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Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aquatic plants often present yellowing and withering at the decline stage, thus seriously deteriorating the aesthetic appearance of the river channel and the purification of water quality. This study aims to investigate the absorption characteristics of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in plants under oxygenation. Five oxygenation levels were set, namely CK(0min), JO1(4min), JO2(6min), JO3(8min), and JO4(10min). Myriophyllum aquaticum was taken as the research material, due to the rapid growth in summer and slow in winter. Among them, the seedling period of Myriophyllum aquaticum was from July 10 to September 15, while the growth peak period was from September 16 to December 22. The pot experiment was conducted (PVC basin parameters: diameter: 30cm, height: 25cm, dry soil weight: 6.5kg/basin). The spiral pipe system was selected in the soil during the soil loading. Prior to the experiment, Myriophyllum aquaticum was pre-cultured for 1-2 days, washed with distilled water, and appropriately trimmed to 5 cm. The cuttings were cut into the PVC basin on July 10. The nutrient solution was added to the water layer of 10cm on August 22. Mechanical oxygenation treatment was then carried out after the stable growth of the Myriophyllum aquaticuma. The increasing oxygen was attributed to the electromagnetic ventilation pump (rated power: 220V/50Hz, exhaust volume: 20L/min). The spiral pipe system was then ventilated to increase oxygen into Myriophyllum aquaticuma rhizosphere. Oxygenate once a day at 8 am. The samples were tested during t1 (September 15, 2019), t2 (October 10, 2019), t3 (October 27, 2019), t4 (November 16, 2019) and t5 (December 22, 2019), in order to determine the winter tolerance and N and P absorption of Myriophyllum aquaticuma after aeration treatment. A systematic analysis was implemented on the N and P absorption content, N and P ratio of plant, N and P form content of bottom mud, and N and P ratio of bottom mud in the seedling and growth peak period of Myriophyllum aquaticum under different oxygenation levels. Results showed that the highest N and P uptake contents of Myriophyllum aquaticum were achieved in the t1 and t2 stages, while the highest N uptake content was found in t5 stage, when the oxygenation level was 8 min; The highest N and P uptake of Myriophyllum aquaticum was found in the t3 and t4 stage, while the highest P uptake content was in the t5 stage, when the oxygenation was 6min. Oxygenation was beneficial to the N absorption in the t1, t2 and t3 stages, while the P absorption in the t4 stage. The N/P ratio of Myriophyllum aquaticum increased by 5.27%~36.57%, 9.04%~63.07%, and 3.50%~73.45% in the t1, t2 and t3 stage, respectively, whereas, there was the decrease by 1.38%~34.05% in the t4 stage; The N and P ratio of bottom mud decreased by 64.84% and 54.76% in the t1 and t2 stage, respectively, whereas, there was the increased by 138.97% and 47.02% in the t4 and t5 stage, respectively; Oxygenation was reduced the chlorophyll a and b, and the total chlorophyll content in the leaves of rice at the t2 and t5 stage, while increasing the chlorophyll content at the t4 stage. Also, the hierarchical cluster analysis and multiple linear regression showed that the duration of 6 min was suitable for the N and P absorption and utilization of Myriophyllum aquaticum; Oxygenation increased the decreased chlorophyll a and b contents in the t1 stage, alkaline hydrolyzed N content in the t5 stage and iron-bound P content in the t4 stage, indicating the high N and P absorption in the t5 stage. Thereby, Oxygenation was used to regulate the formation of chlorophyll in Myriophyllum aquaticum leaves and the transformation of N and P in sediment. There was an increase in the absorption of N and P in sediment, the absorption and utilization of N and P in Myriophyllum aquaticum. The finding can also be used to inhibit methane and nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gypsum can be one of the by-products of the wet Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) process in coal-fired power plants. FGD gypsum can also be widely expected to ameliorate the saline-alkali soil in recent years. In this study, suitable application of desulphurized gypsum to improve the yield of sunflower in saline soil of Hetao irrigation area was selected from three applications of desulphurized gypsum. A field experiment was carried out with three applications (hole, strip, and spread) of FGD gypsum in the Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia (108°11′ east longitude and 41° 02′ north latitude). The optimal application was determined for the more efficient and low-cost soil amelioration. The treatment without FGD gypsum was also used as the control. Soil samples were collected after the first season of sunflower harvest, with a depth of 100 cm and 20 cm increments at the sites of the sunflower planting strip and the center of small row spacing. An investigation was also made on the effects of different applications of FGD gypsum on the