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Background Para-infectious encephalopathy is an acute inflammatory encephalopathy secondary to a systemic infectious disease, including acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) and mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS). This paper reports on 3 cases of SARS-CoV-2 related to para-infectious encephalopathy diagnosed and treated in The Ordos Central Hospital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from December 2022 to February 2023, and reviews relevant literature to summarize the clinical characteristics of the disease. Methods and Results The 3 patients with SARS-CoV-2 related to para-infectious encephalopathy, including 2 cases of SARS-CoV-2 related to ANE and one case of SARS-CoV-2 related to MERS were reported. Three patients developed consciousness disorder 2-4 d after fever, and still had aphasia, mental abnormality, convulsions, etc.. SARS-CoV-2 throat swab was positive. Head MRI showed one abnormal signal of brain stem and bilateral thalamus, one abnormal signal of bilateral thalamus, and one abnormal pressure of corpus callosum. All received hormone shock therapy and (or) intravenous immunoglobulin. One died, and 2 cases were recovered. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 related to para-infectious encephalopathy including SARS-CoV-2 related to ANE and MERS and other clinical subtypes, the former has rapid progress, severe disease, high disability rate and fatality rate and poor prognosis, while the latter has relatively mild symptoms and better prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a research hotspot in recent 20 years. In order to standardize the name and definition of the imaging features of CSVD, the STandards for ReportIng Vascular changes on nEuroimaging (STRIVE) recommended the imaging diagnostic criteria for CSVD in 2013, namely STRIVE-1. In 2023, this standard updated according to the research achievement in recent 10 years. This paper aims to introduce STRIVE- 2, especially focus on explaining the differences between these two standards in order to help clinicians and researchers understand the changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathogenesis of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is not yet clear, and there is no effective treatment method at present. MRI is an important imaging in diagnosing. In this paper, the imaging markers and scoring methods and criteria of CSVD are elaborated, and the diagnosing and grading methods of CSVD are discussed, to provide theoretical basis for diagnosis and treatment of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

7T ultra-high field MRI (7T MRI), with its high resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high contrast, is superior to conventional field intensity MRI in clinical applications such as diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), assisting in the identification of pathological subtypes of the both, locating the scope of surgical excision, and has made progress in the diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). This paper aims to review the clinical application value and research progress of 7T MRI in order to promote its application in the field of diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are the main causes of disability and death, and atherosclerosis is an important cause. The incidence of atherosclerosis in premenopausal women is significantly lower than that in men of the same age, while the incidence of atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women is significantly higher than that in men of the same age, which is closely related to estrogen levels. In this paper, sex differences in atherosclerosis were reviewed from the aspects of imaging examination, risk factors, intestinal microbiome and vascular inflammatory effects on atherosclerosis, to provide evidence for precision medical treatment of atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurointervention surgery is an important method for diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders and related brain scientific research. Robot-assisted neurointervention surgery can improve the minimally invasive and accurate interventional surgery, which is an important research direction. At present, the navigation technology of neurointervention surgery has gradually developed from the traditional optical navigation to MRI navigation, the interventional materials have developed from rigid puncture needle to active flexible puncture needle, and the surgical path planning and navigation technology and the surgical robot control technology have also been developing. This paper summarizes the four key technologies mentioned above and reviews the research progress of robot-assisted neurointervention surgery to promote its clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders in which progressive loss of neurons due to abnormal protein deposits causes structural and functional changes in the brain, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). In brain imaging studies of neurodegenerative diseases, resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) has been widely used, with most studies analysing static features of brain function. However, the human brain is dynamic and its neural activity is non - stationary, and static studies can not reveal the time - varying features of brain function. In recent years, many studies have used dynamic analysis of brain function based on rs-fMRI