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The approximation of the Pearson Chi-squared statistics with the Chi-squared distribution. The aim of the present paper is to analyze the distribution of the Pearson Chi-squared statistics, when performing a chi-squared test in which the null hypothesis states that the k observed frequencies come from a symmetric multinomial r.v. with k alternatives. Following a common rule of thumb, in many textbooks of Statistics it is recommended to employ the chi-squared approximation only if the expected frequencies are greater than 5. The purpose here is to compare the exact distribution and some recently tabulated values of the Chi-squared statistics with the chi-squared distribution, to provide a sound methodology for the approximation. From the obtained results it appears that the minimum value for the expected frequencies which assures a good approximation has to be chosen with relation to k, because as k increases the required minimum value decreases.

The first part of the paper deals with the main geological formations outcropping in the southern and central part of Lombardy, with particular focus on their lithostratigraphic and geomorphological characters. The second part is dedicated to the description and classification of the most common pedotypes, successively grouped into associations for mapping purposes. The final part presents a series of observations on the relationships existing between the composition of the soils and their agricultural uses

The purpose of this paper is to study the validity of the Paley inequality on square function, for noncommutative martingales. Let {Mathematical expression} be a regular gage space, and {Mathematical expression} a sequence of von-Neumann algebras such that {Mathematical expression} we prove that for every {Mathematical expression}, where e{open}n(F) is the conditional expectation of F with respect to the subalgebra {Mathematical expression}: We also consider the case of a martingale arising in the context of harmonic analysis on noncommutative discrete groups, in analogy to the theorem of R.E.A.C. Paley on Fourier-Walsh series. © 1978 Fondazione Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata.

Some meausures of distance between hypothesis and alternatives in the case of multinomial distribution are proposed. For a multinomial distribution with k classes one can meausure in several ways the distance between the probabilities specified by the null hypothesis and those specified by the alternative hypothesis. In this paper the author makes some comparisons between the distance functions H and ∆, and shows that if one meausures the distance with ∆ the test based on the K. Pearson X² statistic is not adeguate and that in this case it seems more reasonable to use a test statistic with a structure like ∆.

Some meausures of distance between hypothesis and alternatives in the case of multinomial distribution are proposed. For a multinomial distribution with k classes one can meausure in several ways the distance between the probabilities specified by the null hypothesis and those specified by the alternative hypothesis. In this paper the author makes some comparisons between the distance functions H and ∆, and shows that if one meausures the distance with ∆ the test based on the K. Pearson X² statistic is not adeguate and that in this case it seems more reasonable to use a test statistic with a structure like ∆.

In this paper the nature of the informations available for the analysis of social an economic phenomena descrivable by Markov Chains is examined and the estimators suitable for each different situation are indicated.The cases in which, in addition to stock data or flows data, linear constraints are known and in which, besides a complete series of stock data, some informations about flows data are available, are particularly treated.

In this paper the nature of the informations available for the analysis of social an economic phenomena descrivable by Markov Chains is examined and the estimators suitable for each different situation are indicated.The cases in which, in addition to stock data or flows data, linear constraints are known and in which, besides a complete series of stock data, some informations about flows data are available, are particularly treated.

This paper is intended to show that an algebraic approach can give useful suggestions to design efficient algorithms solving combinatorial problems. The problems discussed are: counting strings of given length generated by a regular grammar. For this problem, the authors give an exact algorithm whose complexity is O(log n) (with respect to the number of executed operations), and an approximate algorithm which however still has the same order of complexity; counting trees recognized by a tree automaton. For this problem, they give an exact algorithm of complexity O( n) and an approximate one of complexity O(log n). For this approximate algorithm the relative error is shown to be O(1/n).

In comparative studies, within Hamito-Semitic and between the latter and Indo-European, many scholars have tried to compare numerals as such. In this paper, it is suggested to compare other features in the domain of numerals, such as the order of tens and units in composed numerals, the formation of tens and the number of counted object.

