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Background. The current study aimed at codifying the strategic perspective of Iranian federation of martial arts sport. Objectives. The current study aimed at investigating the negative consequences of the use of social networks at the workplace from the viewpoint of the employees of the sports and youth departments. Methods. The current strategic study was conducted based on a combination of sequential explanatory methods. The statistical population of the study consisted of 138 individuals including the chairman, vice-chairman, and the secretary of the Iran Martial Arts Federation, the officials of the internal committees of the federation, the directors of provincial boards of martial arts, the directors of the styles (associations, committees, and groups), and the members of the Strategic Council of the Federation of which 43 individuals were selected to participate in the study using the Cochran formula. The data were collected through interviews, open and closed questionnaires, and Delphi method. The employed questionnaire had 27 items: seven in strengths, five in weaknesses, seven in opportunities, and six in threats. The validity of the research tool was assessed by 15 sport management experts and martial arts experts and its reliability was also confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient for strengths (α = 796), weaknesses (α = 0.704), opportunities (α = 0.845), and threats (α = 0.774). To prioritize the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, the Friedman test was used to determine the strategic position of the federation through weighing and the severity of each factor. In order to formulate strategies, SWOT analysis and pairwise comparison of ST, WO, SO, and WT were employed. Finally, the quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) was used to prioritize strategies. Results. The strategic position of the Iran Martial Arts Federation in the SO region was codified. Conclusions. Based on the current study results, three SO, two WO, two ST, two WT, and nine strategies were presented to clarify the vision of the Iran Martial Arts Federation.

Sport lodges are institutions that are responsible for providing athletes with accommodation, food and training. Sport lodges had the same tasks as today's sports clubs and played a vital role in the institutionalization and development of sports within the borders of the Ottoman Empire. Evliya Celebi is a prominent 17th century traveler. During his lifetime, he traveled throughout the Ottoman Empire and compiled in his 10-volume Seyahatname (Travelogue) what he saw, experienced and heard throughout his journeys. Objectives: The aim of this study was to trace in Evliya Celebi's Seyahatname the sport lodges established in the Ottoman Empire. The general structure of sport lodges was addressed based on Evliya Celebi's notes in Seyahatname. Methods: A literature review was conducted and the parts of Seyahatname describing sport lodges were screened and analyzed. Moreover, books on Turkish Sport History were examined and additional information was presented. Results: Evliya Celebi's Seyahatname mentions three sport lodges established in Bursa, Edirne and Istanbul but makes no reference to other sport lodges established especially in Anatolia. The analysis of Seyahatname shows that sport lodges can be regarded as the world's first sport museums. Conclusion: It is recommended that further studies be conducted to investigate sport lodges in more detail.

Background. Neuro-feedback (NFB) and physical activities are considered alternative treatments for children with ADHD that aims to optimize brain activity. Assessments of the behavioral efficacy of NF and physical interventions have produced inconsistent results. Like physical activity, yoga has been argued to be beneficial for improvement of neurological and physiological activity and behavior in a range of populations. Objectives. The present randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluates the effects of NFB and yoga exercise intervention on sustained attention in children with ADHD. Methods. Using a multicenter three-way parallel group RCT design, children with ADHD, aged 7–11, were randomly assigned to NFB (n = 7), yoga (n = 7) or control (n = 7) over a period of 8 weeks. NFB training consisted of 24 sessions of theta/beta training at Cz and Yoga exercise training composed of 24 sessions of 45 minutes over 8 weeks. Sustained attention and memory were assessed using parameters derived from the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R). Results. Significant improvements in sustain attention and memory were observed over time in both Yoga and NFB compare to control group. To our knowledge, this is the first study that simultaneously evaluates NFB with Yoga treatment. Conclusion. These findings suggest that alternative therapies such as yoga exercises and NFB can be complementary to behavioral interventions for children with attention problem. Hence, the findings do not support NFB and yoga training applied as a stand-alone treatment in children with ADHD.

