered more suitable to fulfil them.

Con l’espressione young carers (in italiano, giovani caregiver, letteralmente donatori di cura) ci si riferisce ad una realtà complessa ed eterogenea di bambini e ragazzi di età non superiore ai 18 anni che rivestono un ruolo considerevole nelle pratiche di cura verso un familiare bisognoso di assistenza, supporto ed affiancamento, garantendo loro, in modo costante e continuativo, il necessario aiuto ed assumendosi responsabilità comunemente attribuite ad una figura adulta (Becker, 2000). Si tratta di un fenomeno, per molti aspetti ancora poco noto in Italia, a differenza invece di altri Paesi, prevalentemente del nord e centro Europa, da tempo attivi nel promuovere forme di riconoscimento sociale e politico di tale figura

La pandemia e le strategie di contenimento messe in atto a livello mondiale, nazionale e locale hanno avuto profonde ripercussioni sulla vita di ciascuno stravolgendo la quotidianità. Fra le prime misure poste in essere vi è stata la sospensione delle attività didattiche ed educative con il graduale avvio della Didattica a distanza (DAD) nelle scuole di ogni ordine e grado. La rilevanza e le ricadute di tali misure hanno sollecitato ampiamente il dibattito sia a livello di opinione pubblica sia all’interno della comunità scientifica internazionale e nazionale. Il dibattito sugli effetti, sulle modalità e sulle implicazioni della sospensione dell’attività didattica in presenza che – per la secondaria di secondo grado e, seppure parzialmente, per la secondaria di prima grado - permane tutt’ora, è stato ed è particolarmente acceso. Nonostante le indagini pongano in luce che, come era altamente prevedibile, gli effetti più severi della sospensione dell’attività didattica in presenza siano ricaduti sulle categorie più fragili (nel linguaggio scolastico gli studenti con bisogni educativi speciali) l’attenzione alla dimensione educativa spesso è rimasta celata sotto a quella più direttamente connessa con le implicazioni didattiche e talvolta tecniche. Sebbene inizino a circolare numerosi contributi che pongono in luce i pesanti effetti del lockdown sulle fasce più giovani della popolazione queste riflessioni muovono da una matrice prevalentemente psicologica. I contributi di matrice pedagogica sono meno frequenti e meno sistematizzati anche se operatori, utenti, famiglie dei servizi educativi sono stati sin da subito interpellati da tale cambiamento di scenario e hanno dovuto, di conseguenza, cercare di individuare soluzioni e strategie per affrontarlo. È ragionevole ipotizzare che le trasformazioni ingenerate dalla pandemia abbiano impattato non solo sul piano delle pratiche ma anche sulla dimensione identitaria dei professionisti e sulle loro modalità di pensare e di pen

Nel quadro del simposio dedicato al tema La responsabilità della pedagogia nelle trasformazioni dei rapporti sociali, il saggio richiama, attraverso alcuni emblematici elementi di scenario, il valore dei processi partecipativi come chiave di volta nella costruzione della responsabilità formativa nella vita dell’associazione.

Il saggio prova a rispondere ai seguenti interrogativi: la DAD ha modificato il rapporto scuola famiglia? Quali modalità relazionali sono state messe in atto? Quali pratiche partecipative? Lo scopo è quello di svolgere alcune riflessioni pedagogico-educative su questo tema, rilevando sia le criticità sia i punti di forza e le risorse.

L’American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM, 2018) definisce il PT come un professionista del movimento impegnato nello sviluppare ed implementare un approccio individualizzato all’esercizio fisico tra la popolazione sana e/o con prescrizione medica. Usando una varietà di tecniche, il PT è competente nel guidare e dimostrare la sicurezza e la metodica corretta per svolgere gli esercizi applicando i principi fondamentali delle scienze, motivando i singoli ad intraprendere e continuare con uno stile di vita sano. Earle e Baechle (2010), inoltre, descrivono il PT come un professionista impegnato nella programmazione e nell’insegnamento dell’esercizio fisico. Motiva le persone nel darsi degli obiettivi da raggiungere fornendo feedback e responsabilizzandoli. Inoltre il PT misura i punti di forza e le debolezze dei suoi “allievi” attraverso valutazioni validate scientificamente; questi test possono essere svolti prima e dopo il programma di esercizio per misurare il miglioramento della loro physical fitness. Dovrebbe anche educare i suoi “allievi” in altri aspetti del benessere, non solo quello legato al movimento, quali quelli della salute generale e della corretta nutrizione. È stato sviluppato un questionario di sedici domande per indagare quale fosse la percezione della figura del PT donna, da chi in prima persona svolge questa attività professionalmente.

Considerato il legame significativo tra la ricerca e la conoscenza nelle culture occidentali contemporanee, si ipotizza come necessaria l’adozione di nuovi metodi per permettere ai giovani di “parlare” in modo significativo delle loro esperienze e della loro modalità di conoscenza del corpo nei contesti dell’attività fisica. Negli ultimi dieci anni, gli studiosi di cultura e educazione motoria hanno sostenuto che l’analisi critica e sociologica del corpo come costruito, rappresentato e sperimentato dalle persone fisicamente attive con finalità salutistiche è cruciale per espandere le conoscenze nella chinesiologia.