soil pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), and water-soluble cations distribution in the soil profile. The results showed that the three applications of FGD gypsum significantly reduced the soil pH and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) in the topsoil (0-20 cm), whereas, there was an increase in the concentration of water-soluble cations and the soil EC, compared with the control. The topsoil pH and SAR in the strip application were 20% and 41% lower, while the EC and water-soluble Ca2+ concentrations were 44% and 509% higher than that in the control, respectively. The concentration of water-soluble ions decreased gradually, with the increase of soil depth. However, the concentrations of water-soluble Ca2+ increased by 47%-105% at the 80-100 cm soil layer in the FGD gypsum application. In addition, the concentrations of water-soluble Na+ at the 20-100 cm soil layer in the three FGD gypsum applications were higher than that in the control, resulting in an increase in SAR. The effects of strip and hole on the saline-alkali soil amelioration were greater than that at the center of small row spacing, while there was no significant difference between the two sampling sites in the spread treatment. The three applications of FGD gypsum significantly increased the emergence rate and yield of sunflower, where the highest yield of sunflower was obtained from the strip treatment. Therefore, the effective components under the FGD gypsum strip can be concentrated around the sunflower roots to ameliorate the saline-alkali soil in the Hetao Irrigation District of Inner Mongolia in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate and rapid evaluation has been a high demand for the clogging state of the emitter during the operation of the drip irrigation system. It is also necessary to quantify and predict the dynamic trend for the clogging degree of the emitter with the increase in irrigation time. In this study, a fuzzy comprehensive and quantitative evaluation was established to predict the clogging risk of emitter during drip irrigation, where the average relative flow of the emitter and the irrigation uniformity were taken as the evaluation indicators. The entropy weight method and the triangular membership function were selected to calculate the weight and membership of each Evaluation Index (EI). A gray GM (1, 1) prediction model was utilized to predict the dynamic change of the emitter clogging degree with the increase of the operation time in the drip irrigation system, according to the EI emitter clogging state. The results show that the emitter clogging presented a gradual fluctuating with the increase of irrigation time. Two stages were divided in this period, including stable fluctuation and rapid development. An excellent linear relationship was obtained between the average relative flow of the emitter and the uniformity of irrigation, indicating the better consistent clogging of different emitters. The EI value of the same emitter presented a better autocorrelation between the comprehensive EI values of the emitter under different irrigation times. It infers that the experimental data of the emitter in the early stage was used to predict the later blockage of the emitter with the increase of the irrigation time. Two stages were also divided in the comprehensive EI value of the emitter for the dynamic change trend with the increase of irrigation time, namely the stable fluctuation and rising stage. The grading standard of the emitter clogging degree was then proposed using comprehensive EI, where the emitter clogging degree was divided into five grades. The optimal number of initial sequences was determined when the gray GM (1, 1) model was used to predict the blockage of the emitter. The prediction accuracy of the model was the best when the number of initial sequences was 5. The overall prediction accuracy of the seven emitter clogging degrees was 85.7%, and the relative errors were all less than 15%. The reclaimed water and Yellow River water were selected to further verify the reliability of the gray GM (1, 1) prediction model. The overall prediction accuracy of the gray GM (1, 1) prediction model was 88.1% and 96.2%, respectively, and the average relative errors were both less than 11%. Consequently, the gray GM (1, 1) prediction model can be widely expected to predict the dynamic change trend of the comprehensive EI value of emitter clogging with the increase of irrigation time. In addition to the high prediction accuracy, it is necessary to extend the model for accurate prediction in the actual irrigation. This finding can provide a theoretical basis to evaluate the anti-clogging performance of emitters for the configuration of anti-clogging preventive measures in drip irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lactic acid bacteria have a long history of safe use in food. Among them, the antifungal properties of Lactobacillus plantarum are particularly interesting. Numerous studies have pointed out that the natural compounds produced by L. plantarum can significantly inhibit the growth of fungi and Aspergillus