Background. Myocardial fibrosis is identified as a major side effect of Diabetes Mellitus on the heart. Some bio-markers including the ratio of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in collagen synthesis and collagen degradation are clinically useful in the diagnosis and identification of myocardial fibrosis. In addition, regular aerobic exercise training is one of the major and non-pharmacological solutions for preserving and promoting cardiovascular health. Objectives. Thus, the current research aims at investigating the effect of aerobic training on levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) in diabetic rats. Methods. 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (healthy control, diabetic control, and exercise diabetic). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 55 mg/kg per body weight. The exercise program comprised eight weeks of running on a bar for 60 minutes at a speed of 25 m/min. Biopsy was carried out 48 h after the last exercise session, and cardiac levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 values were measured by the ELISA sandwich method. Results. The findings of the current research indicated that diabetes induction caused significant increase in cardiac levels of MMP-9 and significant reduction of TIMP-1 compared to the healthy group. In addition, it was revealed that the implementation of 8 weeks-aerobic exercise significantly reduced cardiac levels of MMP-9 and significantly increased TIMP-1 compared to the group without exercise. Conclusions. The execution of aerobic training in diabetic rats inhibited progressive factors of myocardial fibrosis and thus fibrosis risk in diabetic heart is highly reduced.

Background. Brand personality as a part of brand identity plays an important role in communications; if a brand has no personality, it cannot introduce itself and stay in the mind of the customer. Customer understanding about a brand is far more important than what is expressed as brand reality. Thus, developing an appropriate personality for creating a compatible image of the brand in the customer’s mind will be an important factor. Therefore, organizations must develop appropriate primitive principles to establish a long relationship with customers. Objective. This study was conducted to identify and introduce intervening and fundamental factors affecting the formation of brand personality of the Iran Football League. Methods. Here, a qualitative research was conducted using a grounded research method. Data collection tools involved deep interviews with experts (23 individuals) selected by purposive and snowball sampling. Data analysis was performed using open encodings, axial, and selective methods. Results. Based on the qualitative interviews, 33 signs were obtained for conditions influencing the formation of league brand personality (contextual factors and intervening conditions). Having analyzed these factors and summarized the findings based on the connection index and similarity with each other, and with the constant comparison, these signs were eventually reduced to five concepts or categories including product factors, factors unrelated to the product as well as the external and macro environment. Conclusion. If brand personality is defined based on market research or people's tastes, adapting the whole system with the brand personality and present promises is a tedious task. On the other hand, the research method contributes to obtaining the same pattern for each product category or service. So in order to build a brand personality from the organization perspective, managers and planners should identify intervening conditions and contextual factors which can disrupt the strategies adopted (intervening factors). Alternatively, with appropriate contextualization, they can contribute to the development of these strategies and act toward these factors for the formation of the brand personality of the league.

Background. One of the most important elements of life are physical activity and sport: these are the basis of health during life. In order for society to benefit from the advantages of physical activity and sport, it is necessary to know the factors influencing this phenomenon. Objectives. The purpose of this paper is to design a sport development model in the free trade-industrial zones of Iran. Methods. The research was qualitative, and was done using the grounded theory approach and based on the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin (1998). The geographic area of the research included seven free trade trade-industrial zones of Iran; the data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. Participants in the research were the sport authorities of Iran’s free zone, sport officers, officers of the Ministry of Sport and Youth of free zones, staff members of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, and sports professors; interviews involved 22 informed persons. Results. The results of data coding showed that causal factors (individual, interpersonal, and structural) centrally affect sport development. Cultural, social, economic, political, technological, legal, and environmental factors were also selected as context and interventional factors. Development of management; development of space, equipment, and great sports events; cultural and social development; scientific and legal development; and development of financial resources were designated as strategies for the development of sport, which will also lead to economic, cultural, social, environmental, and political consequences. Conclusion. Given the positive outcomes for the development of sport, it can be useful as an effective tool in achieving the major goals of Iran’s free trade-industrial zones.