In comparative studies, within Hamito-Semitic and between the latter and Indo-European, many scholars have tried to compare numerals as such. In this paper, it is suggested to compare other features in the domain of numerals, such as the order of tens and units in composed numerals, the formation of tens and the number of counted object.

The upper bounds of the asymptotic distribution of a Gini's concentration index among the classes In this paper we use two different procedures to obtain upper bounds for the quantiles of the sampling distribution of a Gini's concentration index among the classes. The upper bounds are deduced supposing a Bernoullian sample taken from a null-concentration population and supposing that the quotas of transferable character referring to single classes are known. The first procedure employs the classical Bonferroni inequality, the second one employs the Chi-squared distribution.

The upper bounds of the asymptotic distribution of a Gini's concentration index among the classes In this paper we use two different procedures to obtain upper bounds for the quantiles of the sampling distribution of a Gini's concentration index among the classes. The upper bounds are deduced supposing a Bernoullian sample taken from a null-concentration population and supposing that the quotas of transferable character referring to single classes are known. The first procedure employs the classical Bonferroni inequality, the second one employs the Chi-squared distribution.

The paper offers a critical reconstruction of the debate on the Riacrdian foundations of Marxism.

The purpose of this paper is to show and examine a number procedures for data collection adopted in public mental health services in Italy. Such procedure are aimed at management control and short/medium/long – term planning. Particular attention is paid to organizational and psychological constraints in their implementation. The experience of one Local Health Authority in the Emilia Romagna Region is also presented

Properties of solvated electrons at high dilution in four molten alkali halides are investigated theoretically. A self-consistent evaluation of the bound ground state of the electron and of the surrounding liquid structure, already developed in a previous paper, is compared with the results of NMR hyperfine shifts and magnetic-susceptibility measurements. The absorption bands associated with Franck-Condon 1 s→2 p and 1 s→3 p transitions are calculated and compared with the available data of optical absorption, with special emphasis on the detailed analysis by Yuh and Nachtrieb for molten CsCl. An instability of the excited states against ionic relaxation and the origin of a finite lifetime for the ground state are also discussed. Finally, the perturbation induced by the solvated electron in the fundamental absorption of the molten salt is estimated. © 1984 Società Italiana di Fisica.

In this paper a contribution to the reconstruction of the recent paleogeographic and structural evolution of the Albegna Basin (Toscana, Italy) is given. To this end we performed a geological survey of the Messinian to Recent deposits of this basin, comparing to the surrounding neoautochthonous basins (Ombrone-Orcia, Fiora, Radicofani). These different areas show, after the Tortonian, a partly common evolution that has been comparatively studied. Starting from the Quaternary structural setting the previous events are tentatively reconstructed. Together with the geological field work we performed a mesoscopic structural analysis, and also a photogeological analysis leading to the preparation of a photogeological structural map of the whole Albegna basin (1:50 000). -from English summary

In this paper a new input-output database is utilized to investigate the intermediate energy consumptions of the Italian economic sectors. we estimate an econometric model, which uses the assumption of homothetic separability, to confirm the results of a descriptive analysis of the energy-coefficient dynamics. The functional form adopted in the work is the Leontief-Diewert cost functions. The estimates are obtained by means of an Error Correction Model. Some conclusions about the characteristics of the different sectors and the trends in the utilization of the various energy types are pointed out. It appears that the unsatisfactory performance of the Italian economy (with respect to other OECD economies) can be interpreted in terms of both low reaction velocity to relative price changes and lack of autonomous energy savings in non-manufacturing sectors. Moreover, it is stressed that electric power penetration cannot be properly explained by interenergy substitutions, as electricity proves typically to be complementary to the remaining inputs.

Let X be a complex manifold of dimension d≥3 and H an ample divisor on X. In this paper the global sections of the sheaf A X(n(K X +(d-2)H)) are studied when n∈Z, this generalizing a result by A. J. Sommese.