flavus, spores, thereby degrading aflatoxin, especially for the longer shelf life of a variety of food. Moreover, the acid is attributed to the antifungal activity of L. plantarum, where organic acid is the most important acidic metabolite of L. plantarum. In addition, acetic acid is the most effective antifungal metabolite among the many organic acids produced by L. plantarum. At the same time, there is the highest content of lactic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid in the L. plantarum fermentation supernatant organic acid. However, the inhibitory effect of L. plantarum on A.flavus is mostly focused on the antifungal substances produced by a single strain in recent years. Only a few studies were on the differential metabolites of multiple strains with different antifungal activities. Moreover, standard products are still lacking to verify the activity of inhibiting A.flavus on the quantitative amount of lactic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid in the supernatant of L. plantarum. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to find the small molecular metabolites that inhibit A.flavus through the comparison between multiple strains, with emphasis on the practical application of L. plantarum. 16 strains of L. plantarum with different antifungal activities were selected, 8 strains of which presented strong antifungal activity (Strong group) and the rest was weak (Weak group). Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole flight Time mass spectrometry combined with PCA (Principal Components Analysis) and OPLS-DA (Orthogonal Partial Least Square-Discriminate Analysis) was utilized to explore the different metabolites between strains with different antifungal activities, further to determine the substances with main antifungal effects. At the same time, standard products of 1, 2, and 3 times the concentration were used to verify the inhibit activity of A.flavus, according to the quantitative determination for the content of lactic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid in the fermentation supernatant of L. plantarum in the early stage of the laboratory. The results showed that there were significantly different metabolites in the two groups of L. plantarum fermentation supernatants (P<0.05). Database comparison demonstrated 30 significantly different metabolites, including imidazoleacetic acid, tyrosine were identified (P<0.05). Among them, acidic substances were relatively different, such as organic and fatty acids. Correspondingly, the acidic substance in the supernatant was attributed to the main antifungal effect, whereas the antifungal activity depended on the acidic environment of low pH value. Lactic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid presented excellent antifungal activities among organic acids produced by L. plantarum. Specifically, the antifungal activity was ranked in order of propionic acid>acetic acid>lactic acid. Comprehensively, organic and fatty acids are widely expected to be the main antifungal substances, where the L. plantarum antifungal activity increased with the concentration of the acidic substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cultivated land is mostly used to raise crops, and thereby the evaluation of cultivated land use can be expected from the perspective of crop planting, in order to ensure the subsequent refined research of cultivated land use and food security. Taking Baiquan, Keshan and Yi'an county as the research areas, this study aims to extract the spatial distribution information of cultivated land use on major food crops, including maize, soybean, and rice, during the implementation period of national planting structure adjustment policy from 2016 to 2019. Sentinel-2 remote sensing data and random forest classification were used in this study. ArcGIS 10.2 software was selected to achieve the annual crop classification, ranging from dividing various cultivated land into regions, then to counting into the vector map spots of cultivated land. The spatial distribution map of cultivated land use on main grain crops from 2016 to 2019 was obtained with the plot as the statistical unit. Standard deviation ellipse and main center models were used to analyze the quantity and spatial differentiation characteristics of cultivated land use. In addition, the spatial exploratory analysis method was used to explore the spatial correlation of cultivated land use structure in 48 towns. The results show that: 1) During the research period, there was obvious change characteristics of “scissors difference” occurred in the planting area of soybean and maize, whereas, the planting area of rice basically remained stable, indicating the dominated implementation effect of maize reduction policy, while soybean and maize became the main food crops. The proportion of soybean planting in the total cultivated areas increased from 7.18% to 44.94%, whereas the maize planting decreased from 88.19% to less than 50%, and the rice planting remained at about 5% of the total cultivated areas. 