Background. Building strong brands has become a marketing priority for many organizations. The brand is an important criterion for the marketing situation. Power of brand effects on customer maintenance, financial benefit, brand broadening, and rivalry advantages… and is a concept, which was made by the consumer. The presumption is that building a strong brand yields a number of marketing advantages. Objectives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the strong brand questionnaire among the consumers of sports products. Methods. The questionnaires were administrated to 340 customers. The psychometric properties were determined based on the appropriate statistical methods. Results. The results obtained from the factor analysis via varimax rotation indicated the five factors of the strong brand scale, The relationship between 4 scales on the first scale were more than 0.49, 4 scales on the second scale were more than 0.46, and 4 on the third scale were more than 0.57, 5 scales on the fourth scale were more than 0.33, and 6 scales on the fifth scale were more than 0.35, which later fitted the confirmatory factor analysis. According to conformity indicators for brand strength, the first factor was brand development, the second factor was brand identity, and brand image, brand personality and brand equity respectively were the third to fifth factors. The reliability coefficients of the internal consistency including Cronbach’s alpha was satisfactory for elements and factors (0.859). Conclusion. According to the estimated psychometric properties, this instrument can be used by the researchers in order to assess the achievement goals orientations among the sports product’s customer.

Background. BDNF and NT-4/5 have been proposed to be involved in the coordinated adaptations of the neuromuscular system to the elevated level of activity, but an activity-dependent expression of neurotrophins in skeletal muscle is not well established. Objectives. We, therefore, investigated the effect of one session of resistance exercise on mRNA expression of some neurotrophins in Slow and fast muscles of Wistar rats. Methods. The resistance training protocol consisted of climbing a 1-meter–long ladder, with a weight attached to a tail sleeve. Twenty-four hours following the main training session, Soleus and Flexor Hallucis Longus (FHL) muscles were removed. mRNA expression of BDNF, NT4/5, TrkB and p75 proteins was assessed by Quantitative RT-PCR. Results. The data analysis showed that one session of resistance exercise significantly (p

Background. Adults benefit more from an external focus than internal focus when performing motor skills. Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of internal and external focus of attention on dart throwing performance in children with and without developmental coordination disorder. Methods. Twenty men, 20 normal boys and 20 boys with developmental coordination disorder were selected by Motor Observation Questionnaire for Teachers. The task was to throw the darts to the target which was performed in two experimental conditions including internal (related to the movements of the fingers and arm) and external (related to target and dart’s course) focus of attention. Results. The results of ANOVA with repeated measures indicated that along with Constrained Action Hypothesis, adults performed better in the condition of external focus of attention. However, for normal children, the use of the internal focus of attention was more effective and in children with developmental coordination disorder, no significant difference between the two conditions was found. Conclusion. According to results of this study, therapists and coaches should adjust their methods and instructions based on age, experience and developmental conditions of individuals.

Background. Desnutrin is an enzyme that catalyzes the first step of cytoplasmic triacylglycerol lipolysis from white adipose tissue and several other tissues, which are disrupted by the obesity and metabolic syndrome. Objectives. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of high-intensity interval training and continuous training on the desnutrin gene expression in the subcutaneous adipose tissue and the quadriceps muscle tissue of obese male rats. Methods. For this purpose, after 12 weeks on a high-fat diet, 30 Wistar rats were divided into two groups: continuous training (n =10) and high-intensity interval training (n=10). Continuous (80%VO2max) and high-intensity interval exercise training (100%VO2max) sessions were conducted according to the principle of overload for six weeks and six sessions per week. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue and quadriceps muscle tissue were extracted, and the expression level was assessed using the RT-PCR method. Results. The study showed that the difference between high-intensity interval and continuous training on the desnutrin gene expression subcutaneous adipose tissue was significant (p=0.004), but there were no significant differences (p=0.415) between them in the quadriceps femoris muscle tissue. Conclusion. According to the findings of the present study, in the adipose tissue, continuous training has a greater effect on the desnutrin gene expression than high-intensity interval training. In the muscle tissue, however, there is no difference between these two training exercises.

