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Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders in which progressive loss of neurons due to abnormal protein deposits causes structural and functional changes in the brain, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). In brain imaging studies of neurodegenerative diseases, resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) has been widely used, with most studies analysing static features of brain function. However, the human brain is dynamic and its neural activity is non - stationary, and static studies can not reveal the time - varying features of brain function. In recent years, many studies have used dynamic analysis of brain function based on rs-fMRI in order to reveal the dynamic nature of complex neural activity in the brain and further investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms and diagnostic markers of disease. In this paper, we will briefly introduce the rs-fMRI analysis method, the common methods of rs-fMRI-based dynamic analysis of brain function and its application and research progress in common neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migraine is a neurovascular disorder with great burden so that effective abortive and preventive treatment is needed. Different from the previous choice of drugs based on clinical experience, the specific treatment targeting the pathogenesis of migraine has revolutionized the management of migraine in recent years. Ditans and gepants can not only effectively relief headache and related symptoms but also be effective for those who are refractory to the abortive treatment by traditional painkillers or triptans. A variety of monoclonal antibodies against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and CGRP receptor can effectively reduce headache attacks, especially when accompanied by other difficult clinical situations. This paper reviews the research progress of migraine drugs and its impact on clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circle of Willis constitutes the primary collateral circulation of the brain, exerting a significant influence on the distribution of intracranial blood flow. Variations of the circle of Willis can impact the cerebrovascular diseases by diminishing collateral compensation capacity and altering the stability of intracranial hemodynamics. This paper reviews the research progress on the association between circle of Willis and cerebral large vessel disease [such as intracranial arterial dolichoectasia (IADE) and intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS)], as well as cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), so as to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment for these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fourth edition of the latest classification of endocrine tumors has published by World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017, in which the theoretical basis of classification has been updated. With the discovery of specific transcription factors, the classification of pituitary adenomas which could not be diagnosed definitively and confused easily, whose prognosis is impossible to determine, has been defined. In this paper, the classification, diagnosis and prognosis of each pituitary adenoma were discussed according to the latest classification, and the corresponding disease codes were summarized based on International Classification of Disease-10 (ICD-10) and ICD-O. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a global public health concern with high mortality and poor functional outcomes. In recent years, some breakthroughs were made in researches on pathophysiology, neuroprotection, prevention and treatment, prognosis and risk of rehemorrhage of ICH. Some research achievements from Chinese scholars have gained attention and recognition around the world. In this paper, advances in ICH research on pathophysiology, neuroprotection, prevention and treatment, prognosis and risk of rehemorrhage will be overviewed based on high-quality overseas papers from Chinese scholars published in recent 5 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (fifth edition), the term "circumscribed" was used to classify astrocytic gliomas with localized growth characteristics. So far, the descriptions of "diffuse" and "circumscribed", which define the growth mode, have been applied to the classification of gliomas. This paper interprets the content of circumscribed astrocytic gliomas in the new edition tumors classification, introduces the definitions and clinical characteristics of high - grade astrocytoma with piloid features and astroblastoma, MN1 - altered, and analyzes the value and significance of molecular markers and gene changes in the diagnosis and treatment of circumscribed astrocytic gliomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (fifth edition) was released. One of the biggest differences between new edition tumors classification and the previous editions is that the pediatric - type diffuse low - grade gliomas and the pediatric - type diffuse high - grade gliomas are classified into independent tumor families. This change is based on the fact that although pediatric - type diffuse gliomas morphologically resemble their adult counterparts, while their molecular genetics features are completely different, and the prognosis of these tumors with different molecular genetics features is different accordingly, so different treatment strategies are