Questa ricerca preliminare ha indagato le motivazioni e gli ostacoli alla professione di Personal Trainer per le donne. Lo studio qualitativo ha analizzato le risposte di 32 donne (28±7 anni) impiegate come personal trainer. La motivazione iniziale alla professione è l’interesse personale (91%, n=29), poi quello remunerativo (6%, n=2). Emerge la necessità di ulteriore formazione professionale (66%, n=21), ma con formatori donne. È importante avere una figura di supporto alla professione (sfera famigliare o lavorativa che sia), sviluppare all’interno dell’iter formativo una visione che non stereotipi in negativo la figura della donna e la sua professionalità, creare un ambiente che favorisca l’integrazione armonica e la possibilità di un equilibrio tra la sfera lavorativa e quella famigliare. Dai dati si rileva la sensazione che la donna sia soggetta a discriminazioni solo per il semplice fatto di essere donna., This preliminary research investigated the motivations and barriers to the profession of Personal Trainer for women. The qualitative study analyzed the responses of 32 women (28 ± 7 years) employed as personal trainers. The first motivation for the profession is personal interest (91%, n = 29), then remunerative interest (6%, n = 2). There is the need for further professional training (66%, n = 21), but with female trainers. It is important to have a support figure for the profession (in family or in professional sphere), to develop within the training process a vision that does not negatively stereotype the figure of the woman and her professionalism, to create an environment that favors harmonic integration and the possibility of a balance between the work and family environment. Data shows the feeling that the woman is subject to discrimination only for the simple fact of being a woman.

Sport has been selected by the European Commission as an area of interest for Employment, launching the EQF Sports (European Qualification Framework in Sport Sector). Moreover, in consideration that the issue of employment remains a central theme of the Commission and one of the five objectives of the “Europe 2020” strategy, it is considered as the sport sector could contribute significantly to solving the problem, offering a variety of occupational activities for younger and a dynamic demand for professionalism. The body and sport education must not be identified with the quantification of the results, with the measurement of the value of the person only with numbers. Along with more facilities and services, skilled workers and a cultural order specifically aimed at the diversity of answers to give, are increasingly needed. Universities and institutes of higher education seem little interest in strengthening the relationship between training and employment.

L’adesione ai centri fitness e sportivi è cresciuta rapidamente dai primi anni Novanta, insieme al numero di lavoratori coinvolti in questo comparto sociale ed economico. L’impegno regolare in un programma di esercizio fisico apporta notevoli benefici per la salute e persiste la popolarità delle attività motorie svolte in palestra che hanno come proposta fondamentale il fitness. I trainers, gli istruttori e i personal trainer, rappresentano un collegamento importante per la corretta educazione motoria e la relativa aderenza all’esercizio fisico delle persone che frequentano le palestre e i centri sportivi. È importante studiare, soprattutto in assenza di riferimenti normativi certi, le conoscenze tecniche e didattiche di chi è responsabile, all’interno di questi ambienti, dell’allenamento, dell’educazione motoria e, quindi, del raggiungimento, del mantenimento e dell’aumento dello stato di salute di uno spaccato eterogeneo di utenti, che vanno da persone in età evolutiva a quelli in età adulta-anziana che necessitano di attività fisica personalizzata. Questo studio ha esaminato il percorso formativo, lo sviluppo e la formazione delle conoscenze degli istruttori di fitness e come questo è legato al loro lavoro come professionisti.

The exercise professionals using strategies and technological solutions to monitor the physical activity, educate and encourage people for right amount and quality of movement. One of the problems is the adherence to the exercise program, outside of the context where the exercise is supervised. As more and more people use the smartphone, this can be a technology to stimulate an active lifestyle, which is useful for health. "Apps" fitness for smartphone consist of programs that use GPS technology (Global Positioning System), the accelerometer, microphone, speaker and camera to collect data and measure the quantity and quality of provided work. The application analyses recorded data and provide a report to assess whether the personal goals have been achieved, give feedback frequently making it a motivation to continue the task. The purpose of this research is to check what features look for an "app" and assess the positive and negative aspects.