The Expressed Emotion (EE) index is today one of the most important tools to evaluate the effect of family environment on the course of schizophrenia. The A. critically examine many experimental researches, performed on the EE index during the past 15 years, reporting the results of the first Italian replication study. The psychoeducational family interventions (originated by the EE research) are then considered, with particular attention to the treatment conceived by the team of the Association for the Research on Schizophrenia (A.R.S.). In the final section of the paper, the A. propose an extension of the EE research to families with chronic organic pathologies, reporting some preliminary results.

The main purpose of this paper is to explain the development of the thought and the most updated considerations about the correlations between nevi and melanoma, through a critical review in chronological order of the scientific publications about it since 1969. This leads to the discussion, correction and recovery of thoughts that had been left. In fact we know that a kind of correlation exists but, until now, has not been completely explained.

This paper is an attempt to present some of the unusual indications for OLTx that are occasionally seen at transplant centers. It is not an all-encompassing treatise but rather an attempt to present the more usual of the unusual indications for OLTx. As such, it is a framework to which readers could add any we do not mention as and when they are encountered in their own practice.

Several lines of experimental and clinical evidence collected over the past ten years suggest that the aging process is characterized not only by profound structural cardiovascular alterations, but also by marked functional changes in the reflex mechanisms involved in the homeostatic control of the circulation. This paper will examine how aging affects baroreceptor control of the heart and sympathetic nerve traffic, providing evidence that while the former is markedly impaired in the elderly, the latter is virtually preserved. It will also discuss the age- related alterations in cardiopulmonary receptor function that, under physiological conditions, tonically inhibit sympathetic vasoconstriction tone and renin release from the kidney. Finally, evidence will be provided showing that short- and long- term blood pressure variabilities (and the different components of blood pressure variability) over 24 hours undergo major changes in the elderly. All these alterations in neural cardiovascular control mechanisms have clearcut clinical implications representing a potential marker of the increased cardiovascular risk which characterizes elderly people.

Shared idiotype specificities (CRIs) among monoclonal IgM rheumatoid factors from patients with essential mixed cryoglobulinemia have been demonstrated with the use of polyclonal antisera and have been confirmed, more recently, using monoclonal antibodies. In this paper we will summarize some of the work that has been performed in our laboratory using anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies. Such reagents allowed us to detect CRIs on cryoprecipitable rheumatoid factors, to detect idiotype-positive cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood, and to identify glomerular immune deposits

Several studies have established a strong association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and essential mixed cryoglobulinemia (EMC). However, the mechanisms by which HCV infection may result in cryoglobulinemia in some patients but not in others remain unknown. In this paper we shall summarize some of the work done in our laboratories on certain aspects of HCV in patients with EMC.

The following is an expository paper concerning the relations between Radon transforms and convolution operators associated to singular measures. A quick review of the classical theorems is presented and a recent result of F. Ricci and the author in the framework of compact Lie groups and Lie algebras is outlined. © 1995 Birkhäuser-Verlag.

BACKGROUND. Various surgical techniques have been used for correction of Ebstein's anomaly. This paper reports our early and intermediate term results for repair of this disease using the technique initially employed by Carpentier. PATIENTS AND METHODS. Since December 1987 through December 1991, 13 consecutive patients with Ebstein's anomaly underwent a Carpentier's type of repair. Their mean age was 16.3 years ranging from 6 to 51 years. The indications for operation were advanced NYHA functional class (III-IV) in 4 cases, cyanosis in 4, severe arrhythmia in 3 and cyanosis with arrhythmia in 2. Associated malformations were present in 9 patients. Eight had an atrial septal defect and four of them had, also, mitral prolapse whereas the remaining patient had a ventricular septal defect with subaortic stenosis. Tricuspid regurgitation was severe in 12 cases and moderate in one. According to the anatomofunctional classification described by Carpentier, seven patients had Ebstein's type C, whereas a type B was present in five patients and only one patient had a type A. RESULTS. There were three hospital deaths all of which occurred in patients with type C anomaly. Causes of death were respectively low output syndrome, sepsis and cerebral hemorrage. Follow-up ranged from 49 to 105 months (median 58 months). There were no late deaths and all patients were in NYHA functional class I or II. Preoperative arrhythmia was improved or abolished in 4 out of 5 patients. Echocardiography showed that tricuspid regurgitation was absent in 2, mild in 4, moderate in 3 and severe in the remaining patient. CONCLUSIONS. Repair of Ebstein's anomaly, using the technique reported by Carpentier, can be accomplished with an acceptable operative risk and satisfactory intermediate term results. Echocardiography has an important role in the diagnosis of Ebstein's anomaly as well as in the indications and timing for repair and it is particularly useful for intra- and postoperative monitoring and a