needed. Physicians and surgeons need to know of the features of these pediatric - type diffuse gliomas. This paper reviews the existing literature, and the pathological reports and imaging data of our hospital, summarizes the imaging and pathological diagnostic features, as well as the clinical manifestations, prognostic features and treatment suggestions of these pediatric-type diffuse gliomas. This review will provide an annotation from the view of diagnosis and treatment on pediatric-type diffuse gliomas for the physicians and surgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (fifth edition) focused on promoting the molecular pathological diagnosis in the role of the central nervous system tumor classification. According to the tumor histopathological morphology and genetic features, the new edition tumors classification added 22 tumor types or subtypes, which reflects the latest recognition of tumor clinical pathology and molecular genetics. In this paper, we will briefly introduce the new tumors with specific histopathological features in new edition tumors classification, with the purpose of understanding the biological behavior of these tumors and improving the accuracy of diagnosis, so as to benefit patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The etiology pattern of pituitary diseases is diverse and complex, including pituitary adenoma, Rathke cleft cyst (RCC), pituitary apoplexy, craniopharyngioma, etc. The pituitary is located in the sellar region of the skull base, so transsphenoidal approach is the first choice for pituitary surgery. With the development of endoscopic technology in neurosurgery, more and more neurosurgeons use endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery to treat pituitary diseases. In this paper, we review the recent literature and to present the value of endoscopy for pituitary diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are the main causes of disability and death, and atherosclerosis is an important cause. The incidence of atherosclerosis in premenopausal women is significantly lower than that in men of the same age, while the incidence of atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women is significantly higher than that in men of the same age, which is closely related to estrogen levels. In this paper, sex differences in atherosclerosis were reviewed from the aspects of imaging examination, risk factors, intestinal microbiome and vascular inflammatory effects on atherosclerosis, to provide evidence for precision medical treatment of atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MRI is the most clear and accurate imaging technique for detecting muscle involvement. In recent years, MRI has been widely used in diagnosis and follow-up of muscle disorders. A variety of muscle disorders have specific selective muscle involvement patterns. There is accumulating evidence that patterns of involved muscles shown by muscle MRI can help delineate the possible diagnoses. The aim of this paper is to state MRI manifestations of hereditary myopathies, so as to improve neurologist's understanding of muscle MRI and promote application of muscle MRI in diagnosis of hereditary myopathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a type of intracranial vascular disease characterized by recurrent stroke and neurodegenerative progression. The pathogenesis of CSVD is still unclear, and immunoinflammatory mechanisms such as blood - brain barrier leakage, chronic inflammation and leukocyte infiltration play an important role in the development of CSVD. At present, there is no effective method to prevent and treat CSVD except for controlling risk factors. This paper aims to review the progression of immunoinflammatory mechanisms in CSVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of molecular biology technology, the era of precision medicine is gradually coming. Standardized clinical database can provide a platform for clinicians to integrate clinical and molecular data, so as to make diagnosis and treatment plans more effectively. This paper summarizes the research progress of pituitary adenoma databases at home and abroad in recent years, expounds the management and application of database, and prospects the development of big data of pituitary adenoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nervous system diseases are associated with complexity and diversity. As a result, the prognosis of patients deeply depends on physicians' clinical experience and their diagnosis and treatment level. With the exponential growth of medical big data and the development of statistical analysis tools, more researchers discover the pathogenesis of diseases and assist clinical process through the mining of big data, so as to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of nervous system diseases. This paper elaborates the application of three kinds of medical big data in nervous system diseases, including structured data, radiomics, and bioinformatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, both the paper "Advances in progressive supranuclear palsy: new diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, and therapeutic approaches" in Lancet Neurol and "Clinical diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy: the movement disorder society criteria" in Mov Disord attracted much attention. In this review, we will discuss the contents in these two papers, including disease progression, features of clinical phenotype, update in diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, and therapeutic status and prospect of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), to guide the clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frailty is a geriatric syndrome caused by a decrease in multi - system physiological reserve and function, which reduces the elderly's ability to stress the internal and external environment and maintain homeostasis, and increases the risk of adverse health events. The incidence of frailty and pre - frailty in stroke patients is the highest and significantly higher than that in non-stroke patients, while the prevalence of cerebrovascular disease in frailty patients is also significantly increased and the prognosis is worse. This paper intends to review the potential association between frailty and cerebrovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral hemodynamic damage is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of arteriolosclerotic cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). The hemodynamic damage of cerebral small vessel disease includes the changes of blood pressure variability (BPV), vascular pulsatility, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and so on. Impaired cerebral hemodynamics may promote the progression of the disease by aggravating the damage of endothelial dysfunction and the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB). This paper reviews progress of impaired cerebral hemodynamics in arteriolosclerotic cerebral small vessel disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new science and technology, artificial intelligence (AI) has been applied to the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of stroke, and shows great potential. The combination of artificial intelligence and big data can accurately identify high-risk subjects, classify stroke subtype, and assist in the formulate of therapeutic strategies in acute period and prevention strategy of stroke. Sequentially, it can improve the effect of rehabilitation. This paper reviews the research progress of artificial intelligence in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gait disorder appears in the whole process of Parkinson's disease (PD), which causes disability and serious affects in PD patients. The mechanism of gait disorder in PD is still unclear. Functional brain - neuroimaging can be used to analyse the characteristics and rules of brain functional activity related to gait disorder in PD, and has important clinical significance in revealing the neural physiopathologia mechanism of gait disorder, guiding the treatment and evaluating the curative effect. This paper briefly summarizes the research progress of fMRI and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in gait disorder of PD, to provide reference for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell adhesion molecule CD146 belonging to the immune-globulin superfamily member, was initially identified as a melanoma marker. With the development of CD146 research, it was found that CD146 is a neovascularization marker. The CD146 expression is decreased significantly or absent following with the maturation of blood vessels, indicating the critical role of CD146 in the development and maturation of blood vessels. In recent years, numerous studies have reported that CD146 and its soluble form (sCD146) are involved in development and pathological damage of blood brain barrier (BBB). This paper aims to review the role and mechanism of CD146 in BBB. It will be helpful to further explore the potential value of CD146 in various BBB damage-related brain diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy associated with inflammation (CAA-I) is a rare subtype of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and is increasingly recognized by neurologists. CAA-I is characterized by the pathological hallmarks of both CAA and vasculitis. The main clinical manifestations contain cognitive decline, seizures, headaches and so on, which present great clinical heterogeneity. Cranial MRI plays an important role in the diagnosis and evaluation of CAA -I, by which white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and multiple cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) could be usually found. CAA-I responds well to immunosuppressive therapy. All the characteristics above are different from CAA somehow. This paper aims to review the advances in pathophysiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, laboratory examination and treatment of CAA-I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endoscopic transorbital approach is a novel technique for the skull base surgery. This approach can be used along or combined with other approaches, to treat pathologies of anterior and middle skull base, which is important compliment to endoscopic endonasal approach as well as traditional skull base approaches. The present paper aimed to review the advance on surgical anatomy of endoscopic transorbital approach and its clinical application to the skull base surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malformation of cortical development (MCD) accounts for the majority of drug-resistant epilepsy, focal cortical dysplasia type II (FCD II) is the most common and most characteristic. It is of great significance to correct diagnosis for FCD II. However, there are so many diseases which are similar with FCD II in morphology and immune phenotype, such as tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), hemimegalencephaly (HME), etc. In this paper, based on the latest research progress and our experience, we will introduce their relationship and explain how to distinguish them histologically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a special type of stroke with an increasing rate of diagnosis and a higher rate of disability and mortality. Currently, anticoagulant therapy, systemic venous thrombolysis, arterial thrombolysis, contact venous catheterization thrombolysis, mechanical thrombolysis, stent implantation and other treatment methods coexist, with different therapeutic effects. This paper reviews the progress in the treatment of CVS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracranial germ cell tumors (ICGCTs) are highly heterogeneous tumors that tend to occur in children and adolescents, and their diagnosis and treatment strategies are closely related to their pathological components. However, due to their low surgical treatment rate, limited access to pathological specimens of tumors, and difficult or incomplete pathological biopsy, it is difficult to make clinical diagnosis and treatment. Specific tumor markers play an important role in the auxiliary diagnosis, treatment and prognosis prediction of ICGCTs. This paper intends to review the studies on classical histological markers, serology and/or cerebrospinal fluid tumor markers of ICGCTs, so as to provide references for clinical application and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of pediatric brain tumors is an important branch of pediatric neurosurgery. Children's brain tumors are treated differently from adults because of the unique structure of their physical development. This paper reviews the milestones in the treatment of children's brain tumors at home and abroad and discusses the key technologies for the diagnosis and treatment of children's brain tumors, so as to look into the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous selection of diagnosis and treatment methods of pituitary adenoma are mainly based on the clinical experience of neurosurgeons, so the prognosis of patients mainly depends on the diagnosis and treatment level of doctors. In recent years, with the development and progress of artificial intelligence technology such as machine learning and radiomics, clinicians can make diagnosis and treatment plans with the help of machines, so as to achieve more consistent diagnostic accuracy and better efficacy. This paper summarizes the application of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenoma, so as to provide references for clinicians to understand various methods of artificial intelligence technology, and to comprehensively evaluate its advantages and disadvantages, so as to make rational use of it in medical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the complex anatomic relationship and difficult treatment of skull base tumors, a multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment mode (neurosurgery, otorhinolaryngology, head and neck surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, ophthalmology, plastic surgery, etc.) are needed to achieve the purpose of effectively removing tumors, improving function of the nerve and the quality of life. Skull base oncology is regarded as a challenging major in neurosurgery. In order to promote the development of skull base tumor surgery in China, this paper reviews the current situation and existing problems, and looks forward to the future development direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some primary or secondary diseases of the central nervous system are closely related to human immune system. Autoimmune diseases such as multiple Takayasu arteritis (MTA) can cause intracranial vascular lesions. The disorder of autoimmune system can cause limbic encephalitis (LE) and autoimmune hypophysitis (AH). Patients with immunodeficiency disease are prone to opportunistic infections of the nervous system and malignant lymphoma. At present, the pathogenesis of many immune-related diseases in neurosurgery are not clear, and there is a lack of "golden standard" for diagnosis. Some immune-related diseases in neurosurgery, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy and paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS), have low incidence and high clinical misdiagnosis rate. Most of the immune-related diseases in neurosurgery have their own characteristics in terms of pathophysiology, clinical and imaging feature, etc. Understanding these characteristics will be of great help to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of relevant clinical diseases. This paper intends to briefly describe the common immune-related diseases in neurosurgery, so as to improve clinicians' understanding of immune - related diseases in neurosurgery and even save more patients' lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the rapid development of gene sequencing technology, a variety of epilepsy pathogenic genes have been discovered, among which GRIN2A gene variations encoding the neurotransmitter N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) are closely related to the occurrence of epilepsy. At present, there are relatively few studies on the function of epileptic related variations in GRIN2A gene. The resulting epilepsy phenotypes are complex and varied, and different patients have different therapeutic effects on different drugs. This paper briefly summarizes the possible relationship