2) The spatial distribution of cultivated land use demonstrated a typical dynamic pattern of “from northwest to southeast”. During the study period, the driving force of soybean distribution was strong, whereas the spatial distribution of maize was relatively constant. The main center of cultivated land use on soybean and maize was in the middle east of the study area. The center of land use on soybean crop shifted 27.17 km clockwise from east to south, while the center of land use on maize crop moved 25.52 km anticlockwise from west to south, possibly due to the policy implementation of planting structure adjustment from 2016 to 2019. 3) There was strong positive or negative spatial correlation among the structure variation of cultivated land use on main grain crops in the study areas. The area type of positive correlation mostly occurred in the form of cluster, indicating strong clustering and remarkable regional consistency. In the type of negative correlation, there was no obvious aggregation area, showing small number and sporadic distribution. The findings reveal the quantity and distribution features of major grain crops, particularly on soybean, maize, and rice, indicating the comprehensive situation of cultivated land utilization in the implementation period of planting structure adjustment policy in the study area. This study can provide a promising insightful reference for the regional planting structure adjustment and urban food security in the cultivated land use. Keywords: land use, remote sensing, cultivated land, food security, grain crops, temporal-spatial differentiation, major grain producing of northeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

目前对于生物质成型燃料替代散煤减排效果的现场评估还非常缺乏，且均为基于短时间测试方法，无法反映炉 具全天实际排放情况。该研究以黑龙江省某生物质成型燃料及配套炉具推广示范村为例，采用全天24 h 实地测试的方法， 研究了该地区的燃煤炉具以及推广的自动进料和手动进料生物质炉具的污染排放情况。结果表明：自动/手动进料生物质 炉具相比燃煤炉具的PM2.5、CO、SO2 排放因子分别降低41.2%、54.3%、40.0%和35.3%、22.1%、20.0%，NOx 的排放 因子没有降低。对不同取暖方式的户均排放总量核算发现：自动/手动进料生物质炉具排放的PM2.5、CO、SO2 分别减排 39.79%、52.77%、41.35%和33.41%、19.38%、27.01%；NOx 分别升高46.14%和6.69%。此外，调研发现经济性和便利 性是生物质炉具推广的重要影响因素。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aqueous extraction processing (AEP) is an environmentally friendly method to extract oil from various plants at a moderate temperature. However, the AEP also have several limitations. Firstly, the cream can be inevitably produced to form a sort of highly stable oil-in-water emulsion due to the adoption of water, stirring and centrifugation during processing. The formed emulsion become difficult to break completely, resulting in a huge challenge for the AEP performance. Secondly, the water that used in AEP normally serves as an extraction medium, but the usage of excessive water can result in the formation of thick suspension, which making it hard to directly release free oil. In general, the ratio of seed to water 1:5 kg/L or even higher was mostly chosen as the optimal ratio to eliminate the thick suspension as well as stable cream. However, the substantial consumption of water increased the treatment cost of subsequent wastewater after processing. A modified aqueous extraction of flaxseed oil was investigated using a low consumption of water under acidic wetting and drying, in order to enhance the AEP extracted yield of free flaxseed oil,while decrease the consumption of enzyme and water. The results showed that the yield of free oil was improved significantly due to the solubility effects of flaxseed protein under the pretreatment of acidic moisture-conditioning plus drying. In untreated flaxseed kernels,the free oil yield was only 18.95%±0.91%, while 71.29%±1.87% of the extracted oil went preferentially into the cream fraction. By contrast, the free oil yield increased to 83.27%±0.67% with the pretreatment of acidic moisture-conditioning plus drying. There was a vast increase in the amount of protein distribution in sediment phase under the pretreatment (from 33.34%±0.34% to 60.25%±0.44%), while the protein distribution in aqueous phase consequently decreased from 66.74±1.04% to 39.78%±0.66%. Processing conditions of aqueous extraction were also optimized by single-factor experiments, and the optimal parameters were obtained as follows: the extraction temperature was 50 ℃, pH value was 9.0, the ratio of flaxseed to water was 1:2.5 kg/L, extraction time was two hours. The recovery of free oil was achieved 82.88%±0.30% under the optimum conditions. Due to the increase of protein content in sediment phase and low flaxseed to water ratio of 1:2.5 kg/L, a part of oil was entrapped in sediment phase, which limited the further improvement of total oil yield. The sediment phase was further extracted by the aqueous phase plus deionized water,where the quality of deionized water was 50% quality of raw materials. The oil that distributed in sediment phase decreased from 3.97%±0.11% to 2.09%±0.04%after the second extraction. Subsequently, different enzyme and freeze-thaw were used to treat the demulsification of residual emulsion.The total yield of free flaxseed oil was 93.44%±0.29% after the residual emulsion was demulsified with papa in. After detecting the characteristic value of flaxseed oil from aqueous extraction processing and pressing extraction, the