The epidemic form of Kaposi's sarcoma is the most frequent tumor in sieropositive patients. Every part of the body including oral cavity is affected by these lesions. According to modern acknowledgement in treating oropharynge carcinoma, radiotherapy is used for management of oral Kaposi's sarcoma. This paper reports a study of 10 patients suffering from Kaposi's sarcoma correlated to AIDS (EKS) treated with radiotherapy and chemiotherapy, achieving good results, at the Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori of Milan (Divisone di Radioterapia C) from 1988 to 1992. Treatment has been performed using linear accelerator (6 Mev) or Co 60 unity in order to reach the deepest layer of mucosa lesions. Radiotherapy schedule consisted of 150-200 cGy daily fractions given 5 times/week (w) for 4-5 w in split-course

This paper applies the literature on managerial contracts to a particular aspect of the internal organization of the bank: the setting of the price at which to trade internal funds. If there is separation of ownership and control, the internal price of funds is a crucial variable for designing optimal incentive schemes. It is shown that, when there is competition for loans, it is optimal, from the owner point of view, to set the internal transfer price of funds at a different level from the interbank market rate so that the manager will behave more aggressively.

This paper aims at presenting a discussion of the economic theory of road pricing, as a preliminary both of evaluations of applied schemes and of comparison with alternative policy instruments. Environment and road capacity are scarce resources: the citizen-consumer enjoys freedom of choice but users may not pay an efficient price, all the more so when user-generated negative externalities are taken into account. The social marginal cost of using road capacity is the sum of private costs paid by the user (fuel, depreciation, time) and of social costs paid by other users (congestion delays), public authorities (road maintenance) and society at large (pollution). Traffic congestion, and associated pollution, is a typical urban phenomenon: in fact, although private costs are higher in congested areas (cities) than in uncongested areas (countryside), diseconomies are relatively even higher, so that traffic (congestion, pollution) is in excess of what would be socially optimal. The typical theoretical answer is to 'internalise externalities': consumer still choose according to their willingness-to-pay, but bear a cost related to the diseconomies they generate. The attempt to make the private user pay for social costs is justified on social efficiency grounds, in so far as it discourages movements producing a private benefit lower than the sum of private and social costs. Although the impact of road pricing appears on the demand side, it may guide longer-term decisions on the supply side. Paper contents are as follows: road pricing theory is presented; criticisms to it are discussed; complementary effects of uses of road pricing revenue are evaluated.

This paper presents a dynamic seigniorage model where excessive debt levels persist in steady state, causing a permanent inflation bias. Discretionary monetary responses to shocks are too interventionist because they do not take into account the role of debt policy, which spreads part of the adjustment onto future periods. Institutional design should contemplate the appointment of weight-conservative central bankers. The central bank preferences should be more conservative the more the government is willing to delay the adjustment of expenditures following a supply shock. The combination of fiscal intervention and a zero inflation rule describes how members of a monetary union might react to asymmetric shocks. The costs of this regime are negligible if the discount factor is small and seigniorage losses are limited.

The first part of this paper is devoted to explane and relate different formulations of the general Hodge conjecture. The second one (i.e. the last section) is dedicated to give a proof of an euristic conjecture made by W. V. D. Hodge in 1950 at the I.C.M. of Cambridge.