between the changes of NMDAR structure and function caused by GRIN2A gene variations and the clinical phenotype of epilepsy, providing clues for the precise treatment of epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze stereo -electroencephalography (SEEG) data from patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) and explore the differences in graph theory indices of brain network between the epileptogenic zone (EZ) and the non-ictal zone (NIZ). Methods Reviewed data from 11 patients who underwent SEEG implantation at Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University from August 2022 to December 2023. Based on the SEEG and structural imaging data, we calculated the epileptogenicity index and constructed epileptogenic map to differentiate the EZ from the NIZ. We then used Granger causality analysis to calculate functional adjacency matrices for both regions during interictal and epileptic periods, combining graph theory indices such as global efficiencies (Eglob), local efficiencies (Eloc), clustering coefficients (Cp), characteristic path length (Lp), normalized clustering coefficients (γ), normalized characteristic path length (λ), and small-world parameter (σ). We analyzed changes in the graph theory indices of patients in interictal and epileptic periods. Results Compared with the interictal period, both γ (t = - 3.730, P = 0.005) and λ (t = - 6.436, P = 0.001) decreased in the NIZ during the epileptic period, while the differences of γ and λ in the EZ during the epileptic period were not statistically significant (P > 0.05, for all). In terms of network efficiency, compared with the interictal period, Eglob (t = 5.360, P = 0.002; t = 5.577, P = 0.001) and Eloc (t = 4.450, P = 0.003; t = 4.038, P = 0.005) in both the EZ and NIZ increased during the epileptic period, while Lp decreased (t = - 5.127, P = 0.002; t = - 3.912, P = 0.005). Conclusions During the epileptic period, both the EZ and NIZ exhibit increased synchronization across the whole brain network. Changes in graph theory indices, particularly the γ and λ may serve as the potential biomarkers for distinguishing the EZ and NIZ in epilepsy patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) algorithms has been widely used in stroke diagnosis, treatment and prognosis, and has shown great application potential. This paper summarizes the application status of ML algorithms in stroke research from the aspects of ML algorithms research, ML algorithms in stroke diagnosis and classification diagnosis, outcome prediction, risk factor identification and so on, and looks into the future development direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an emerging neuromodulation therapy that has been used in post - stroke rehabilitation. In recent years, VNS combined with rehabilitation has been used to improve upper limb motor function in stroke patients, but the mechanisms and optimal stimulation parameters are still unclear. In this paper, we summarize the evidence from basic and clinical studies of VNS combined with rehabilitation for post - stroke upper limb motor disorders, and discuss the possible mechanisms and optimal stimulation parameters, provide new ideas for the rehabilitation of post - stroke upper limb motor disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common data element (CDE) is standardized data elements that describe the characteristics of diseases, with the aim of promoting the structure and standardization of data, reducing the missing of important data and narrowing the differences between different researchers in the process of data acquisition. The diversity and heterogeneity of disease phenotypes require rational preparation of CDE to reflect the disease phenotypes from multiple dimensions. This paper introduces the special problems in the establishment of CDE of myasthenia gravis (MG) and discusses the related issues on the process of developing CDE, reviews the CDE of MG domestic and abroad, and discusses the significance of CDE in the researches of MG phenotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This paper summarized the experience in treating middle-aged and elderly patients with brain trauma-induced coagulopathy (BTIC). Methods and Results From January 2015 to May 2019, 3 BTIC patients (50-85 years old) were diagnosed by clinical examination, laboratory coagulation test and CT scan. Trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) was corrected by craniotomy and decompression, and hematoma aspiration. Two cases (Case 1 and Case 2) were successfully treated while Case 3 was dead due to coagulation disorder and irreversible injury of nervous system. Conclusions Early diagnosis and early treatment could prevent the exacerbation of BTIC, even the patient over 80-year- old may be cured. However, for patients with particularly severe brain damage, there are still many difficulties, and new treatment methods need to be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the research progress in recent years, "Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of acute ischemic stroke 2018" has greatly revised and supplemented the criteria for the diagnosis and treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Based on the new clinical research evidence published in the past four years, this paper interprets the revisions and supplements of the guidelines 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the high incidence of cerebral hemorrhage, the burden of disease is heavy. Both