Una corretta valutazione dello stile di vita legata all’attività fisica (AF) e alla relativa spesa energetica porta importanti benefici per lo stato di salute. Oltre a progettare, programmare e supervisionare l’esercizio fisico, per gli istruttori e i personal fitness trainer, è importante conoscere e valutare anche lo stile di vita e l’AF svolta quotidianamente o in particolari contesti, come quello lavorativo, ricreativo o sportivo. Questo aspetto, insieme alle valutazioni necessarie per valutare i livelli di fitness fisico, permette di raggiungere gli obiettivi prefissati, andando a lavorare sulle criticità che potrebbero limitare un corretto stile di vita, al di fuori del programma di allenamento. La tecnologia propone dei sensori che sono in grado di misurare l’attività fisica totale e le varie parti che la compongono e che rappresentano un ruolo importante per la salute umana. La selezione del tipo di sensori indossabili, definiti “wearable”, per misurare l’attività fisica dipende da quale attività fisica sarà praticata, l’obiettivo della misurazione, le caratteristiche del soggetto da esaminare e la fattibilità della proposta in termini di costi e di logistica. Poiché l’attività fisica può essere definita in generale come ‘‘qualsiasi movimento corporeo prodotto dalla contrazione dei muscoli scheletrici che si traducono in un aumento sostanziale del consumo energetico a riposo” è ragionevole esprimere il livello di AF con misurazioni della spesa energetica., Proper evaluation of lifestyle related to physical activity (PA) and the related energy expenditure brings important benefits to the health. In addition to design, plan and supervise the exercise, for instructors and personal fitness trainer, it is important to know and evaluate the lifestyle and the PA performed daily or in specific contexts, such as work, in leisure or sport time. This, together with the assessments necessary to evaluate the levels of physical fitness, brings to goals, working on the problems that could limit a healthy lifestyle, outside the training program. The technology proposes the sensors that are able to measure the total physical activity and the various parts that compose it and which represent an important role in human health. The type of wearable sensors, to measure physical activity depends on which physical activity is practiced, the objective of measuring the characteristics of the subject to be examined and the feasibility of the proposal in terms of costs and logistics. Since physical activity can generally be described as "any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles that result in a substantial increase in resting energy expenditure" is reasonable to express the level of PA with measurements of energy expenditure.

Surgical reconstruction treatment is suggested for football players after Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury to have more chances to return to pre-injury level. After surgery a functional rehabilitation is needed to ensure the desired level of recovery. The rehabilitation period can last several months and needs to continue till the full functional recovery, including on-field specific rehabilitation. In this long period the athlete needs to have psychological and motivational characteristics to get the best outcome. Psychological aspects are emphasized in recent literature as having a role that influences the final result. The purpose of our study is to explore the relationships between personality traits and indices of rehabilitation (both about the process and the outcome), in order to identify the personological variables that could represent protective and risk factors for rehabilitation and consequently to customize strategies based on personological traits. Among the Big five, the only personological trait correlated with the outcome of the treatment is Energy/extraversion that is negative correlated with Tegner scores both pre-injury and at one year follow-up (P<0.05). Energy extraversion is negative correlated with number of isokinetic tests (P<0.01) such as conscientiousness (P<0.01); Emotional Stability is negative correlated with the number of gym sessions (P<0.05); Mental Openness is positive correlated with the numbers of threshold test (P<0.05).

Exercise for strength and muscular endurance aimed at fitness should be characterized by movement forms that reproduce natural movement patterns. Beginning well from exercise of "muscle isolation", meaning movements that emphasize the work of specific muscles, there should be a program that then leads the person to translate the daily movements, labor, sports or recreation that is, the increase in strength achieved with the various methodologies proposed in the literature.

The text presents a scientific approach , theoretical and practical, to the definition of Physical Fitness and guidelines for proper programming of physical activity and its teaching The huge amount of publications about exercise and its relationship with health issues , leading to this publication. In this context, we look for the practical translation of theoretical concepts related to physical exercise, which is essential to meet the needs of the population and , footprint, the State , with a view to the prevention of non-communicable diseases . It focuses on the framework that should lead to individual programming exercise. That this is proposed and performed outdoors or indoors in environments suitably profiled , using forms of movement reminiscent of the sports and other more mechanistic and ends in themselves (see machinery for muscle strength training , simulators aerobic for aerobic conditioning and tools for gymnastics ) , the basic layout remains the individual proposal . The strength of those involved to understand, practice and teach fitness , also ranks in explaining that not all activities are within the reach of every person metabolic and mechanical . They must be taught the importance of exercise and explain that customized to the intrinsic characteristics of each, there are those who can dedicate themselves to Functional Fitness and who will remain tied to movements more mechanistic , and essentially boring. But to understand it , the Fitness, with the preventative health that characterizes it , you need to study it, understand it, live it. Because the transmission of theoretical concepts can take root and become a lifestyle, it is necessary to propose activities that are in line with the personality and physical abilities of a real person . Otherwise, an active lifestyle and healthy, has no chance to take root, grow and develop. This publication is directed to a broad target group of people to whom the matter may be of interest : it is clear that

The case studies provide good examples of how they are applicable in the real professional life, as well as being the best way to put into practice the knowledge acquired and to illustrate the principles that a training program should follow. The method is widely used by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), National Strength Conditioning Association (NSCA), the Canadian Society of Exercise Physiology (CSEP), the International Sports Sciences Association (ISSA). The approach to the assessment of a case study involves three aspects: 1. screening and risk stratification; 2. evaluation of the components of the physical form; 3. information regarding physical activity and exercise to practice; After presenting a concise this type of approach, particular attention will be paid to the case studies as examples. Risk Stratification Although physical activity is crucial to the health and the prevention of a large number of diseases (cardiovascular problems, osteoporosis, certain forms of cancer and cerebrovascular disease, to name a few), the prior assessment of health status, or the level of risk of the starting situation of the client, it is vital that it is carried out, before proceeding with the involvement of the same in a training program, in order to prevent the occurrence of problems that this can cause (for example, people who suffer from forms of undiagnosed coronary artery disease are particularly at risk of myocardial infarction during exercise). The ACSM distinguishes three levels of risk: low (down to 44 year old men, women under 54, with no more than one risk factor for coronary artery disease or no symptoms); moderate (45 years for men, 55 for women, subjects with two or more risk factors), high (one or more symptoms of cardiopulmonary distress or with established cardiovascular disease, pulmonary or metabolic). For the preliminary assessment of the level of risk of the customer using a questionnaire (see chapter 2). The interpretation of the answer

