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The article discusses the strict standstill obligation rules and thorough integration planning by merger parties before the merger. Topics discussed include commercial anxieties on the risk of over- zealous enforcement by Competition Authorities, guidance provided by the Commission in helping the merging parties and issues related to research & development, human resources and suppliers.

The article discusses the cause of increase in profits, margins and concentration in the U.S. and the European Union (EU) Topics discussed include reallocation of market share from low to high markup firms; increase in markups and corporate profits; and increased in manufacturing and non-financial market services and the market power of firms.

The article discusses to introduce an extraordinary and diverse collection of papers on a highly topical heavily unresearched issue, the role of potential competition in merger control. Topics include the threat of entry has indeed enough to discipline the commercial strategies of incumbents; and to bridge the gap between two polarised groups have dominated the public debate.

The article discusses the changes in productivity and industry dynamics in the digital transition within narrowly defined sectors. Topics discussed includes increased divergence in productivity performance and its implications for innovation, the increase in wage inequality in many Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and non- OECD countries; and increase in mergers and acquisition activities and a rise in revenue concentration in OECD countries.

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development emphasises the quintessential role that energy plays in achieving the global sustainable development objectives. Renewable energy is vital to achieving many of the seventeen targets of Sustainable Development Goals. These, among others, include the ending of poverty; the ensuring of healthy lives and well-being for all; ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education for all; the promotion of sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth; and taking urgent action on combating climate changes and its impacts (goals 1, 3, 4, 8, and 13). With its high rate of lack of access to electricity, national governments in sub-Saharan Africa are, through energy policies, encouraging the utilisation of renewable energy resources to improve electricity access in the region. This paper examines the current trends in policy framework for energy in light of the feasibility and promotion of ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy to the rural population in Ghana. This paper argues that much of the emphases in promoting rural electrification in the policy framework should be put on educating the rural population on the benefits of having non-connected grid access to electricity. This will encourage its acceptance in those communities where the usefulness and significance of decentralised electrification from renewable energy sources are highlighted the most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2002, Germany and Austria have a common power price zone which is commonly referred to as the German-Austrian bidding zone, or price zone1. Today, this bidding zone and its potential breakup is subject to a debate of some controversy. Independent of the interests of different participants, this paper investigates the market effects a breakup would entail. The paper analyses the market outcomes with respect to the energy policy objective triangle of (i) affordability, (ii) security of supply, and (iii) sustainability2. It aims to answer key questions regarding the price development one can expect in the affected countries (affordability), if there will be supply shortages (security of supply), and which power plants will be deployed (sustainability). A fundamental model is used for the computations, from which different scenarios of a breakup and a continuation of the common price zone are modelled. The analysis shows that the German energy policy objectives of affordability and sustainability are influenced positively by a breakup of the common bidding zone, whilst the same objectives are impacted negatively for Austria. Some of the neighbouring countries could expect slightly positive effects on affordability and others slightly negative effects. However, the largest neighbouring markets stay virtually unaffected by a breakup of the German-Austrian bidding zone. Altogether, the results indicate that a price zone split would result in overall cost savings and lower CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Government of Ghana seeks to accelerate the development and utilization of renewable energy sources to achieve 10% penetration of national electricity demand mix and a 30% penetration of rural electrification via renewable energy technologies by 2020. Since the establishment of the Ghanaian renewable energy (RE) policy goals, the Ghanaian government has enacted into law, the Renewable Energy Act, 2011 (RE Act), which is to provide the legal and regulatory framework for achieving policy goals. In its RE Act, the Ghanaian government proposed to establish a RE sector-specific regulatory agency to undertake specific mandated regulatory functions; tasks that are performed by another agency--Renewable Energy Directorate--in the interim period. This paper examines the necessity of the creation of a new regulatory agency to replace an existing agency in the institutional arrangement under the regulatory regime in the Ghanaian RE sector. The paper argues that the issue of independence of the Renewable Energy Directorate, considering all possible rationales, is the most plausible justification for the creation of the new Renewable Energy Authority to replace the Directorate. To signal credibility in the regulatory institutions under the framework, which will in turn lead to investor confidence and a subsequent increment in investment into the Ghanaian RE Sector, the Ghanaian government will have to accelerate the establishment of the proposed Renewable Energy Authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cameroon has experienced economic growth accompanied by increasing energy demand and inadequate supply. The increased inefficient use of energy in almost all sectors of the economy leads to increased greenhouse gas emissions and high consumer energy costs. The country largely depends on hydropower and acute shortage of energy is often experienced in almost all sectors especially during the dry season when the volume of rivers drops. With the negative impact of climate change on water resources, there is a need for hydropower- reliant country such as Cameroon to diversify and integrate other renewable energy forms into its energy mix. Cameroon is blessed with abundant renewable energy resources that can be exploited to boost economic development. Given that policies for promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency have played a crucial role in accelerating the deployment of these technologies in many countries, this paper examines the legal and policy framework influencing the deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency in Cameroon. An analysis of the significant renewable energy policy, regulatory and institutional frameworks is undertaken with focus on key policy mechanisms and programmes that lead to the boost or setback in renewable energy and energy efficiency deployment. The paper identifies major barriers to large scale deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies and proffers possible solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In dynamic industries, firms often face new competitive threats. If firms are able to identify those threats early on, they may simply acquire potential competitors under the radar of competition authorities. Merger policy thus has to deal with two issues: (1) how to make sure that potentially problematic mergers are notified and investigated; and (2) how to assess the social costs and benefits of such mergers. The latter requires to take a stance regarding the standard and burden of proof. We argue for a reversal of burden of proof, at least if one of the merging firms is considered to be a "systemic firm". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the nature and role of measures in China's Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) pilots specifically designed to constrain market price fluctuation. These are primarily banking and borrowing of credits, permit reserves combined with direct market intervention, variations of trading bands/corridors, price ceilings and floors, market 'safety valves' and adjustment of emissions caps in defined circumstances. To provide realistic context, the setting of emissions caps, methods to allocate permits and the broad range of other factors impacting on Chinese ETS prices are considered. Key aspects of the market performance of the Chinese ETS pilots, focusing on price levels and volatility, are then addressed. It is argued that elements of scheme design regarding emissions cap setting and allocation of permits have the most fundamental impact on price levels. Compliance measures, rules regarding international investment and secondary markets and transitional provisions from the pilots to a national ETS have also been significant. Price volatility measures can nonetheless play a significant role in providing adequate price stability to moderate investment uncertainty. Price floors and ceilings can also play a role in incentivizing investment, to implement emissions reduction goals. To be effective, however, scheme design needs to demonstrate a credible commitment to scarcity of permits through adequately ambitious emissions caps and allocation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Bolivia, a large proportion of the population lives in rural areas, facing considerable challenges, such as low incomes and fuel poverty. Numerous homes and businesses are off-grid, with no access to mains gas, electricity and heat. Renewable energy sources could provide basic supplies for domestic needs. Bolivia has a large potential for producing energy from renewable sources, but unfortunately this potential is only being marginally exploited at present. Since the approval of the new Bolivian constitution, in a referendum in January 2009, there is a concrete mandate to introduce and promote renewable energy and, correspondingly, the state has recognized the advantages of their use, not just in connection with the protection of the environment (avoiding climate-damaging emissions), but also for saving finite resources. Nevertheless, there is still no consistent legal framework available that could trigger the proper implementation of renewable energy. This paper will analyse the current legislation in Bolivia and describe the energy sector. Furthermore, it will argue in favour of a rapid and consistent adoption of proper legislation to embrace the use of renewable energies, thereby avoiding the use of conventional energies and the introduction of nuclear power, as is now envisaged by the Bolivian government. The analysis will indicate the need for an integrated approach to put in place the right policies for the development of energy projects and for the rational use of natural resources to satisfy the socioeconomic need of present and future generations. The paper does not focus on how the new generating capacity based on renewable sources is to be constructed, but on the legal framework and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar power in Africa is on its way to becoming a market commodity: there has been a shift in the African solar photovoltaic (PV) sector away from donor-driven projects towards market- driven investments. This transition has been stimulated, in part, by a substantial reduction in the cost of PV panels over the last decade, which has improved the competitiveness of PV. Perhaps even more important has been the development of an attractive investment climate across much of Africa, combined with robust project agreements and appropriate credit enhancements. This paper analyses the development of East Africa's first utility-scale solar field from a legal practitioner's perspective. Tracing the lessons learned, it highlights how the reforms in Rwanda's energy policies have contributed to success, at both the country and the project level. This paper seeks to use the plant located in Rwanda as a case study for analysing the elements needed for the successful implementation of bankable utilityscale solar energy projects-projects that have the potential to help reduce Africa's acute power supply gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In its recently published draft on an Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan (PNIEC in its Spanish acronym), the Spanish government outlines the main elements of the design of RES-E auctions for the 2021-2030 period. Th e aim of this paper is to compare the design of the future auctions with past auctions in Spain (organized in 2016 and 2017) and with the international experiences, and to assess their advantages and drawbacks. In addition to eff ectiveness and minimization of support costs (which were also goals in the previous auctions), promotion of actor diversity and fl exibility of dispatch are explicitly mentioned as government goals. It is found out that the main design choices of the future auctions, as envisaged in the PNIEC, entail a rupture with the auctions which were organized in the past in Spain. In general, they will be less complex and more aligned with the international experiences than the previous auctions. In particular, organizing auctions within a medium and long-term energy planning strategy and a multiannual schedule of auctions, auctioning and remunerating generation and not capacity and explicitly promoting technological and actor diversity imply a key departure with respect to previous auctions and are deemed appropriate choices. However, many details on the design elements are still unknown, as they will be provided in future pieces of legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Increasing market power and merger control through structural margins across many industries and countries, and mentions the effects of increase in mark-ups on labor share, corporate profitability, and business dynamism. It discusses the implications of increased pricing power for merger control, and the assessment of potential competition. It also mentions that safeguarding market contestability and the potential for entry is essential to protect a competitive process.