The paper examines the optimal two-part tariff problem in the residential electricity sector. It is shown that, even with distributional concerns, the optimal tariff for a public monopoly is not uniform across regions if marginal costs are differentiated. This sub-optimality result does extend to the case of a regulated private monopoly. It is also shown that the imposition of a uniform tariff constraint gives raise to a trade-off between equity and efficiency. Finally, a simple tariff reform is examined, proving able to provide (both for a public and a private monopoly) a strong Pareto improvement.

This paper discusses the recent revival of interest in the concept of civil society and explores its possible utilization in the analysis of a cluster of relationships and processes that we shall denote with the concept of international civil society. The ambition of this paper is to cast the discussion on civil society into an original theoretical mould. In particular, the elaboration of what will be called an 'economic theory of civil society' will be attempted by following a sequence of logical steps. First, the conceptual field of civil society will be explored by considering the historical setting in which the early discussion and later evolution of the concept took place. Against such a background, we shall then proceed to outline a logical framework which decomposes the concept of civil society into a number of constitutive elements, such as trust, commercial society, division of labour, horizontal (or 'civil') network of interpersonal relationships. Such an analytical exercise is carried out with the aim of developing a consistent theoretical framework that is stimulated by the classical discussion on civil society, but attempts to develop it beyond the interpretative framework of the classical writers. The main purpose of the paper is thus analytical rather than historical: a theoretical approach is followed in order better to explore the manifold implications of the classical concepts and to bring to the fore the virtual relationships and processes that may be identified on the basis of the classical framework. In this way economic theory will be used in order to detect unknown or unexplored relationships, rather than in order to explain phenomena that are already known. Such an approach is then applied in the exploration of the concept of 'international civil society', which is considered to be especially interesting for the theoretical (virtual) possibilities it highlights, and also for the manifold implications it may have in the interpretation of curre

The paper introduces a new clustering algorithm, called CLUNET, based on the neural network philosophy. The paper actually presents a neural network able to produce an unsupervised classification. The geometrical background is the Hamming space of the weights associated to the nodes obtained by a suitable transformation of the data in a multidimensional space. The space and the computational complexity is quite linear and the learning phase is very fast and really competitive with other clustering algorithms based both on the usual techniques and on neural networks philosophy.

Microphysical reality, in the representation provided by quantum mechanics, seems to exhibit a form of "connection at a distance" among events, namely a connection among events located in spacetime regions that are macroscopically separated and pertaining to microsystems that have interacted even only for a very short time. Moreover, unlike all other fundamental interactions in nature, this connection in intensitive to the distance separating the microsystems involved. This paper addresses the question of whether this connection can be analysed in terms of its "causal efficacy". To this purpose, the lack of studies that take due account of the nature of the spacetime in which the connection occurs is emphasized and an argument against the very possibility of a sound formulation of the issue is presented.

The aim of this paper is to focus on the circumstances that explain lone mothers' dynamics of poverty in different European settings characterized by different family and social policy systems: Belgium, Germany, Great Britain, Italy and Sweden. Questions such as: "Are poverty spells for lone mothers longer?", "Is the probability of suffering ecurrent or chronic poverty higher for lone mothers than for other groups?", "Do lone mothers' poverty spells differ among different welfare systems?" should be answered.

