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In this paper we analyse the effect of constitutional structures over policy outcomes. In particular, we exploit the heterogeneity in parliamentary systems deriving from the presence and the use of the confidence vote to investigate whether stable and unstable parliamentary systems behave differently in terms of the policies they implement. This finer partition of parliamentary systems allows us to identify effects that are more robust than the ones previously discussed in the literature. We show that the difference between presidential and parliamentary systems documented in previous works is driven by a difference between presidential and stable parliamentary systems. We suggest that possible transmission channels are legislative cohesion and (the absence of) selection.

Lo scopo del presente lavoro di ricerca storica è di esaminare il contributo allo sviluppo della professione infermieristica delle congregazioni religiose del XIX secolo prendendo come esempio le Suore di Maria Bambina conosciute anche come Suore della Carità delle Sante Bartolomea Capitanio e Vincenza Gerosa. Sono state analizzate 63 fonti bibliografiche reperite nell'archivio storico Casa Madre delle Suore di Maria Bambina a Milano in via S. Sofia n. 13, ad esclusione di una fonte reperita presso la Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense di Milano. Il lavoro di ricerca ha posto una lente d'ingrandimento sul contributo che le Suore di Maria Bambina hanno fornito, rispetto alle aree professionali e allo sviluppo degli attributi distintivi della professione infermieristica nell'ottica sociologica (Greenwood, 1980). Per l'analisi delle fonti documentarie è stato applicato il metodo di ricerca storica secondo Chabod (2006). Per l'esegesi delle fonti si è creata una griglia di analisi della fonte documentaria. Dall'aggregazione dei dati sono emersi due filoni d'indagine: il primo riguarda il ruolo di Suor Emilia Vinante come esperta per la professione infermieristica e il secondo per quanto attiene alla politica professionale promossa dalla Federazione Italiana Religiose Ospedaliere (FIRO). Alla luce dei risultati della ricerca si può affermare che le congregazioni religiose hanno operato nell'ambito della professione infermieristica diventando una forza sociale in grado di incidere in modo determinante sullo sviluppo culturale e professionale degli infermieri, The purpose of this historical research project is to examine the contribution of 19th-century religious congregations in the development of the nursing profession, based on the historical example of the Sisters of Charity of Sts. Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (or the Sisters of the Holy Child Mary). To this end, sixty three volumes were analysed, all taken from the historical archive of the Generalate of the Sisters of the Holy Child Mary in Milan, in via S. Sofia n.13, with the exception of just one, taken from the Braidense National Library, also in Milan. This research project has highlighted the sociological contribution provided by the Sisters of the Holy Child Mary to the professional nature of nursing, and to the development of the distinctive features of the nursing profession (Greenwood, 1980). All documentary sources were analysed in line with the Chabod historical research method (2006), and for their critical interpretation, a scheme of analysis was created. Two lines of investigation emerged from the data collected: the role of Sister Emilia Vinante as an expert with regard to the nursing profession, and the professional strategies promoted by FIRO (Federation of Italian Religious Nurses). Based on the conclusions of the research project, it may be stated that religious congregations contributed greatly to the nursing profession, leaving a decisive mark on the cultural and professional development of nurses.

Motivated by the need to understand voting behaviour under different electoral rules, Laslier et al. (Eur Union Polit, 16(4):601–615, 2015) have conducted an online experiment, the EuroVotePlus experiment, focusing on the effects of the different rules adopted to elect members of the European parliament on voters’ behaviour. The experiment took place in several European countries in the 3 weeks before the 2014 elections for the European Parliament. This paper focuses on the Italian data. Firstly, we show that the behaviour of Italian respondents is consistent with the empirical findings at the European level. Then, we exploit the change from open list to closed list elections implemented in Italy in 1993 to investigate whether and how preferences over institutions are affected by experience. We find that respondents who voted using the open list system in Italy are more likely to prefer closed list systems, and that the effect is stronger the higher the number of open list elections the respondents have faced

Lo scopo del presente lavoro di ricerca storica è esaminare il contributo di Cristina Trivulzio Principessa di Belgiojoso allo sviluppo dell’organizzazione e dell’assistenza infermieristica in Italia, specialmente durante la Repubblica Romana del 1849 durante la quale fu una delle respon- sabili del servizio di ambulanze e del soccorso ai feriti. Sono state analizzate 19 fonti bibliogra- fiche delle 129 reperite in cinque archivi storici italiani. Per l’analisi delle fonti documentarie è stato applicato il metodo di ricerca storica secondo Chabod (1999). Per l’interpretazione dei documenti è stata creata una griglia di analisi. Dai dati raccolti sono emersi cinque argomenti sui quali Cristina Trivulzio si espresse in modo ricorrente: l’organizzazione, la politica sanitaria, la formazione, la ricerca e l’assistenza infermieristica. Grazie ai risultati di questa ricerca si è dimostrata la natura del contributo che Cristina Trivulzio di Belgiojoso diede all’Assistenza Infermieristica, tanto da poterla annoverare tra le fondatrici dell’assistenza infermieristica italiana., The aim of this historical research project is to examine the contribution of Cristina Trivulzio Princess of Belgiojoso to the development of the nursing organisation in Italy. Specifically, the analysis focuses on the period of the Roman Republic, as in 1849 Cristina Trivulzio (Princess of Belgiojoso) was one of the person in charge of the service of caring and rescuing of the injured. For this reason, nineteen volumes were analysed out of the one hundred twenty-nine volumes found in five Italian historical archives. All documentary sources were evaluated accordingly to the Chabod historical research method (1999), while for their critical interpretation a scheme of analysis was created. As a result, five topics clearly emerged from the data collected: organisation, health politics, training, research and nursing. To sum up, this research reveals that the contributions of Cristina Trivulzio are so relevant that she may be counted among the founders of the italian nursing organisation.