The European Union's goal, to complete the creation of the internal energy market by the end of 2014, has not been achieved. Due to diverse market interventions at national level, energy markets remain heterogeneous. The implementation of the Energy Union Package may finally pave the way for the successful completion of this market. This paper discusses whether the package will bring about any substantial changes that will help to achieve this aim, and further summarizes the most relevant (legal) instruments to boost this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric energy plays a pivotal role in the global economic development, hence the developing countries have inadequate electricity supply compared to their developed counterparts. Inadequate access to electricity hinders development in Nigeria and the most substantial efforts towards tackling the electricity deficit commenced with the enactment of the Electric Power Sector reform Act, 2005 (EPSR Act) which aims at privatizing the industry. This paper attempts to critically examine the implementation strategies of the Act vis-a-vis the challenges being faced in bridging the reliable supply gap compared with the developed electricity markets of Europe and United States of America (USA).With emphasis on the transmission and system operation subsector, the paper draws lessons from the United Kingdomand the USA; concluding that privatization of the Nigerian electricity industry is the way to a sustainable and more efficient reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating RES technologies into electricity markets required support mechanisms from the EU Member States to encourage investors. The impact of support mechanisms on RES installations and retail electricity prices are tackled through our wide range research. Decreasing the costs covered both by consumers and investors is important to expand RES -E developments. To this end, this paper recommends that the design process of RES support schemes should be thoroughly in line with evaluation criteria, such as technology specific approach, cost efficiency and market integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the impact of the British withdrawal from the European Union (EU) on competition damages litigation in Great Britain. Topics include other states in Europe that have seen similar growth with Great Britain in competition law damages, jurisdiction and the enforcement of foreign judgments following Brexit, and applicable law in EU member states.

The article informs that the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has clarified the case law applicable to exclusionary abuses in its judgment in the Intel case. It mentions that the judgment confirms the spirit of the 2009 Guidance Communication on Enforcement Priorities in Applying Article 102 TFEU that raised the As Efficient Competitor (AEC) analysis as an overarching principle.

The article focuses on ruling of the European Court of Justice (ECJ's) Intel Judgment. It mentions that firebrand members of the EU Judiciary that are fond of the formalistic approach would fume against any "dangerous" intrusion of economic analysis and ideas into this Jurassic world2 and express full support for the status quo.

The study discusses the potential future role of gas in a context of the COP21 decarbonisation targets, the growing share of renewable energy and price trends of carbon and other fossil fuels. Based on three demand scenarios (high, average, low), this paper evaluates the role of gas in the energy mix on a time horizon to 2040 including the respective impact on European infrastructure. A set of regulatory measures that may be required in each of the scenarios forms a further integral part of this study and provided the basis for further regulatory work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the European Commission's interpretation of the case Intel v. Commission. Topics discussed include the power of the Commission to impose fines for competition law violations, restrictions by object under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), and the confusion on whether the commission is required to apply the as efficient competitor (AEC) test.