experiment came to a conclusion:There were no significant differences that observed on the refractive index, iodine value, conjugated diene value and conjugated triene value. Although the peroxide value of flaxseed oil by aqueous extraction processing was slightly higher than that by pressing extraction,it still well below the maximum value of cooking oil (10 mmol/kg).These findings demonstrate that the proposed pretreatment with low water consumption under acidic moisture-conditioning plus drying is suitable for the aqueous extraction of flaxseed oil. Therefore, this presented study can provide a promising technology for the extraction of flaxseed oil, where can increase the free oil recovery, while reduce the water consumption and the amount of enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soil erosion and ecological degradation are the most important ecological environment problems for the Chinese Loess Plateau in recent years, which have seriously hindered the sustainable development of the economy of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Based on the remote sensing image data of the Landsat TM and OLI, the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) of the tableland protected regions of the Gansu, Shaanxi and Shanxi in the Chinese Loess Plateau were estimated during the period of 2002, 2009 and 2017 in this paper, and the influences of the change of the ecological restoration were also quantitatively evaluated. Besides, the locations of the regions of main ecological degradation were also screened out in this study. The results show that: (1) compared with the results of 2002, the remote sensing ecological index of the Gansu tableland region in 2017 showed a slightly increasing trend (increased by 0.04). Besides, the RSEI of the Shaanxi tableland region in 2017 also showed an obviously increasing trend, and the RSEI increased from 0.45 (in 2002) to 0.56 (in 2017), which indicated that the ecological environment of the Shaanxi tableland region has been improved. The RSEI of the Shanxi tableland region decreased from 0.54 (in 2002) to 0.46 (in 2017), which indicated that the ecological environment of this region has been degraded. (2) Compared the results of 2017 with 2002, the areas of the poor ecological conditions and relatively poor ecological conditions in the Gansu tableland region reduced obviously, while the areas of the good and excellent ecological conditions showed an increasing trend. In the Shaanxi tableland region, the areas of the poor ecological conditions and the relatively poor ecological conditions also demonstrated a decreasing trend, while the areas of the medium ecological conditions and the good ecological conditions increased significantly, the excellent areas presented a fairly stable status. In the Shanxi tableland region, the areas of the poor ecological conditions, the relatively poor ecological conditions and the medium ecological conditions presented increasing trend, while the areas of the good ecological conditions and the excellent ecological conditions showed a decreasing trend. (3) In the Gansu tableland region, the degradation of ecological environment mainly located in the Puhe and the Honghe river basins. In the Shaanxi tableland region, the degradation of ecological environment mainly distributed in the Juhe, Sanshuihe, Ganhe and Qishuihe river basins. In the Shanxi tableland region, the ecological environment degradation areas concentrically located in the Zhouchuanhe and Ehe river basin. (4) Compared the three tableland regions, the ecological conditions in the Gansu tableland regions and the Shaanxi tableland region have been remarkable improved during the period of 2002-2017. Although the ecological conditions in the Shanxi tableland region have declined, the improvement trend of ecological conditions has emerged in this study area. With the continuous implementation of various soil and water conservation and ecological restoration measures, the ecological environment in these three tableland regions of the Chinese Loess Plateau will be effectively improved. The research results of remote sensing ecological security in this paper have a far-reaching significance for the ecological restoration of the tableland regions of the Chinese Loess Plateau, and it is informative for the comprehensive control of regional soil erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the relationship between the yield of Agaricus bisporuthe with physicochemical properties of the secondary fermentation substrates used for Agaricus bisporus and the effect of various factors on the yield formation, to provide a scientific reference for the production and evaluation of fermentation substrates increasing the yield of Agaricus bisporus, 10 batches of different raw materials were used to make compost and tunnel fermentation technology was used for fermentation. The temperature and humidity of the mushroom house were monitored and adjusted through the air conditioning automatic control system to ensure the growth of Agaricus bisporus. The fermented substrates were sampled , and the physicochemical properties and enzyme activity of which were determined, such as water content, pH, EC, carbon content, nitrogen content, carbon-nitrogen ratio, cellulose and hemicellulose content and the enzyme activity of xylanase, carboxymethyl cellulase (CMC), α-cellobiohydrolase, xylosidase, α-arabinofuranosidase and so on, totally 13 factors. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to classify these factors. Counting the yield of each batch of Agaricus bisporus and using multiple regression analysis the relationship between the factors and the yield of Agaricus bisporus were established. The results showed that hemicellulase and cellulase, pH, EC, nitrogen content and carbohydrate related factors were the main components of the fermentation substrates. Principal component analysis extracted 4 principal components from 13 factors, which were divided into carbohydrate change factor, main degrading enzymes of cellulose, EC value and nitrogen content, main degrading enzymes of hemicellulose. The variance contribution rate were 31.18%, 18.45%, 18.34%, and 16.08%, respectively. Their cumulative contribution rate is 84.04%, which represents most of the original factor. Cluster analysis clustered 13 factors into 4 categories, namely carbohydrate change factor, EC value and nitrogen content, degrading enzymes of hemicellulose, and pH value. Cluster analysis is simple and intuitive but can only classifies similar factors into one class. Principal component analysis can not only extract 4 principal components, but also have a higher cumulative contribution rate. Compared with cluster analysis, the results of principal component analysis are more objective and reasonable. The equation between yield of Agaricus bisporus with the carboxymethyl cellulase activity, xylanase activity and cellulose content of secondary fermentation substrates was established by multiple regression analysis ,which fitting well. There were positive linear relationship between xylanase and carboxymethyl cellulase activity and the yield of Agaricus bisporus. The cellulose content had a negative linear relationship with the yield of Agaricus bisporus. This equation can be used to predict the possible yield of Agaricus bisporus when various physicochemical factors and enzyme activity of fermentation substrates are measured. The comprehensive analysis of the three methods showed that the yield of Agaricus bisporus was affected by various factors of fermentation substrates together. The activities of xylanase and carboxymethyl cellulase wer more closely related to the yield of Agaricus bisporusth than other factors, and positively correlated with the yield of Agaricus bisporus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flushing the drip tubes (laterals) is one of the simplest, most convenient and effective methods for anti-clogging of emitters. However, it is still unclear whether the lateral flushing lowers the risk of emitter clogging in the drip irrigation system watered by Yellow River. In order to explore the influence of lateral flushing periods on the risk of emitter clogging during the integrated irrigation process of water and fertilizer in Yellow River drip irrigation area, a set of short-cycle indoor drip irrigation simulation tests were carried out under 4 different flushing periods (3, 5, 7 and 10 d) and 2 kinds of water (0.8 g/L sediment concentration without urea and 0.8 g/L sediment concentration with 1% urea) in the study. The mean relative flow rate, the recovery rate of flow after flushing events, the flushing rate of sediment in laterals and the particle composition of the sediment were analyzed. The results showed that after the irrigation of muddy water, the mean relative flow rate in flushing treatments were 14.29%-47.77% higher (P<0.05) than that under the no flushing (CK) treatment, while after the drip irrigation of muddy water drip irrigation with urea, the mean relative flow rate in the flushing treatments were 12.89%-126.67% higher (P<0.05) than CK. It indicated that laterals flushing reduced the risk of emitter clogging in Zhongwei Yellow River drip irrigation area. According to the ability to maintain the flow rate after laterals flushing, the whole operation period of drip irrigation was classified into 3 stages: insensitive, sensitive and ineffective flushing period. And the first flushing event should be performed before the end of the insensitive flushing period. Analysis of variance results showed that the effect of applying urea and flushing period on the relative flow of emitters was extremely significant either in a separate way or in an interactive way, which indicated that within a certain concentration range of sediment, the application of urea would affect the risk of emitter clogging, and the flushing periods had a great influence on the relative flow of emitters. The treatment group with the flushing period of 5 d had the highest rate of recovery flow, and the recovery flow rate of the other flushing periods were about 0.36%/time to 0.41%/time. Under the 2 kinds of water drip irrigation conditions, the flushing rate of sediment under different flushing periods showed a decreasing trend