in order to reveal the dynamic nature of complex neural activity in the brain and further investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms and diagnostic markers of disease. In this paper, we will briefly introduce the rs-fMRI analysis method, the common methods of rs-fMRI-based dynamic analysis of brain function and its application and research progress in common neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (fifth edition) was released. One of the biggest differences between new edition tumors classification and the previous editions is that the pediatric - type diffuse low - grade gliomas and the pediatric - type diffuse high - grade gliomas are classified into independent tumor families. This change is based on the fact that although pediatric - type diffuse gliomas morphologically resemble their adult counterparts, while their molecular genetics features are completely different, and the prognosis of these tumors with different molecular genetics features is different accordingly, so different treatment strategies are needed. Physicians and surgeons need to know of the features of these pediatric - type diffuse gliomas. This paper reviews the existing literature, and the pathological reports and imaging data of our hospital, summarizes the imaging and pathological diagnostic features, as well as the clinical manifestations, prognostic features and treatment suggestions of these pediatric-type diffuse gliomas. This review will provide an annotation from the view of diagnosis and treatment on pediatric-type diffuse gliomas for the physicians and surgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MRI is the most clear and accurate imaging technique for detecting muscle involvement. In recent years, MRI has been widely used in diagnosis and follow-up of muscle disorders. A variety of muscle disorders have specific selective muscle involvement patterns. There is accumulating evidence that patterns of involved muscles shown by muscle MRI can help delineate the possible diagnoses. The aim of this paper is to state MRI manifestations of hereditary myopathies, so as to improve neurologist's understanding of muscle MRI and promote application of muscle MRI in diagnosis of hereditary myopathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gait disorder appears in the whole process of Parkinson's disease (PD), which causes disability and serious affects in PD patients. The mechanism of gait disorder in PD is still unclear. Functional brain - neuroimaging can be used to analyse the characteristics and rules of brain functional activity related to gait disorder in PD, and has important clinical significance in revealing the neural physiopathologia mechanism of gait disorder, guiding the treatment and evaluating the curative effect. This paper briefly summarizes the research progress of fMRI and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in gait disorder of PD, to provide reference for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate brain plasticity by resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI), and to explore the potential neuroendocrine mechanism of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in improving post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) in patients with low thyroid hormone (TH) level. Methods A total of 28 patients with PSCI with low TH level who received rehabilitation treatment in Shijiazhuang People's Hospital from August 2020 to December 2021 were randomly divided into rTMS group (n = 15) and control group (n = 13). Cognitive function was assessed by Montreal Cognitive Scale (MoCA) before and 4 weeks after rTMS, and serum levels of tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured by double antibody sandwich method. rs - fMRI was used to calculate the fractional amplitude of low - frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and observe the activated brain regions after stimulation. Pearson correlation analysis was used to obtain the distribution of synchronous changes of activated brain areas based on whole-brain functional connection strength of hypothalamus and serum TH level in 2 groups. Results After 4 weeks of intervention, compared with control group, MoCA score (F = 1163.054, P = 0.000), and serum T3 (F = 1111.685, P = 0.000), T4 (F = 847.333, P = 0.000), TSH (F = 251.316, P = 0.000) in rTMS group was increased. In rTMS group, fALFF value increased mainly in posterior cerebellar lobe (t = 4.699, P < 0.05), middle frontal gyrus (t = 4.356, P < 0.05) and superior frontal gyrus (t = 5.675, P < 0.05), while fALFF value decreased in superior temporal gyrus (t = -7.874, P <0.05) and middle temporal gyrus (t = - 5.776, P < 0.05). The enhanced functional connectivity of the whole brain with bilateral hypothalamus as the region of interest (ROI) and the simultaneous increase of serum T3 and TSH levels were mainly concentrated in the cerebellum, frontal lobe and parahippocampal gyrus. Conclusions rTMS can indirectly affect hypothalamic function through cerebral cortex, increase serum TH level and improve cognitive function in PSCI patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To summarize the clinical features of optic neuritis (ON) complicated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and evaluate the effectiveness of different treatment regimens, recurrence of ON, visual prognosis, HBV reactivation, liver function and liver structure changes. Methods and Results Total 19 patients (23 eyes) with acute ON complicated with chronic HBV infection admitted to Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2015 to June 2021 were included. There were 13 females and 6 males, 15 cases with monocular onset, 17 cases with unidirectional course of disease, and 6 cases with optic disc edema. The time to the worst visual acuity (peak time) was 3 (2, 7) d after onset, and 16/23 eyes had severe visual impairment. Enhanced MRI showed abnormal intensity in orbital, intraductal or intracranial segments of optic nerve, even involving optic nerve sheath and optic chiasm. Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) was positive in 5 cases and A type Sjögren's syndrome antibody (SSA) was weakly positive in one case. Cerebrospinal fluid (CBF) pressure decreased in 1/7 cases and white blood cell count increased in 2/7 cases. HBV DNA positive group (HBV DNA ≥ 100 IU/ml, 10 cases and 11 eyes) had more severe visual impairment than negative group (HBV DNA < 100 IU/ml, 9 cases and 12 eyes), the difference was statistically significant (Fisher's exact probability: P = 0.005, 0.003). HBV DNA positive group was treated with entecavir, and the recurrence of ON was ignored during follow-up. HBV DNA negative group didn't receive antiviral therapy, one case progressed to cirrhosis, 3 cases had abnormal liver function, and 2 cases had HBV reactivation. Conclusions The visual function of patients with ON complicated with chronic HBV infection was seriously impaired, and the response to glucocorticoid therapy was not good. The visual impairment of patients with positive HBV DNA was more serious than patients with negative HBV DNA. Patients with ON complicated with chronic HBV infection should be treated with antiviral drugs in combination with glucocorticoid therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a group of diseases including abnormal cortical layer, abnormal cell structure and abnormal white matter. It is one of the main causes of intractable epilepsy. In this paper, the clinical manifestations, EEG and MRI characteristics of FCD in children and adolescents were summarized in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment level of clinicians. Methods The clinical symptoms, EEG and MRI manifestations of 22 cases were retrospectively analyzed. Results Among 22 cases, 13 cases (59.09%) only showed focal seizures, 6 cases (27.27%) only showed generalized seizures, and 3 cases (13.64%) showed focal to generalized seizures. The seizure frequency of 22 patients was namely: 6 cases (27.27%) had seizures daily, 13 cases (59.09%) were more than one time/month, and 3 cases (13.64% ) were less than one time/month. EEG in 21 cases (95.45% ) showed abnormal slow waves and epileptiform discharges. MRI of 12 cases showed FCD in frontal lobe, the scalp EEG of whom showed abnormal slow waves and epileptiform discharges in focal frontal region in 7 cases (7/12), extensive slow waves and spike and slow wave complex in 2 cases (2/12), temporal sharp waves in 2 cases (2/12), and a small amount of sharp waves at midline in one case (1/12). Simple focal seizures occurred in 7 cases (7/12), generalized seizures occurred in 4 cases (4/12), and focal to generalized seizures occurred in one case (1/12). MRI of 6 cases showed FCD in parietal lobe, the scalp EEG of whom showed abnormal slow waves and epileptiform discharges in focal parietal region in 3 cases (3/ 6), epileptiform discharges in temporo - occipital region in 2 cases (2/6), and no abnormality in one case (1/ 6). Simple focal seizures occurred in 5 cases (5/6), and focal to generalized seizures occurred in one case (1/6). MRI of 2 cases showed FCD in temporal lobe, the scalp EEG of whom showed abnormal slow waves and epileptiform discharges in focal temporal region in one case (1/2) and epileptiform discharges in frontal region in one case (1/2). Generalized seizures occurred in those 2 cases. MRI of 2 cases showed FCD in insular lobe, the scalp EEG of whom showed epileptiform discharges in bilateral temporal regions in one case (1/2) and sharp waves and sharp and slow wave complex of all lead in one case (1/2). Simple focal seizures occurred in one case (1 /2) and focal to generalized seizures occurred in one case (1/2). Conclusions FCD mostly occurs in preschool and school age. Epileptic seizures are focal or generalized, other seizure type can also be seen, and the frequency is high. Head MRI is an important method for diagnosing FCD. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) therapy is mostly used to control epileptic seizures. Epilepsy surgeries should be considered if the curative effect of AEDs is poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, more and more researches focused on the neural mechanism of primary insomnia (PI), especially with the development and application of MRI, and researches of brain structure and function related with primary insomnia were more and more in - depth. According to the hyperarousal hypothesis, there are abnormal structure, function and metabolism under certain brain regions of the cortex and subcortex of primary insomnia patients, including amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, insular lobe, frontal lobe and parietal lobe. This paper reviewed the research progress of neural mechanisms of primary insomnia by using MRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional neuroimaging is currently the most favorite tool in the field of brain science. This paper reviewed the history of functional neuroimaging, emphasized the origination, development and current status of fMRI, and