Two mega-trends are rapidly emerging to reshape the European energy system: decarbonisation and digitalisation. Based on strong public policies, decarbonisation is already transforming the European energy mix, while industry-driven technological innovation is progressively opening-up new and potentially disruptive opportunities for evolving energy systems. These trends will transform the European energy system from a static, unidirectional and centralised model into a dynamic, multidimensional and more decentralised one. In this framework, the governance of the European energy system will also need to change. Traditional top-down energy and climate policy dynamics will need to be complemented by more bottom-up dynamics, and increasing interaction between local, national and EU policies will be essential. This paper provides an insight on these future developments, and suggests key policy coordinates to navigate these uncharted waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the conditions of the agreement in line with the European Council's decision to withdraw from the European Union (EU), triggering the Article 50 of the Treaty on the European Union (TEU). The agreement of both parties to set up technical working groups to prepare for the monthly meetings of the negotiating teams is mentioned. The three basic principles of the EU's negotiating mandate and its effect on the energy sector following the Brexit are also mentioned.

Smart meters offer a way to address challenges created by the growing production and availability of volatile renewable energies, but they also create problems with respect to data protection. The implementation of interoperable smart meters on the grounds of EU law creates concerns in regard to the compatibility with EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, Article 7. The EU should therefore adopt an area-specific protection concept, which contains detailed rules to remove the concerns about the legality of interoperable smart meters. The paper gives a detailed analysis of the smart meter related EU legislation and, to put implementation of smart meters into a more general context, gives an overview on the implementation of smart meters in the United States of America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how Ghana's energy policy promotes large-scale deployment of renewable electricity. Using a qualitative assessment framework adapted from Yoon and Sim (2015), the study makes broad investigations into how effectively Ghana has implemented its policy for large-scale renewable electricity deployment. The paper concludes that the country's RE success is nominal and most likely would not meet its 10% by 2020 target; the assessment reveals that Ghana's performance in promoting renewable electricity deployment is satisfactory. Particularly, the progress in how it has committed itself to applying its recent generation-based policies in spite of the numerous challenges that confront the electricity sector. Ghana is currently implementing 7 out of 11 of the world's most popular RE promotion policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the legal framework and resulting social tensions related to renewable energy development in Ontario, Canada. Under the Green Energy and Green Economy Act 2009, the government of Ontario has helped to create a successful, growing base of renewable electricity in the province. Despite successes in terms of increased procurement of renewables, the law-making process used to develop the GEGEA and the legal mechanisms which guide its implementation are an example of a failure by government to opt for a consensus-based decision making model. In this paper, through both legislative review and a critical discussion of current legal proceedings in the province, the authors analyse the evolution of renewable energy law and policy in Ontario between 2006 and 2016. The authors conclude that the province's centralised, top-down financing, development and approval processes are likely playing a role in terms of the perception of health problems, and are perpetuating environmental, social and procedural injustices. This article highlights the potential role of increased community-based project development and local involvement in approvals to reduce legal and political conflicts and concludes with proposals for some legal and policy changes that should be made in Ontario - and could be considered by legislators and policymakers in other similar jurisdictions - to facilitate approvals for projects and infrastructure necessary to promote long-term, sustainable renewable energy growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how Ghana's energy policy promotes large-scale deployment of renewable electricity. Using a qualitative assessment framework adapted from Yoon and Sim (2015), the study makes broad investigations into how effectively Ghana has implemented its policy for large-scale renewable electricity deployment. The paper concludes that the country's RE success is nominal and most likely would not meet its 10% by 2020 target; the assessment reveals that Ghana's performance in promoting renewable electricity deployment is satisfactory. Particularly, the progress in how it has committed itself to applying its recent generation-based policies in spite of the numerous challenges that confront the electricity sector. Ghana is currently implementing 7 out of 11 of the world's most popular RE promotion policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric energy is a critical factor for economic growth as it supports the provision of basic domestic, medical, educational, transportation, communication, agricultural, industrial and other needs. However, Nigeria has low electric energy access. Nigeria enacted the Electric Power Sector Reform Act (EPSRA) in 2005 to improve electricity access in the country, but in spite of EPSRA, electricity access in Nigeria has remained one of the lowest in Africa and in the world. This is even as Nigeria has an abundance of renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass and hydro which can be harnessed to meet more easily the electric energy needs of the country. This paper argues that one of the reasons for the failure of the reform thus far, is the absence of specific legal framework in EPSRA, targeted at harnessing the country's abundant renewable energy resources. The article further claims that this gap is the reason that in spite of the National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy 2015 (NREEEP) put in place 10 years after the EPSRA, the contribution of renewable energy in the country's energy mix is still insignificant. It is suggested that if the electric power sector reform is to succeed, specific legal provisions should be enacted to back the policies targeted at boosting renewable energy development in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the principal characteristics governing the capacity remuneration mechanism implemented in Greece aiming to encourage electricity generation and security of supply in the country. The analysis is divided in three core sections: Section II sets out the main characteristics and the legal framework governing the Greek energy market. In Section III, the provisions establishing the Greek capacity remunerationmechanismare analyzed, with special reference to the proposed amendments by the Greek energy regulator to be implemented in light of the new EU state aid regulatory framework in the energy sector. Lastly, Section IV elaborates on the compatibility of the Greek capacity mechanism with normative provisions of EU law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is considered to be one of the enablers of sustainable and inclusive growth in India. This paper discusses potential renewable sources like solar, wind, biomass and waste-to-energy in the country. It also throws light on renewable market developments, penetration, regulatory and policy progress in India. The article points out the factors driving renewable growth and discusses challenges faced by the Indian renewablesmarket to achieving higher penetration of renewable energy. It concludes that with sustained and progressive renewable policy framing and implementation, by 2022 India can expand its current renewable energy base from 36.5GW to 175GW, and thus achieve a 379% growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A complex regulatory package implementing a new support scheme for renewable electricity has recently been adopted in Spain. The aim of this article is to describe the main elements of the new remuneration scheme and to provide a brief analysis of its main shortcomings. It is argued that the new system has several potential drawbacks. Its priority is not on increasing deployment, but on containing the total costs of support, making it potentially ineffective. The regulation is retroactive for existing plants, non-transparent, highly-risky for both existing and new plants (since basic parameters affecting the remuneration levels can be revised ex-post every 6 years), administratively costly and subject to the discretionary power certainly of the government. It is definitively not a best-practice model on which future support schemes elsewhere should be based. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses lawmakers and antitrust enforcement agencies for the world have considering whether existing laws and enforcement tools have sufficient to address acquisitions of potential competitors. Topics include in determining a competitor have entered the market, courts have considered both objective and subjective evidence; and objective evidence refers to financial and technical incentives and ability to enter.