with increasing flushing periods, indicating that the accumulation of sediment mainly occurred in the initial stage of irrigation. The variance analysis of the particle size composition of sediment showed that flushing period had a great influence on the sediment, and the effects of different flushing periods on the composition of sediment were different. Fine sediment was easy to settle in the laterals during the irrigation process. And the application of urea increased fine particles settled in the laterals. In Yellow River drip irrigation area of Zhongwei, Ningxia, lateral flushing could reduce the amount of sediment deposited in the capillary, restore the cross-sectional areas of the emitter, and maintain emitters flow at a high level for a long time. The first flushing should be taken before the end of insensitive flushing period. When drip irrigation system reached the ineffective flushing period, the laterals need to be replaced or the other anti-blocking measures should be taken. During the dripping process of the Yellow River in Zhongwei, Ningxia, the first flushing measure should be carried out after the first 2 times of irrigation for muddy water drip irrigation system, and 9 times of irrigation for muddy water drip irrigation system with urea. In addition, suitable flushing periods were 5 and 7 d for muddy water drip irrigation system and muddy water drip irrigation system with urea, respectively. The proposed suitable lateral flushing period for drip irrigation is expected to improve the adaptability of drip irrigation technology in the Zhongwei, Ningxia Yellow River drip irrigation area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last three decades, paddy fields on the Sanjiang Plain have experienced rapid expansion. It has an important impact on regional food security, ecological environment and socio-economic development. Fujin is a typical area of Sanjiang Plain, with both common agricultural area and reclamation area, and the land use pattern is the epitome of Sanjiang Plain. In our study, used 1 000 m×1 000 m grid cell to scientifically analyze the spatial-temporal variation and driving factors of paddy fields, in Fujin from 1989 to 2002 and from 2002 to 2015. And elevation, slope, soil type, distance to railway, distance to river, distance to town and policy factors were selected as driving factors in this paper. With the help of GeoDetector, we analyzed the role of these seven factors in paddy field change and their relationship. The results indicated that such paddy fields have increased by approximately 349 900 hm2 from 1989 to 2015, and the paddy field process of reclamation area was earlier than that of common agricultural area. In the early 1990s, in order to adjust the agricultural planting structure, the local government began to encourage farmers to plant paddy rice in large areas. During this period, paddy rice planting area increased rapidly. From 1989 to 2002, the areas with the high proportion of paddy field expansion were mainly located in the reclamation areas in the northeast and southeast of Fujin County, and some other agricultural areas. From 2002 to 2015, the project of cultivated land development and improvement was implemented, and the cultivated land in Fujin reached a high level of agricultural development, and all the conditional areas were basically converted to paddy fields. The areas with higher proportion of paddy field expansion were mainly located in the southwestern common agricultural area and the northern reclamation area of Fujin City. In addition, the main driving factors of paddy field expansion in 1989-2002 were policy factors and soil types. The interaction between these factors was mostly enhanced by two factors. It showed that in the 1990s, under the guidance of the policy of agricultural structure adjustment, Fujin took the lead in reforming the soil types suitable for paddy fields and the land with superior location conditions. As a result, a large number of cultivated land resources with superior development conditions in the eastern reclamation area of Fujin were reclaimed into paddy fields. From 2002 to 2015, the influence of natural factors on paddy field change becomes weaker. The main driving factors of paddy field expansion are the distance from rivers to railways, and the interaction among these factors is mostly non-linear. Natural factors are no longer the key to restrict the development of paddy fields. Driven by market interests, dryland that meets the conditions of paddy field transformation is converted to paddy fields. The spatial difference of paddy field change in Sanjiang Plain is the result of the interaction of various driving factors. The driving factors and their relationships are different in different periods. Geographic detectors can make a more comprehensive analysis of various influencing factors. The results can provide theoretical basis for the protection of cultivated land and the rational utilization of cultivated land resources in Sanjiang Plain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering is the property of Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)