'Count Pietro Verri (1728-97) - Schumpeter writes (History, p. 178) - - would have to be included in any list of the greatest economists'. Within the Milanese school, he certainly stands out, alongside with Cesare Beccaria, during one of the most interesting periods from a history of analysis point of view. Luigi Cossa's famous introduction to the study of political economy rates Pietro Verri to be inferior to Beccaria in ingenuity and scientific cultivation, but greatly to be ahead of him as an economist.1 This judgement by Cossa, in particular, seems to echo the relative position of the two men in the history of ideas, particularly after Beccaria's rise to fame with a book - On crimes and punishments - which had in fact been largely inspired by Verri himself and defended by him.2 It is proposed in the present paper to revisit some of the basic tenets of Pietro Verri's political economy, with more in view than dwell on specific intuitions and theorems: namely relate those to Verri's own - quite original - conception of the economy. The scholarly work of Pietro Verri - with a special reference to his Meditazioni sulla economia politica of 1771 - provides the first systematic contribution stemming from the quarters of Lombard enlightenment in the field of political economy, especially so if one considers that Cesare Beccaria's parallel work - namely his Elementi di economia pubblica, conceived and drafted at the same time as Verri's Meditazioni - would only be published posthumously several years later. From the vantage point afforded by Verri's political economy, we gain a considerably attractive view of the most significant elements and characteristic concepts of Lombard enlightenment during the latter half of the 18th century; Verri, moreover, as we shall see, builds on a number of them in a new and original way. This paper is aimed at discussing Verri's political economy mainly along two distinct, but related, lines. In the first place the conception of commercia

Severe permanent cobalamin (Cbl) deficiency was induced in rats either by total gastrectomy (TG) or through prolonged dietary Cbl deprivation. This paper deals with an ultrastructural investigation of different parts of the central nervous system (CNS) of rats made Cbl-deficient through one of these of two procedures. In both totally gastrectomized (TGX) rats and in rats chronically fed a Cbl-deficient diet, we observed intramyelin edema, with splitting of the lamellae, and interstitial edema affecting the white matter, mainly in the spinal cord (SC). These lesions were also present in the subcortical white matter, although to a lesser degree. In both TGX-rats and in rats chronically fed a Cbl-deficient diet the pyramidal tract and the optic nerve were completely spared. Vascular lesions were never observed. Intramyelin edema and interstitial edema of the white matter account for the patchy myelopathic spongy vacuolation, which is the histological hallmark of human subacute combined degeneration and has been previously seen in SC white matter of TGX-rats. Macro- and micro-glial cells in the white matter were activated, at least as seen ultrastructurally. Interestingly enough, there were activated glial cells even in the gray matter, in which neurons showed absolutely no alterations. Chronic subcutaneous Cbl administration of TGX-rats partially repaired the CNS damage. However, the amelioration produced by this treatment was greater when Cbl was given shortly after TG than when given three and four months after TG, i.e. when the lesions have already been formed

Intracranial pressure monitoring is an essential element of severe head injury monitoring. In the Italian reality, this monitoring still has not become diffusely utilised. In this paper are analysed, using the available data obtained from the Neurolink database, the information from the more advanced Italian neurotrauma centres. Only 50% of the patients, in which monitoring is indicated, are monitored. Synthetically will be reviewed the indications to the monitoring, the advantages offers from such procedure, the modalities of monitoring considering also the economic impact and the risks legacies to the procedure.

This paper contributes to the goal-versus-instrument independence debate for the ECB exploring how these alternative monetary arrangements perform when the fiscal authority pursues a strategy of debt reduction in the long term but retains fiscal flexibility in response to supply shocks. If fiscal policy is sufficiently flexible, appointing a goal independent (i.e. conservative) central banker dominates inflation targeting. In fact, as the fiscal authority and the central bank act independently in setting their countercyclical policies, an activist central banker causes excess volatility of inflation. This result provides theoretical content to the claim that a strong and goal-independent ECB needs a political match able to engineer countercyclical fiscal policies.

This paper summarizes and discusses the results of several morpholexical and morphosyntactic experiments with two Italian patients who showed typical agrammatic features in speech production following neurological damage to the left cerebral hemisphere. Issues addressed in this study are whether the impoverished morphology in the patients' speech is due to impaired morpholexical functioning in general, to specific impairments in the lexical component responsible for regular inflectional morphology, or whether the apparent dysmorphology is the result of an impairment in syntax. The last hypothesis is supported by the data reported in this paper, and more particularly, the breakdown seems to occur if the appropriate morphological realization depends on a linking of thematic roles with coindices. A specific morpholexical impairment was also found with respect to compounds. It is obvious, however, that this impairment cannot account for all agrammatic phenomena in sentence production (e.g., selective impairment of function words).