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This article presents a quantitative analysis of the association between doctoral training abroad and international scientific collaboration in four countries - Brazil, Mexico, China and South Korea - in the period 1997-2013. We found distinct patterns of inclusion in the global system of science: Brazil and China are still dependent on the doctoral training in world-class institutions to maintain or increase the internationalization of their knowledge bases; South Korea and Mexico, under the influence of specific conditions and trajectories, are able to maintain its international scientific insertion even reducing doctoral training in world-class institutions abroad. Similar forms with regard to the evolution of the two variables over the period reinforce the plausibility of the association between doctoral training abroad and international scientific collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internationalization of scientific output has a significant impact on the contemporary science and international integration of the developing countries. Despite efforts by Brazil in recent decades, the national scientific output still faces obstacles in relation to the reach and international impact of publications. This article discusses the policies and strategies for internationalization of Brazilian scientific output and presents some evaluation measures. The internationalization of output is discussed based on the aspects of international diffusion, collaboration and impact, in order to reflect on the possibilities of expanding the projection of Brazilian science in the international scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]