As the civilian population is no longer just a consumer, but also a producer of renewable energy (so-called prosumer), the electricity consumption data between the members need a tamper-proof and automatic billing system. The blockchain technology can be used for trading electricity in an energy community and aims at making the system smarter. It can manage the billing between the members, i.e., the energy producers (e.g. power generated by a PV system), the energy consumers, and/or those involved as energy storage. The processing of data by means of a blockchain can be helpful, but there is an inherent conflict with questions of data protection, especially since data on the energy consumption of households is considered as personal data. The General Data Protection Regulation (hereafter GDPR) is the EU's most comprehensive instrument to date for protecting the personal data of its citizens. The advantage of blockchains is that data is stored on many concatenated blocks that cannot be modified after their creation, which makes manipulation impossible and creates trust. Thus, there is a balancing act between the protection of personal data and the advantages of blockchain technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofuels are being promoted in South Asian region primarily in blended form with petrol and diesel in order to reduce South Asia's oil import dependence, make the region energy secure, and also as a socially and environmentally benign fuel. However, given the multipronged challenges confronting the conventional biofuels globally as well as in South Asia, the paper makes an attempt to realistically assess the prospects and problems of biofuels promotion in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article looks at the role of World Trade Organization (WTO) rules in the proliferation of renewable energy on the level of international trade regulation. Particular focus is given to the enhanced disciplines called for effective abatement of carbon dioxide emissions and climate change mitigation in international economic law in the field of renewable energy and electricity. The shift to renewable energy to decarbonisation of economies is discussed.

