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Urban-rural factors have been the most important elements to promote urban-rural linkage and regional cooperation in an urban-rural community of destiny. Various social resources are very necessary for social production and business activities in urban and rural areas. Rural development has been hindered and slowed by the dual system of urban and rural areas in China over a long time. However, only a single flow has been considered in the urban-rural factors. The current relationship between urban and rural areas has shifted from separation to integration. The flow of urban and rural factors has been characterized by the "multi-factors two-way freedom flow", particularly with the national policies leaning toward rural development, and the implementation of national strategies, such as "new urbanization", "rural revitalization", and " integrated urban-rural development ". Furthermore, agricultural production has gradually brought into the various promises of ecological conservation, leisure experience, and cultural inheritance. Rural development has entered an accelerated transformation period. The rural pluralistic values can be expected to realize for the rural revitalization strategy and transformation. It is very necessary to clarify the influencing mechanism of urban-rural factor flow for the rural multi-values in the urban-rural integrated development and all-round rural revitalization. Taking Chongqing in South China as the research area, this study aims to evaluate the flow of urban and rural factors, as well as the realization of rural multi-values. A systematic analysis was implemented on the correlation between rural and urban factor flow and rural multi-values, in order to explore the influence mechanism of rural factor flow, and then to empower the rural multi-values realization and the path of realizing rural multi-values under the flow of urban and rural elements. The results showed that: 1) The correlation logic law was established between rural-urban factor flows and the realization of rural multi-values. The comprehensive effects of population mobility, resource transfer, and social interaction between urban and rural systems were utilized to realize the multiple values in rural areas. Among them, the core, key and driving forces were the population flow, the resource transfer, and the social interaction, respectively. 2) There was a significant spatial difference in the factor flows between urban and rural areas. The population flow was relatively frequent with a spatial pattern of "high in the west and low in the east". There was a small difference in resource transfer, the high integration degree of urban and rural areas, the more interaction between urban and rural systems, and the highly active degree of resource transfer. There was a large difference between urban and rural development in southeast Chongqing and northeast Chongqing. There was a low integration degree of urban and rural, and the low active degree of resource transfer. Social interaction was less with the low activity, indicating a spatial pattern of "low-value series and high-value flower arrangement". 3) Rural multi-values were represented by supply, regulation, inheritance, and service values. The realization degree of rural multi-values was normally distributed with a spatial pattern of "high in the south and low in the north, and flower arrangement in the north". The distribution of flower arrangement in the main metropolitan area was mainly in the middle and low-value areas, while the northeast and southeast of Chongqing were in the middle and high-value areas. Low-value area was less. 4) The rural multi-values were attributed to the comprehensive effects of multiple factors, such as population flow, resource transfer, and social interaction. Population flow shared a significant positive correlation with the supply and adjustment value with a positive promotion, whereas a significant negative correlation was found with the inheritance value with a reverse inhibition effect. Resource transfer presented a significant positive correlation with the supply, adjustment, and service value, indicating a positive promoting effect. Social interaction showed a significant positive correlation to the adjustment and service value with a positive promotion effect, whereas, a significant negative correlation was found in the inheritance value with a reverse inhibition effect. 5) Rural multi-values should be started from three aspects: a new urban-rural relationship with the county territory as an important carrier, in order to establish an institutional channel for the free flow of factors with the full factor flow as the core. The rural value can be expected to realize with the high quality and multi-values in modern agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explore the effect of flooding and waterlogging at the jointing stage of summer maize on the formation mechanism of yield in the Huaibei plain. Taking Denghai 605 as the test material, two treatments of water stress (including flooding and waterlogging) were carried out in a field experiment in the Wanbei experimental station of Anhui Agricultural University in 2018 and 2020. The normal water supply was also used as the control (CK). The parameters were analyzed, such as growth process, photosynthesis traits, dry matter accumulation, lodging resistance traits, male-female interval, ratio of leaf to grain, and yield of summer maize. The results showed as follows. 1) The duration from the jointing to silk and anthesis-silking interval were significantly (P<0.05) increased, compared with the CK, and the flooding treatment was significantly (P<0.05) greater than the waterlogging treatment. 