Propose a properly exercise is not easy. Regardless of the course of study (bachelor, specialist, master's degree) and professional (certification, refresher courses, conferences), you must have a mental approach and material is very open and constructive. Anyone who is able to say that moving is good. Still too few are able to say with a scientific and methodological construct, indicating the correct path to follow. Those involved in planning exercise to do with professional, can not be separated from a careful initial assessment and hence illustrate a workout program that will lead a person to achieving the goals and an inspection of the same. A path that has to be adjusted according to physiological and psychological condition of an individual, whereas necessarily his motor skills. These considerations are amplified and must become more precise, when it has to do with programming that must lead an individual to achieving and maintaining a healthy lifestyle (an individual who, perhaps for decades does not practice any kind of physical exercise) and with people who, on the contrary, want to improve their physical performance, competing in sports competitions. "Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription" by Dr. Vivian H. Heyward, since the first edition, has defined and explained the skills and procedures that a professional instructor should adopt when he binds programming exercise to achieving, maintaining and improving the desirable state of health (strengthening the immune system , for example). And exercise tied to the state of health, internationally speaking, is called Fitness. The fitness is not a sport and it is not rehabilitation. The maximum benefit that may be required, it will be to achieve exercise intensity and metabolic parameters, in line with the characteristics of healthy people or those apparently. Exercise intensity and metabolic parameters that have nothing to do with the parameters required by sports competitions. As well as rehabil

In societies that are defined as "more advanced", the scientific and technological advances have led to an ever greater automation of the majority of the working processes and the "welfare" is by many seen as the ability to work effortlessly. The practical consequence is that the ability to work has increased significantly thanks to the machines, but life has become for many very sedentary. The sedentary lifestyle and automated undoubtedly presents many advantages, but on the other hand implies some side effects particularly harmful to health. In fact, the damage caused by a sedentary lifestyle are known to all: weight gain, decreased efficiency of the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system, blood pressure, risk of heart attack, etc ..., all seasoned with high-calorie diet, smoking and alcohol that increase exponentially the risk of permanent disability. Faced with this situation, doctors and researchers have come quickly to the conclusion that regular exercise is a protective factor, which effectively counteracts the development of many chronic diseases associated with a sedentary lifestyle. Here, then develop the concept of working to ensure the well-being, both physical and intellectual and at the same time, has a preventive effect against the major cardiovascular diseases. The concept of "Cardiofitness", namely aerobic exercise for fitness originates from these considerations and especially by the observation that aerobic exercise improves health status. Aerobic exercise for fitness is not a sport and is not a rehabilitation However, in many cases, that will be addressed in the special sections, may happen to operate in the gym of people suffering from various forms of pathology, such as for example the heart condition, the diabetic, etc. ... In these cases the cardio will be proposed on medical indication, exclusively with the aim of improving the quality of life and to mitigate the risk associated with the reduction of the movement

The last decade is well rooted in the idea of ​​increasing the muscular fitness to improve health. High levels of muscular strength are associated with cardiometabolic risk profile significantly lower at lower risk of mortality in general and CVD events, with a lower risk of experiencing functional limitations and non-lethal diseases. Currently there are insufficient data on the prediction type of dose-response relationship between muscle and finess health or the existence of a threshold "beneficial" recommending that a minimum level of muscular strength, power or resistance related to health. Beyond having increased strength, involved several positive changes in health-related biomarkers that may be associated with a regular performance of resistance training, such as improving body composition of blood glucose levels, insulin sensitivity and blood pressure in people already suffering from hypertension or to the first stage of hypertension. Similarly, resistance training may be effective in the prevention and treatment of "metabolic syndrome". Equally important is the fact that the exercise which promotes the strength and muscle mass effectively increases the bone mass (density and content) and the resistance of those bones specifically subjected to stress and can represent a valid means to prevent, slow down or even reverse the loss of bone mass in people with osteoporosis. Given that muscle weakness is identified as a risk factor osteo-artritico/artrosico, strength training can reduce the likelihood of developing musculoskeletal diseases. In people with osteo-artrite/artrosi the weight training can reduce pain and disability. The benefits mental health resulting muscle workout has been paid less attention than those arising from the exercise cardiorespiratory. Preliminary work suggests that resistance training can prevent or ameliorate depression and anxiety, increase levels of "energy" and reduce fatigue.

