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In view of the frequent occurrence of pavement diseases in arid areas with large temperature difference, the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia was taken as an example, and the characteristics of environment and pavement diseases were deeply investigated. Fiber grating sensors were embedded in the composite base asphalt pavement structure of the new expressway. The strain response of different directions and depths of the pavement structure were investigated through field loading tests. The fatigue life of the pavement structure was calculated according to the measured results to verify the practical application effect of the composite base structure. Results show that the daily temperature difference and annual difference in the central and western regions of Inner Mongolia exceed 84% of the whole country, and the annual rainfall is lower than 87. 4% of the whole country. The primary pavement disease is reflective cracking, and the crack spacing is only 10 ~20 m. The strain changes of the bottom surface layer and the upper base layer of the composite base pavement structure under traffic load are obvious, and the lateral strain fluctuates more and recovers slower than the longitudinal strain, thus the dominant disease of the pavement structure under the combined effects of load and temperature is lateral cracking. After adding the ATB-25 upper base layer, the strain under the standard axial load is reduced by 40% ~50%, and the peak strain is 39 με. The calculated fatigue life of the pavement structure is 24 368 × 10 6 times, which can control the construction cost and avoid the risk of fatigue cracking in the operation period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]