domestic and overseas built various diagnosis and treatment system. However, according to the lack of precious diagnosis and treatment in the traditional system, the patient's prognosis is quite different. Thank to the advances in technology such as artificial intelligence, it is possible to achieve the precision medicine in the diagnosis, evaluation, prediction and treatment of hemorrhagic stroke. The present paper intends to review the current technological progress, looking forward to achieve precision, individualization in hemorrhagic stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of the most common single gene hereditary disease caused by mutation of DMD gene. How to replace the mutated gene has been greatly concerned until now. The continuous progress of gene therapy on DMD has focusing on constructing the micro - dystrophin and choosing a vector to transfer it through the whole body. Adeno - associated virus (AAV) has been widely used in this study because of its less pathogenicity, low immunogenicity and long - term expression in nondividing cells. This paper discussed the research progress of AAV micro - dystrophin gene therapy in DMD from the aspects of construction of AAV micro - dystrophin, animal models and clinical trials. In a conclusion, there is a long way to explore the clinical use of AAV micro - dystrophin on DMD patients, but it probably would be the most potential one we should pay more attention to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a common hereditary neuromuscular disease which is divided into FSHD1 and FSHD2. After years of research, FSHD has established complete molecular diagnostic methods, in which Southern blotting is commonly applied in the diagnosis of FSHD1, and molecular combing (MC) is a novel and simple one. The pathogenesis of FSHD is not yet fully understood, and recent studies have found that it is associated with complex genetic and epigenetic causes. At present, the most recognized molecular mechanism for FSHD is the abnormal expression of DUX4 gene. In addition, the abnormal epigenetic changes in the D4Z4 tandem repeat sequence of 4q region were involved in the pathogenesis of FSHD. There is no cure for FSHD, and some progress has been made in some precise treatment methods for its pathogenesis, such as toxic DUX4 protein removal. In this paper, the diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment history of FSHD are summarized, so that readers understand the history and present situation of FSHD research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explain the clinical features of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), the most common peripheral vertigo disease, from the view of vestibular pathophysiology. Firstly, it overviews several important principles in vestibular pathophysiology, including the relative density of otolith and endolymph and its spatial position relation with semicircular canal, Flourens' law, Ewald's second law, endolymph hydrodynamics caused by otolith shift, semicircular canals working as pairs, coupling of semicircular canal - extraocular muscle and central velocity storage. Secondly, use these principles to explain the clinical features of BPPV, differences between posterior and horizontal semicircular canal BPPV and the nystagmus characteristics during maneuver therapy. Finally, it presents some opinions on the diagnosis and treatment of BPPV, also based on these principles, including the differences between canalithiasis and cupulolithiasis, repositioning maneuver method and diagnosis of anterior semicircular canal BPPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, great progress has been made in the treatment of neurogenetic diseases. Specific drugs have been used to treat diseases that were uncurable in the past, and there are noteworthy curative effects. For example, oral intake of PCT124 can improve the squatting and walking ability of children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Intrathecal injection of Nusinersen Sodium enables children with spinal muscular atrophy 2 to stand and walk. Meanwhile, specific treatment in the early stages of the disease should be emphasized. In addition, this paper put forward my views on the issues that need attention during the specific drug therapy, as well as the comprehensive treatment such as nutrition, nursing and rehabilitation after the therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, after Delphi consultation and on-site discussion, the international expert team formed an international consensus on the management algorithm of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients with intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. The consensus aims to guide the implementation of reasonable tiered clinical treatment for patients with TBI who only underwent ICP monitoring. In this paper, the consensus involved in the tiered management process of intracranial hypertension monitoring and the judgment process of withdrawing ICP monitoring and sedation holiday were interpreted, in order to introduce the progress in the field of TBI to the readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Diagnoses and treatments of chronic alcoholic toxic cerebral encephalopathy: an expert consensus" published in 2018 summarized the definition and current status, clinical manifestations and features, neuroimaging and pathological features of chronic alcoholic toxic cerebral encephalopathy, recommended clinical screening and assessing