Background. It seems strenuous trainings have a suppressing effect on the immune function and athletes performing such trainings are probably prone to infectious diseases due to weakened immune system. Objectives. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of six weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with and without zinc ‎supplementation on serum immunoglobulin concentrations in female futsal players. Mthods. Thirty-two female futsal players were randomly divided into 4 groups like placebo, Zinc, HIIT+Placebo ‎and Zinc+HIIT. All athletes had to attend futsal-specific training 3 sessions per week. Zinc and Placebo groups took ‎30 mg ‎day−1 of zinc gluconate or dextrose, respectively, and HIIT groups performed 6-10 repetitions of a 30-second running at 100% of VO2peak with ‎4-minutes rest between the efforts during six weeks. Results. IgM levels decreased significantly in placebo group (from 136.25±34.44 to 119±33.53, p=0.003) and Zinc group (from 143.25±52.96 to 123.62±50.33, p=0.005). 6 weeks of HIIT did not change the levels of IgA, IgM and IgG significantly (p>0.05). HIIT along with Zinc augmented IgA value (from 179.75±54.49 to 211.12±89.22, p=0.049), significantly; It also increased IgM‎ and IgG levels which were not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion. It can be concluded that 6 weeks of HIIT had no suppressing effect on the immune system in female futsal players; even HIIT along with Zinc supplementation improved the immune system via increasing IgA value.

Background. A soccer ball is the principal piece of sports equipment for soccer and original brands compete with each other for a big pie of the market. Objectives. The aim of this study’s interpretive structural model (ISM) was to ascertain the factors that affect the intent to purchase original brand soccer balls. Methods. First, by a study of the literature and by the use of the Delphi technique, effective factors impacting the intent to buy original brand soccer balls were identified. The ISM was then drawn up to show factors affecting the intent to buy an original brand soccer ball. The study’s population consisted of the country’s sports management professors as samples and eight experts were chosen in a targeted manner. The MATLAB2014 software was used for the implementation of the ISM. Results. The findings were shown in diagrams with five levels. The factor ‘ball appearance’ was at the fifth level, the factors ‘brand name’ and ‘country of manufacturer of brand’ was at the fourth level, ‘congruence of price and quality’ was at the third level, four factors of ‘brand identity’, ‘brand image’, ‘perceived value’, and ‘brand store sales’ were at the second level, and ‘intention to buy’ was at the first level. Conclusion. An original brand soccer ball should be beautiful and have an attractive design. It must have a proper shape and it must create a unique identity so that the positive image of the product is accepted by customers. It must create value for customers when they weigh two aspects: What they have paid for it and what they have received.

Background. the basal ganglia’s circuit dysfunction has a major role in a range of movement disorders. Some evidence has shown that exercise can improve performance, especially locomotor activity after brain injuries. There was currently insufficient information to define the impacts of intensity, duration, and frequency of different exercises. Objectives. in this study, we examine the role of mild forced treadmill exercise and GABA-B agonist on locomotor activity and anxiety-behavior dysfunction of ibotenic acid injection in striatum. Methods. forty male Wistar rats were randomly split into five groups. The animals received ibotenic acid infusions into striatum bilaterally. Locomotor activities of rats were assessed by open-field apparatus. Results. Our results showed that mild forced treadmill exercise and GABA-B could significantly increase distance in open field and decrease anxiety-behavior in treadmill and drug groups than lesion group (P=0.008 and P=0.001 respectively). Conclusion. There is no significant difference between treadmill and drug groups. So, mild forced treadmill exercise and baclofen could improve motor dysfunction of lesion by ibotenic acid injection in striatum and anxiety-behavior.

