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With the worsening of environmental pollution and energy crisis, the research and application of luminescent fiber have attracted the attention of many researchers. Luminescent fiber not only has good mechanical properties of ordinary fiber, but also has many excellent properties, such as luminescence, environmental friendliness, biocompatibility, anti-aging, and sustainable luminescence. Luminescent fiber is mainly divided into fluorescent fiber and noctilucent fiber, and noctilucent fiber can be further divided into spontaneous fiber and optical storage fiber. Luminescent fibers emit light by absorbing external energy, storing energy and emitting photons in a recurring process. The use of luminescent fiber can alleviate the problem of resource shortage and meet the demand of energy conservation and emission reduction in China. In this paper, the classification, luminescence mechanism, preparation method and application of luminescent fibers were reviewed and summarized, in order to provide theoretical support for further study of luminescent fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]