Il mantenimento di un idoneo peso corporeo con adeguati livelli di massa grassa, sembra essere la via per una vita longeva e in salute. I soggetti sovrappeso e sottopeso, vicini ai limiti dei valori di grasso corporeo desiderabile, hanno spesso seri problemi di salute che riducono le aspettative di durata e di qualità della vita. Le persone sovrappeso e obese hanno un elevata probabilità statistica di sviluppare malattie cardiovascolari e polmonari, nonché metaboliche come artrite e alcune tipologie di cancro. I soggetti sottopeso, con bassi livelli di grasso, hanno elevati rischi di manifestare disequilibri di fluidi ed elettroliti, osteoporosi e osteopenia, disordini all apparato renale e riproduttivo, deperimento muscolare. Negli studi epidemiologici su larga scala, il BMI (Body Mass Index o IMC, Indice di Massa Corporea, peso in chilogrammi diviso l altezza in metri elevata al quadrato) è utilizzato per identificare le persone sovrappeso, obese o sottopeso. Dovrebbe essere noto, ovviamente, la considerevole variabilità nella composizione corporea per ogni BMI fornito. A parità di BMI, per esempio, le persone anziane, rispetto a quelle più giovani, sono caratterizzate da una percentuale di grasso corporeo maggiore. Così come i soggetti con bassi valori di BMI possono avere più grasso corporeo rispetto a quelli con valori più elevati di BMI. Poiché il BMI non considera la composizione corporea individuale, si verificano errate classificazioni di sottopeso, normopeso, sovrappeso e obesità quando si usa questo indice. Uno degli obiettivi per i ricercatori nel campo della valutazione della composizione corporea dovrebbe essere, quindi, quella di individuare metodi validi, non invasivi, a basso costo che i clinici, possano usare per stimare accuratamente la percentuale di grasso corporeo, ma anche di massa magra e di massa muscolare, dei loro clienti e identificare soprattutto quelli a rischio di patologie. La valutazione della composizione corporea trova, Maintaining an appropriate body weight with adequate levels of fat, seems to be the way to a long life and health. The overweight and underweight, near the limits of desirable body fat values, often have serious health problems that reduce the life expectancy and quality of life. The overweight and obese people have a high statistical probability of developing cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, as well as metabolic arthritis and some types of cancer. The underweight subjects with low levels of fat, have a high risk of fluid and electrolyte imbalances occur, osteoporosis and osteopenia, and reproductive disorders to kidney apparatus, muscle wasting.The assessment of body composition can be applied in various fields: in those who must manage the decline correct or proper weight gain, those who study in subjects with disease, to test the effects on metabolism and, therefore, to identify nutritional interventions and of exercise best suited to stop the loss of lean body mass, physical educators in schools can monitor the growth of its students, identifying those at risk to advance too low or too high levels of fat (you can read and hear daily news concerning the spread of obesity in childhood). In sports, especially in sports where body weight is crucial, both for the performance you want for the category, the analysis of body composition is still not used as it should. And that often puts at risk the integrity of the athletes that do not properly educated and informed on how to manage your weight, then undergo unconventional methods that, rather than mobilize the masses in excess fat, leading to dehydration and to further loss of muscle mass.

Nutrition for athletes is an evolving field with research that is published annually by the hundreds, it's often difficult to keep up to date on the subject. This paper is an update of five years since it was published the first article on the occasion of the launch of JISSN in 2004 and has a well-referenced overview of the current state of science in terms of optimization of training and athletic performance through 'power. Specifically, provides an overview of: 1) how to define the category of ergogenic supplements and diet; 2) how supplements are regulated under the law; 3) how to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and improve recovery; 5) The present knowledge of the ergogenic value that nutrition and dietary supplementation have on increasing or decreasing weight and improving performance. We hope that members of the ISSN as well as individuals interested in sports nutrition find this review useful in their daily practice with clients.

The study of the preventive, postural and rehabilitation of the body is a dynamic cultural sector is essential for anyone involved in the sciences. When studying the mechanics of the body (biomechanics) the plumb lines represent vertical planes; the positions and movements of the body are defined in relation to such plans. Biomechanics is the science that deals with the static and dynamic forces that act on the body. It is not an exact science, but the introduction of valuation standards is certainly helpful to produce a higher accuracy. Taking proper pasture contributes to the welfare of the body, postural defects, ie misalignments of the body segments, often originate of improper use of the potential of the body. Bad posture is not just a cosmetic problem, but it can lead to the onset of discomfort, pain or disability, depending on the duration and severity of these problems. Modern civilization has imposed an increasingly specialized and limited in their movements, adding stress on the fundamental structures of the body. It is necessary, therefore, to create islands of salvation that affect compensation, in order to achieve an optimal balance in lifestyle. Fitness Center in the prevention of heightened postural problems must necessarily come as a vision in the primary programming exercises