Background. Now one of the necessary capabilities, to succeed in the field of competition is having knowledge and marketing skills in economic institutions. Objectives. The goal of this study was Factors affecting development of marketing capability of collegiate sport. Methods. This study is correlating, and, in view of objective, current research is practical. Populations consist of 5 groups which involve previous and present executive committee, administers of provincial committees, experts and employers of National University Sport Federation, headmen and experts of Sport administration and Sports directors of further education section of universities, contain governmental universities, Azad, Payam Noor, Practical and scientific, Hygiene and Therapy and Medical Science universities, and some members of the faculty of universities. In regard to limitation of populations, sampling method is all-counting. Results. The result showed that the totality of confirmatory factor analysis model have necessary fitting (GFI=0.90, RMSEA=0.045, p

Background. Cardiac rehabilitation program is aimed at reducing secondary risk factors and improving function in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting run which ultimately may delay or reduce mortality in patients. A major component of cardiac rehabilitation program is exercise. Objective(s). This study is aimed at evaluating the effect of aquatic and dryland training on Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-ɑ (PPAR-α) gene expression in middle-aged women’s peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) after coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods. Thirty middle-aged women with cardiovascular disease were categorized into three groups comprising control (CON), aquatic resistance training (ART) and dryland resistance training (DRT). The dryland training program lasted for eight weeks of resistance training (3 sessions per week/ 60 minutes per session) and included two to three sets of 12-15 repetitions with 60% of 1RM. The aquatic resistance training lasted for eight weeks (3 sessions per week/ 60 minutes per session), with 60 to 80% of 1RM for each exercise primarily. Fasting blood samples were taken from all participants 48 hours both before the beginning of the training program and after the last training session. PPARα relative gene expression was identified by Real-Time PCR method. Results. It is showed a significant increase in the relative PPARɑ gene expression in both aquatic and dryland resistance training groups (F= 15.573, P= 0.001). It is found a significant difference in aquatic and dryland resistance training groups as regards PPARɑ gene expression (P= 0.001, t= -6.954; P= 0.001, t= -5.871; respectively). Conclusion. The results revealed that both of them on land and water training, increase PPARɑ gene expression in middle-aged women after coronary artery bypass and a possible reverse cholesterol transport process can be improved, so it is recommended that this type of training program, cardiac rehabilitation should be employed.

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the children’s active play imagery questionnaire. Methods. For this purpose, 190 athletic children of the average age of 11.5 years were chosen through random sampling and they completed the Persian version of the children’s active play imagery questionnaire (CAPIQ). At first, the data was confirmed with the use of back translation methods and check translation accuracy. Then, a confirmatory factor analysis, based on the structural equations model, was done to determine the constructive validity of the questionnaire. To determine its internal consistency, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) in the test-retest method was calculated to assess the temporal reliability of items. Results. The confirmatory factor analysis results suggested that the approximation square mean root was 0.07 and the comparative fit index was 0.94. Three factors and 11 items were properly verified in the questionnaire. The results of the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and the ICC showed that the CAPIQ has appropriate internal and temporal consistency in answers. Conclusion. Therefore, the Persian version of the CAPIQ can be regarded as a valid and reliable tool to be used by the researchers.

Background. Today, Building strong brands, Because of the extraordinary advantages that it creates, have been the marketing priorities of many organizations. Strong brands for a company, Creates an identity in the market. Objectives. This study aimed at Prioritizing factors affecting brand equity of popular football clubs in Iran. Methods. The design of the study was descriptive with practical goals. The participants of the study included two groups; the first group consisted of marketing and sport experts and sport managers. The participants in the second group were the fans of the mentioned clubs. There were 163 and 384 participants in the first and second group, respectively who were randomly selected through Morgan table. The instrument used to gather data was a likert questionnaire including 59 questions. This questionnaire was validity- checked by the study professors, and its reliability was measured 0.95 by cronbach alpha statistical test. Descriptive data analysis was done for population description and their responses. Partial least squares test was also performed for analytic analysis. SPSS 18 was the software for data analysis. Results. The results of the study showed that from the managers and experts’ and fans perspective, the factors affecting the brand equity of Perspolis and Esteghlal football clubs In order of priority were the team’s history, management, team’s success, head coach, stadium, sponsors, team’s stars, media, fans loyalty and logo. Conclusion. According to the results, It seems that managers of Popular clubs like Esteghlal and Persepolis, to promote their club brand equity should have the necessary attention to factors such as team’s history, management, team’s success, head coach, stadium, sponsors, team’s stars, media, fans loyalty and logo.