scales and developed treatment protocols based on national conditions and a lot of experts' opinions. This paper explained partial contents of the consensus based on problems in clinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease, and added and discussed some controversial points not included in the consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atrial fibrillation is an independent risk factor for acute ischemic stroke and the effect on thrombolytic outcome is not clear. This paper reviews the efficacy and safety of intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke patients with atrial fibrillation and thrombolytic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation who are taking oral anticoagulants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common hereditary muscular disease. This paper introduced the research status, problems, and solutions of DMD in China, and latest progress of treatment of DMD on the international. What's more, we set up the DMD medical map: training DMD experts in the hospital which was close to the address of DMD patients, in order to facilitate the DMD patients for treatment and guidance at different stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which is a safe and noninvasive method for inducing or enhancing neural plasticity, can promote the recovery of post - stroke aphasia (PSA). This paper explores the possible mechanisms of verbal recovery in patients with PSA, and analyzes the role of bilateral hemispheres and cerebellum in speech recovery to review the research progress of application of tDCS in PSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a group of diseases including abnormal cortical layer, abnormal cell structure and abnormal white matter. It is one of the main causes of intractable epilepsy. In this paper, the clinical manifestations, EEG and MRI characteristics of FCD in children and adolescents were summarized in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment level of clinicians. Methods The clinical symptoms, EEG and MRI manifestations of 22 cases were retrospectively analyzed. Results Among 22 cases, 13 cases (59.09%) only showed focal seizures, 6 cases (27.27%) only showed generalized seizures, and 3 cases (13.64%) showed focal to generalized seizures. The seizure frequency of 22 patients was namely: 6 cases (27.27%) had seizures daily, 13 cases (59.09%) were more than one time/month, and 3 cases (13.64% ) were less than one time/month. EEG in 21 cases (95.45% ) showed abnormal slow waves and epileptiform discharges. MRI of 12 cases showed FCD in frontal lobe, the scalp EEG of whom showed abnormal slow waves and epileptiform discharges in focal frontal region in 7 cases (7/12), extensive slow waves and spike and slow wave complex in 2 cases (2/12), temporal sharp waves in 2 cases (2/12), and a small amount of sharp waves at midline in one case (1/12). Simple focal seizures occurred in 7 cases (7/12), generalized seizures occurred in 4 cases (4/12), and focal to generalized seizures occurred in one case (1/12). MRI of 6 cases showed FCD in parietal lobe, the scalp EEG of whom showed abnormal slow waves and epileptiform discharges in focal parietal region in 3 cases (3/ 6), epileptiform discharges in temporo - occipital region in 2 cases (2/6), and no abnormality in one case (1/ 6). Simple focal seizures occurred in 5 cases (5/6), and focal to generalized seizures occurred in one case (1/6). MRI of 2 cases showed FCD in temporal lobe, the scalp EEG of whom showed abnormal slow waves and epileptiform discharges in focal temporal region in one case (1/2) and epileptiform discharges in frontal region in one case (1/2). Generalized seizures occurred in those 2 cases. MRI of 2 cases showed FCD in insular lobe, the scalp EEG of whom showed epileptiform discharges in bilateral temporal regions in one case (1/2) and sharp waves and sharp and slow wave complex of all lead in one case (1/2). Simple focal seizures occurred in one case (1 /2) and focal to generalized seizures occurred in one case (1/2). Conclusions FCD mostly occurs in preschool and school age. Epileptic seizures are focal or generalized, other seizure type can also be seen, and the frequency is high. Head MRI is an important method for diagnosing FCD. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) therapy is mostly used to control epileptic seizures. Epilepsy surgeries should be considered if the curative effect of AEDs is poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In recent years, more and more researches focused on the neural mechanism of primary insomnia (PI), especially with the development and application of MRI, and researches of brain structure and function related with primary insomnia were more and more in - depth. According to the hyperarousal hypothesis, there are abnormal structure, function and metabolism under certain brain regions of the cortex and subcortex of primary insomnia patients, including amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, insular lobe, frontal lobe and parietal lobe. This paper reviewed the research progress of neural mechanisms of primary insomnia by using MRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional neuroimaging is currently the most favorite tool in the field of brain science. This paper reviewed the history of functional neuroimaging, emphasized the origination, development and current status of fMRI, and explored future direction of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]