Il mal di schiena è un problema molto diffuso, una patologia dai costi economici e sociali elevati. Conoscerne le cause di origine e le strategie per combatterla sono di fondamentale importanza sia in ambito preventivo, sia in ambito riabilitativo - terapeutico. Il mal di schiena è una malattia multifattoriale, la cui prevenzione si basa su due livelli. Il primo stadio, o livello di prevenzione primaria, è comune per tutti i tipi di lombalgia ed è basato sull'acquisizione delle corrette abitudini di vita (si combatte il mal di schiena prima della sua comparsa). La prevenzione secondaria si fonda invece su un intervento rieducativo che coinvolge molte figure professionali competenti nella specifica materia, come medici, terapisti della riabilitazione e laureati in scienze motorie. Questi interventi dovrebbero cercare di ristabilire le condizioni precedenti al trauma e di allontanare il rischio di eventuali recidive. Le attuali definizioni di lombalgia acuta, sub-acuta e cronica, utili in ambito clinico, lo sono meno quando si parla di prevenzione, dove il mal di schiena e le sue conseguenze tendono a verificarsi in maniera episodica (de Vet at al., 2002). La bibliografia recente (Burdorf et al., 2007, Malmgren JA, 2009, Socorro Dantas, 2010) riporta dati contrastanti sull efficacia di programmi di esercizio fisico deputati a prevenire i disordini muscolo scheletrici alla schiena. È riportato, inoltre, che alcuni programmi, che sono stati efficaci in ambito preventivo per la lombalgia e la sciatica, avessero inizialmente altri obiettivi (Malmgren JA, 2009). La bibliografia scientifica recente indica l attività fisica come premessa per la prevenzione della lombalgia e della sciatica, per la ricomparsa e per la durata dei sintomi. Si entra, però, poco specificatamente su quale attività fisica. Inoltre non ci sono ancora sufficienti evidenze per essere a favore o contro una qualsiasi tipologia o intensità di esercizio (European Guidelines for prevention in low b, Back pain is a common problem, a disease from high social and economic costs. Know the root causes and strategies to combat it is of fundamental importance both in the budget, both in rehabilitation - therapy. Back pain is a multifactorial disease, the prevention of which is based on two levels. The first stage, or level of primary prevention, it is common for all types of back pain and is based on the acquisition of correct habits of life (fighting back pain before it appeared). Secondary prevention is based instead on a Remedial intervention involving many professionals competent in the specific field such as doctors, rehabilitation therapists and graduate students in physical education. These interventions should seek to restore the conditions prior to the trauma and to avert the risk of recurrence. Current definitions of acute low back pain, sub-acute and chronic, useful in the clinical setting, are less so when it comes to prevention, where the back pain and its consequences tend to occur in an episodic (de Vet et al., 2002 ). The bibliography of recent (Burdorf et al., 2007, Malmgren JA, 2009, Socorro Dantas, 2010) reported conflicting data on efficacy of exercise programs to prevent MPs back musculoskeletal disorders. It is reported also that some programs that were effective in the field estimate for low back pain and sciatica, were initially other objectives (JA Malmgren, 2009). The recent scientific literature indicates physical activity as a premise for the prevention of low back pain and sciatica, for recurrence and for the duration of symptoms. It comes, however, not specifically about what physical activity. In addition, there are still sufficient evidence to be for or against any type or intensity of exercise (European Guidelines for prevention in low back pain, 2004, Burnett A et al., 2009, Jiang JY et al., 2010, Veerbeek JH et al., 2010). The data suggest that an appropriate physical conditioning, and more sports people ricreazionalmente and profess

Our body is designed for movement. The promotion of physical activity, along with nutrition education plays a vital role in well-being. The work is a tool designed to be utlizzato as a personal trainer to meet the questions and clarify doubts about prior to physical activity.

Stretching is a form of physical exercise in which a specific skeletal muscle (or muscle group) is deliberately stretched, often by abduction from the torso, in order to improve the muscle's felt elasticity and reaffirm comfortable muscle tone. The result is a feeling of increased muscle control, flexibility and range of motion. Stretching is also used therapeutically to alleviate cramps. In its most basic form, stretching is a natural and instinctive activity; it is performed by humans and many animals. It can be accompanied by yawning. Stretching often occurs instinctively after waking from sleep, after long periods of inactivity, or after exiting confined spaces and areas. Increasing flexibility through stretching is one of the basic tenets of physical fitness. It is common for athletes to stretch before and after exercise in order to reduce injuriand increase performance[citation needed]. Yoga involves the stretching of major muscle groups, some of which require a high level of flexibility to perform, for example the lotus position. Stretching can strengthen muscles, and in turn strong muscles are important to stretching safely and effectively. Stretching can be dangerous when performed incorrectly. There are many techniques for stretching in general, but depending on which muscle group is being stretched, some techniques may be ineffective or detrimental, even to the point of causing permanent damage to the tendons, ligaments and muscle fiber. The physiological nature of stretching and theories about the effect of various techniques are therefore subject to heavy inquiry.

Our body is designed for movement. The promotion of physical activity, along with nutrition education plays a vital role in well-being. The work is a tool designed to be utlizzato as a personal trainer to meet the questions and clarify doubts about prior to physical activity.