From the high point of cooperation between the US and Brazil in 2007, Brazil is now emerging as the ethanol leader at odds and in direct competition with the US domestic ethanol industry. It is this battle for ethanol supremacy which assists in an understanding of the political climate, international regulation and resulting domestic legislation since the partnership between the US and Brazil in 2007. Currently, no government or international organisation has created a coherent set of policies and laws to encourage increased worldwide use and regulation of ethanol. This paper will argue that a structured, systematic and uniform ethanol market mechanism administered by the WTO is required to stimulate and regulate the international trade in ethanol. Ethanol is the first biofuel with the potential to create an effective alternative energy trade which offers developed and developing nations an alternative to an oil-based economy and a platform to boost economic development and exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information related to the disruptive technologies of Artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain. It potential of technologies to improve efficiency levels and benefit consumers through lower production and transaction costs, more innovation, and the introduction of new and better products and services. It also mentions that commentators and agencies agree that AI and blockchain present theoretical and practical challenges for policy-makers and enforcers.

The article discusses importance of enhancing the public acceptance of cross border electricity interconnection in the energy transition of European Union. Topics discussed include importance of interconnected networks in increasing the efficiency of electricity systems, reducing the costs of electricity demand, and improving security of supply; public attitudes towards interconnector development; need for constructive involvement of public in cross-border electricity infrastructure.

The article examines the reasons for the inclusion of green policies in the field of climate change and energy in Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). It explores the role played by prospective European Union (EU) membership in the development of renewable energy policies in these countries. The use of conditionality in the accession process of EU is also highlighted.

Information about several papers discussed at the Australian National University colloquium that was held in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory (ACT) on November 29-30, 2010 on renewable energy (RE) law and policy is presented. Topics include legal and policy barriers to the promotion of solar and wind energy, investment in solar energy developments, and energy efficiency. The event featured several practitioners and scholars including Adrian Bradbrook, Wayne Smith and Andrew Macintosh.

The article reports on the effective use of the Renewable Energy Law under Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 in Australia. It mentions that the law has advocated for clean energy supply. It highlights the examination of the law in terms of its effectiveness. It notes that there is strong support for the law among the Australian political spectrum but still required to make more effective use of natural, renewable resources.

Improving industrial energy efficiency is a crucial goal for manufacturing firms. As investments during the phase of operation are limited to incremental efficiency improvements which are subject to short payback periods it is difficult to achieve major steps in boosting energy efficiency. However, significant effort is needed in order to comply with the EU’s 2050 targets and the Paris agreement. This transition perspective implies the urgent need for new energy efficient and low carbon technologies. In order to identify the required R&D needs for an increase in industrial energy efficiency, we conducted two R&D roadmap processes in Austria, involving representatives of the major national energy-intensive industries. The stakeholder participation process shows that industry faces short-term barriers, but is optimistic to realize energy-efficient and fossil-free processes in the long run. We identify sector-specific breakthrough technologies as the main field of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on several aspects of the as-efficient competitor test and practical considerations following the European Court of Justice (ECJ) Intel judgment. It mentions that the ECJ Intel judgment provides a strong endorsement for both an effects based analysis and the as-efficient competitor principle2 for the application of article 102 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).

The article focuses on the role of the as efficient competitor test after the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) judgment in Intel. It mentions that fidelity rebates belong to a wide range of conditional pricing practices including exclusive dealing, tying and bundling, minimum quantity requirements, minimum market share requirements.

The article focuses on several aspects of conditional pricing in Europe and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU's) ruling in Intel. It mentions about the limits of the Commission's jurisdiction in the enforcement of Art 102 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) in cases of potentially illegal conduct by non-EU undertakings.

The article offers information on mergers in the mobile telecommunication industry in Europe. It highlights investigations implemented by the European Commission into mergers between mobile network operators as well as discusses the implementation of merger remedies in several cases and issues about anticompetitive and the standards of assessment used by the commission.

The article offers information related to the pricing algorithm and the development of artificial intelligence. It mentions the contradictions and ambiguities posed by artificial intelligence to the antitrust community. It also mentions the concerns raised by the antitrust perspective price discrimination with implying of exclusionary effects. It further discusses that studies show the personalised prices proposed to a consumer can be inconsistent.