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Whole-brain mesoscale mapping of primates has been hindered by large brain size and the relatively low throughput of available microscopy methods. Here, we present an integrative approach that combines primate-optimized tissue sectioning and clearing with ultrahigh-speed, large-scale, volumetric fluorescence microscopy, capable of completing whole-brain imaging of a rhesus monkey at 1 µm × 1 µm × 2.5 µm voxel resolution within 100 hours. A progressive strategy is developed for high-efficiency, long-range tracing of individual axonal fibers through the dataset of hundreds of terabytes, establishing a “Serial sectioning and clearing, 3-dimensional Microscopy, with semi-Automated Reconstruction and Tracing” (SMART) pipeline. This system supports effective connectome-scale mapping of large primates that reveals distinct features of thalamocortical projections of the rhesus monkey brain at the level of individual axonal fibers.

We describe a new light-sheet microscopy method for fast, large-scale volumetric imaging. Combining synchronized scanning illumination and oblique imaging over cleared, thick tissue sections in smooth motion, our approach achieves high-speed 3D image acquisition of an entire mouse brain within 2 hours, at a resolution capable of resolving synaptic spines. It is compatible with immunofluorescence labeling, enabling flexible cell-type specific brain mapping, and is readily scalable for large biological samples such as primate brain.