Il nostro corpo è fatto per muoversi. La promozione dell'attività fisica, insieme all'educazione alimentare, riveste un ruolo fondamentale per il benessere. L'opera è uno strumento progettato per essere utlizzato come un Personal Trainer in grado di soddisfare le domande e chiarire i dubbi in merito all'attività fisica preventiva., Our body is designed for movement. The promotion of physical activity, along with nutrition education plays a vital role in well-being. The work is a tool designed to be utlizzato as a personal trainer to meet the questions and clarify doubts about prior to physical activity.

The configuration of our society becoming more and more current problems related to the practice of regular exercise. At the same time the practice is the problem of the teaching of modern forms of motion that catalyze the attention and interest of millions of Italians who turn to facilities that provide services related to motor activity. In modern society we do little movement. Particular attention should be given to the public and mainly private, that provide services of physical activity, from the most traditional to the most modern. Places where there is more work for the promotion and animation or motor sports, but real work of training and education, involving children, adults in different age groups, the elderly, and for the past several years, people with chronic chronic stabilized with exercise can maintain and improve their health. An improvement of psychomotor skills may not facilitate learning? Motor control, does not contribute to the mature personality? And do not favor a cultural process engaging intelligence, rationality, consciousness, capacity, helping to discover, inclinations, attitudes, predispositions? Rotate in the fitness industry figures that are not always readily identifiable, at least in the Italian context. If doctors, orthopedic surgeons, physiotherapists, dieticians, for example, have their own profession recognized both professionally and Ordinamento public, there is a figure that even today, in Italy, has not yet had its recognition and to protect the profession that users who benefit from it. This is a figure that gravity environment for longer than you might think, who takes more responsibility than you can believe, but that still bases its professional experience and often only on improvisation.

Physical activity can promote health and prevent illness. An increase in physical activity is one of the strategies that have the greatest positive impact on the health of a population. If everybody adopted the active lifestyle, health and greatly improve health care costs would drop dramatically. Regular exercise has well-documented preventive and / or curative of a number of different diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, colon cancer and depression. The burden of disease and illness related to physical inactivity, has higher health care costs for society. The European Union Health Information System (EUPhix) estimates that physical inactivity could cost a country about 150-300 euro per citizen per year, while the medical cost for physical inactivity in the U.S. alone was estimated at $ 75 billion in 2000. According to the World Health Report 2000, physical inactivity was estimated as the cause of 1.9 million deaths worldwide each year. The health care system is located in a position of strength to work on how to increase physical activity in the population. On the one hand, people often come into contact with the health system on a regular basis and this allows to reach and intercept the groups in society who are more sedentary, such as the elderly and the sick. A benefit of physical activity as treatment with drugs is that physical activity makes people actively involved in their treatment and encourages them to take personal responsibility for their own health. In a not too distant future also in Italy may be adopted solutions to ensure that physical activity is prescribed by the health care system, where it has been shown that a certain type of physical activity is beneficial.

The main aim of this study was to examine the absolute and relative reliability of some commonly used strength imbalance indices such as concentric hamstring-toconcentric quadriceps ratio, eccentric hamstring-to-concentric quadriceps ratio and bilateral concentric and eccentric strength ratios. An additional aim was to examine the reliability of the peak torque and work of the knee extensor and flexor muscles measured using the Cybex NORM dynamometer. Eighteen physically active healthy subjects (mean ± standard deviation, age 23 ± 3 years, height 176 ± 5 cm, body mass 74 ± 8 kg) were tested three times with 96 h between sessions. Peak torque, average work, unilateral and bilateral ratios were determined at 60, 120, 180 and )60 s)1. Low (0Æ34) to moderate (0Æ87) relative reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC) was found for strength imbalance ratios with eccentric hamstringto- concentric quadriceps ratio showing the greater ICC (>0Æ80). High ICC values (0Æ90 0Æ98) were found for peak torque and average work. Absolute reliability (standard error of measurement) ranged from 3Æ2% to 8Æ7% for strength imbalance ratios and from 4Æ3% to 7Æ7% for peak torque and average work measurements. This study established the reliability of the most common strength imbalance ratios and of absolute isokinetic muscle strength assessed using the Cybex NORM

L'attività fisica ideale per prevenire il mal di schiena non esiste. Esistono tuttavia degli esercizi di rafforzamento ed allungamento specifici per migliorare la salute della propria colonna vertebrale e della muscolatura dorsale. L acquisizione delle corrette abitudini di vita è la prevenzione primaria. In questo modo si combatte il mal di schiena prima della sua comparsa. La prevenzione secondaria si fonda su un intervento rieducativo che coinvolge molte figure professionali come medici, terapisti della riabilitazione e laureati in scienze motorie., The ideal physical activity for preventing back pain does not exist. However, there are strengthening and stretching exercises specific to improving the health of your spine and back muscles. The acquisition of correct habits of life is primary prevention. In this way we fight back pain before it appeared. Secondary prevention is based on a rehabilitative intervention that involves many professionals like doctors, rehabilitation therapists and graduate students in physical education.