2) The leaf area per plant, the chlorophyll content, and net photosynthesis rate (Pn) from the big trumpet to dough stage significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the flooding treatment, compared with the CK. The leaf area per plant from big trumpet to dough stage significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the waterlogging treatment, compared with the CK. The chlorophyll content and net photosynthesis rate only at big trumpet stage significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the waterlogging treatment, compared with the CK. 3) The dry matter accumulation of leaf, stem, ear, and whole plant from the big trumpet to maturity were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the flooding and waterlogging treatment, compared with the CK. The dry weight of the whole plant is the most critical physiological index affecting the yield, and the rates of decrease were 53.99% and 23.65% for the dry matter accumulation of whole plant in the flooding and waterlogging treatment, respectively.4) The stem diameter and puncture strength were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the flooding treatment compared with the CK. Meanwhile, the lodging rate significantly (P<0.05) increased in the flooding treatment, where the rate of increase was 78.53% compared with the CK. 5) The empty rods rate significantly (P<0.05) increased in the flooding and waterlogging treatment compared with the CK. The number of grains per ear is the most critical yield component factor affecting yield, and the grains number per ear and yield of summer maize significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the flooding and waterlogging treatment, compared with the CK, where the rates of decrease for the grain number per ear were 44.48% and 30.61%, respectively, whereas, those for the yield were 57.26% and 34.68%, respectively. The 1000-grain weight and the leaf area and number of grains per leaf were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the flooding treatment, while, that significantly (P<0.05) increased in the waterlogging treatment, compared with the CK. The findings can provide a theoretical and technical support to the decision-making on the summer maize production in areas prone to the waterlogging disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Because wind turbine blades are exposed to complex natural environment for a long time, as time goes on, rain, snow, dust and other particles will gradually erode the surface of blade, then causing the erosion on the blade surface, especially at the leading edge of the blades, which is the area with the most serious wear. With wind turbine running time increasing, under the impact of various complex particles, the erosion process on wind turbine blades typically starts with the formation of small pits at the leading edge, which quickly develop into gouges with larger size and deeper depth, and then the increasing pits and gouges eventually lead to the fact that material of the leading edge falls off largely, forming delamination. In order to simulate the leading edge erosion of wind turbine as accurately as possible, a geometric model which is close to the actual wear profile was established and a mathematical model which is suitable for airfoil calculation was selected. According to the erosion features on leading edge of wind turbine blade operating in actual wind farm, the leading edge of DU96-W-180 airfoil profile was modified to study the effects of aerodynamic characteristics caused by leading edge erosion on wind turbine blades. At the same time, a geometric model was built and numerical simulations were performed to solve the RANS equation based on SST k-ω turbulence model. Lift force, drag force and flow field characteristics of the erosion airfoil were analyzed. And then the conclusions were drawn. In the situation that leading edge erosion is characterized by pits and gouges, the coefficients of lift and drag have a small change, and as the attack angle increases, the lift coefficient and lift-drag ratio decrease slightly, and the drag coefficient increases slightly. The influence of leading edge delamination is notable, especially under the situation of high attack angle, and the lift coefficient and lift-drag ratio are significantly reduced and the drag coefficient is sharply enlarged with the increase of the attack angle, and this change becomes more notable with the increase of erosion. The leading edge erosion intensifies the flow separation near the trailing edge of the airfoil suction surface, and makes the separation point move forward. The phenomenon of separation is more and more obvious as the degree of wear and tearing is gradually deepening, and the eddy forms after separation gradually becomes larger, resulting in the fact that lift reduces and resistance increases. Pits and gouges have small influence on the flow near the airfoil leading edge. On the contrary, delamination leads to the step-flow around the airfoil surface, and air bypasses the step with separating flow, and then adheres to the airfoil surface again, so the delamination has a significant impact on the flow near the leading edge, which leads to the deterioration of airfoil aerodynamic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ginkgo biloba, one of the oldest species of tree, has existed on the earth for 200 million years, and 70% is from China. The seeds of Ginkgo biloba have been used in China as traditional food and medicine source for several thousand years. Research shows that ginkgo seeds have a relatively high protein content (10%-15%), and ginkgo seed protein (GSP) has many biological activities, including anti-oxidation, anti-aging, anti-tumor and anti-bacterial properties, so it has high nutritional and medicinal value. However, eating GSP can result in allergic reactions in humans. Till now, research on how to reduce and eliminate GSP allergy remains lacking. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment can modify the tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins and alter some of the epitope structures, which can reduce the allergenicity and improve the functional properties of food proteins. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of HHP treatment on structure, allergenicity and functional properties of GSP. GSP was treated under the pressure of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 MPa at 20℃ for 20 min respectively, and the target pressure was achieved within 1-2 min, held for 20 min and released to atmospheric pressure within 1-2 min. After HHP treatment, the allergenicity was measured by ELISA assay, the changes in molecular weight and conformational structure (secondary structure, free sulfhydryl group (SH) content, surface hydrophobicity and ultraviolet (UV) absorbance) of GSP were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulphate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), circula dichroism spectrum, fluorescence spectra and UV absorption spectrum, and the functional properties were analyzed for heat stability and emulsifying properties. The results showed that HHP treatment with the pressure range from 300 to 700 MPa could significantly reduce the allergenicity of GSP, an antigenicity reduction of 95% was observed in protein samples treated at 500 MPa, and a complete loss of allergenicity was observed in protein samples treated at 600 or 700 MPa. Meanwhile, after HHP treatment, the intermolecular and intramolecular disulfide bonds that originally stabilized the native protein structure were disrupted and the molecular weights, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of GSP were significantly changed. The electrophoretogram of raw GSP showed that the bands with apparent molecular weights (MW) ranged from 10 to 100 kDa, and the major protein bands were approximately 5, 10, 22, 30, 39 and 46 kDa. But after HHP treatment, the GSPs were disintegrated into proteins with small molecular weights ranging from 4 to 30 kDa, and moreover, α-helices and β-sheet in its secondary structures were largely destroyed and turned into random coil, and the UV absorption intensity, surface hydrophobicity and SH content of GSP were significantly increased. The great influence of HHP, which made IgE not bind to GSP, was correlated with the significant change in the structure and epitopes of the allergenic protein. Moreover, the HHP-treated GSP markedly improved the heat stability and emulsification index values comparable to those of the untreated GSP, suggesting that the HHP-treated GSP retained the ability to efficiently form emulsions. These results suggest that HHP can act as an important technological approach for the industrial production of hypoallergenic and improved-function GSP for potential use as base ingredient in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To better understand the effects of broad-row ridge culture pattern on photosynthetic characteristics, lodging resistance and yield for summer maize waterlogged at seedlings stage, an experiment was conducted in the Institute of Agriculture Science in Funan County in 2013 and 2014. A summer maize cultivar, Xianyu-335, was selected as material in the field, and 4 treatments were designed including traditional culture without waterlogging (TW0), traditional culture with waterlogging (TW1), broad-row ridge culture without waterlogging (RW0) and broad-row ridge culture with waterlogging (RW1). The results showed that the date of SPAD (soil and plant analyzer development) value and photosynthesis rate of the maize functional leaf recovering to normal level under broad-row ridge culture was 10 days earlier than that under traditional culture in waterlogging year. Therefore, the photosynthetic capacity was more quickly meliorated under broad-row ridge culture than that under traditional culture when a flood occurred. The leaf area of maize recovered to normal level 15 days after waterlogging under broad-row ridge culture in waterlogging year, but couldn’t recover to normal level even 30 days after waterlogging under traditional culture. Thus, a larger green photosynthetic leaf area was provided under broad-row ridge culture than under traditional culture when in waterlogging year. The lodging resistance indicators in the third internode of maize such as stem diameter, stalk rind penetration strength and bending property in waterlogging year were worse than those in normal years under traditional culture, with a reduction rate of 20.1%, 16.1% and 20.0%, respectively. There was no significant difference for the lodging resistance capability between the 2 treatments with or without waterlogging under broad-row ridge culture. The lodging resistance capability for the 2 planting patterns had no significant difference under the same water-type years. Collectively, the capability of lodging resistance under broad-row ridge culture was more reliable than that under traditional culture. Sterile plant rate and 1 000 grain weight under broad-row ridge culture were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those under traditional culture in waterlogging year, with a decline of 21.5% and 5.7%, respectively. The number of grains per ear in maize in waterlogging treatment was significantly (P<0.05) less than that in no-waterlogging treatment under traditional culture, with a two-year average reducing rate of 11.3%, but it had no significant difference between the 2 different water-type treatments under broad-row ridge culture. So, more stable number of grains per ear was gained under broad-row ridge culture. The yield in waterlogging year was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that in no-waterlogging year, with a reduction of 1349.6 and 547.3 kg/hm2 respectively for the 2 planting patterns, but the yield under broad-row ridge culture was not lower than that under traditional culture whether waterlogging or not. Therefore, a more stable yield was obtained under broad-row ridge culture in the areas liable to waterlogging. The research provides the reference for the high and stable yield theory and technology of summer maize in the areas liable to waterlogging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]