Il sistema immunitario proteggere l'organismo umano delle cellule maligne e dagli agenti patogeni. Le cellule natural killer (NK) sono la prima linea di difesa contro sviluppo delle cellule tumorali ed esse sono molto sensibili all'esercizio fisico. Immediatamente dopo esercizi condotti ad alta intensità, le cellule natural killer aumentano fino al 300%. Grazie all'esercizio regolare, i ricercatori hanno trovato significativi aumenti dei livelli delle natural killer. Infatti gli studi suggeriscono che coloro che non raggiungono livelli minimi di attività fisica hanno un rischio superiore di contrarre infezioni alle vie respiratorie superiori, che in bibliografia vengono indicate con l'acronimo URTI (Upper Respiratory Tract Infection). Contemporaneamente, è bene ricordarlo, che allenamenti molto intensi e ripetuti nel tempo, possono deprimere la funzionalità del sistema immunitario., The immune system protect the body of human malignant cells and pathogens. Natural killer (NK) cells are the first line of defense against tumor cell development and they are very sensitive to physical exercise. Immediately after exercise conducted intensive, natural killer cells increased up to 300%. With regular exercise, the researchers found significant increases in levels of natural killer. In fact, studies suggest that those who do not achieve minimum levels of physical activity have a higher risk of contracting upper respiratory infections, which in the bibliography are indicated by the acronym URTI (Upper Respiratory Tract Infection). At the same time, it should be remembered that very intense workouts and repeated over time, can depress the immune system function.

There is no newspaper, magazine or television network that does not dedicate one space to the diets, tying them for the concepts wellbeing and health. Is it legitimate? According to the case that the diet has any therapeutic purposes shall be prescribed by a might be developed by the physician and dietitian. which Personal Trainer can mean that no action on the control of the weight of a person when this he purpose of the typical health care profession. Outside of this situation, the identification of a program Food for a healthy person, wishing to understand by this term a subject that has received by their physician certification of eligibility physical activity, nutrition education and hygiene concerns. Foods and supplements are sold and purchased freely in any supermarket, and as such are part of culture, knowledge, expectations individual of a given society. Therefore, excluding absolutely any therapeutic approach, The Personal Trainer must know the essential concepts underlying supply and must be able to advise the correct assumption meeting the caloric needs of the program physical work agreed with the customer. the non- able to do so would be an expression of poor professional capacity.

The enormous amount of publications about exercise and its relationship with health issues, led to the publication of this second edition. The scientific basis upon which the Centre, remain stable and are still well-defined in the second edition of the text of Dr. Heyward. The integration of the notes at the end of chapter and the addition of the topics in this appendix in the second Italian edition, are also necessary to better respond to repeated requests for updated scientific publications that we offer, especially related to physical activity for older adults. Leaving aside in this context, the practical translation of theoretical concepts related to physical exercise, which is essential to meet the needs of the population and now the State with a view to the prevention of noncommunicable diseases, it focuses on the framework that should lead to programming individual exercise. This is proposed and performed in indoor or outdoor environments suitably profiled, using forms of movement reminiscent of the sports and other more mechanistic and ends in themselves (see the machines for strength training muscle simulators aerobic to aerobic conditioning and tools for gymnastics), the basic layout remains the individual proposal. The strength of those involved to understand, practice and teach fitness, also lies in explaining that not all activities are within the reach of every person metabolic and mechanical. It is necessary to understand the importance of exercise and personalized explain that, for the intrinsic characteristics of each, there are those who can dedicate themselves to Functional Fitness and who will remain tied to movements mechanistic and essentially boring. But do understand, Fitness, with preventive health that characterizes it, you must study it, understand it, live it. Because the transmission of theoretical concepts can take root and become a way of life, it is necessary to propose activities that are in line with the personality and the physical

Negli ultimi anni si sono sviluppate nuove tecniche di allenamento che permettono di stimolare in modo specifico i muscoli della respirazione. Recentemente, inoltre, è stato indicato che i muscoli inspiratori possono essere affaticati durante l'esercitazione intensa di resistenza e possono fare diminuire l intera prestazione. Così come è stato visto l'allenamento respiratorio di resistenza può prolungare l'esercizio aerobico in bicicletta a intensità costante. Il presente lavoro evidenzia le variazioni del battito cardiaco registrate durante l esecuzione di un test incrementale a esaurimento per l individuazione (all inizio delle sedute di allenamento) e le eventuali correzioni (dopo 12 sedute di allenamento) da apportare ai carichi di lavoro per stimolare efficacemente la muscolatura implicata nella respirazione con apposito esercizio svolto in iperpnea isocapnica, In recent years we have developed new training techniques that allow you to specifically stimulate the muscles of respiration. Recently, moreover, has been shown that the inspiratory muscles may be fatigued during exercise intense resistance and can decrease the entire performance. As has been seen respiratory endurance training can prolong aerobic exercise bike at constant intensity. The present work shows the changes in heart rate recorded during the execution of an incremental test to exhaustion for the detection (at the beginning of the training sessions) and corrections (after 12 training sessions) to make loads of work to effectively stimulate the muscles involved in breathing with a special exercise carried out in hyperpnea isocapnica