explored future direction of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Bilateral medial medullary infarction (MMI) is prone to misdiagnosis. This study summarizes the clinical characteristics of MMI, in order to provide reference to clinicians. Methods and Results The clinical data of the 3 patients with acute bilateral MMI treated in Ruijin Hospital North Campus affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine from January 2017 to January 2022 were collected. All 3 patients had acute onset, one case had acute myelitis-like manifestations (rapidly progressive quadriplegia), one case had intractable hiccup, and the other one had unilateral limb numbness and fatigue as the first manifestation, accompanied by hypoglossal palsy. The head MRI showed acute bilateral MMI (one case without acute lesions on early MRI). Two cases were misdiagnosed because of either presenting lower motor neuron damage signs or having atypical symptoms. All patients improved after antithrombotic therapy for acute cerebral infarction. Conclusions The clinical manifestations of acute bilateral MMI are diverse, and it's easy to be misdiagnosed in the early stage. The diagnosis is mainly based on clinical manifestations and head MRI, which requires early recognition and timely antithrombotic treatment for acute cerebral infarction. The main distinguishing points are whether there are risk factors for stroke, upper motor neuron damage signs, and the treatment was effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly, of which cognitive impairment is the most common non -motor symptom (NMS) affecting the life quality of patients. Cognitive impairment is associated with many factors, and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) is an important pathological change of cognitive impairment in PD. In this paper, we will explain the relationship between WMH and cognitive impairment in PD by the perspective of neuronal pathway, white matter volume change and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), to provide a new direction for the early diagnosis of PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology & Neurosurgery is the property of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology & Neurosurgery and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To study clinicopathological features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and prognosis of mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC). Methods One case of MANEC with brain metastasis was reported focusing on the following aspects: clinical manifestations, histopathological features and immunophenotypes, and the relevant literatures were reviewed. Results A 35-year-old male presented headache and vomiting, and his head CT scan showed a lesion located in the right temporal lobe. The tumor was detected after separating the cerebral cortex during the surgery. The tumor diameter was 3 cm. The tumor was soft and rubbery with ill - defined margins, and rich in blood supply. Under optical microscopy, the tumor was consisted of small round cells of the same size, with focal tumor cells arranged around blood vessels in a pseudorosette manner or papillary manner with brisk mitotic activity. The boundary between tumor and brain tissue was ill - defined. By using immunohistochemical staining, the tumor cells were diffusely positive for synaptophysin (Syn) and CD56, and negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), pan cytokeratin (PCK), CD3, CD20, vimentin (Vim), leukocyte common antigen (LCA), thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), S-100 protein (S-100), neurofilament (NF), nestin (Nes), CK5/6, CK8/ 18 and CD99. Ki - 67 labeling index was about 62% . Sigmoidoscopy was performed later in another hospital and showed a mass in the patient's colon. The colon tumor was biphasic in appearance, and was consisted of two distinct components: isomorphic small round cells and low - middle differentiated adenocarcinoma cells. The small round tumor cells were diffusely positive for Syn and CD56, and negative for PCK. The adenocarcinoma cells showed opposite results. Conclusions MANEC is a rare tumor, which is defined in 2010 by WHO Classification of Digestive, and to the best of our knowledge, MANEC of the colon with brain metastasis has never been described. Therefore, this paper reports the first case of MANEC of the colon with brain metastasis. Definite diagnosis could be made by medical history, typical histopathological characteristics and immunohistochemical expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the relationship between MRI types and epilepsy control following tumor removal of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT). Methods The clinical and follow-up data of DNT cases were retrospectively collected from January 2012 to July 2019, and the data were further analyzed with respect to prognostic factors. Results Epilepsy occurred in all cases. According to MRI-based classification, 8 patients belonged to type I, 4 patients were type II, and the other 2 patients were type III. Tumor total removal was performed in all cases. Postoperative pathological HE staining confirmed each tumor simple contained specific neuronal components in all cases, and in 13 cases, synaptin (Syn), oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (Olig-2) and neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) were positive in routine immunohistochemical staining. In the postoperative follow-up period from 6-84 months, Engel I outcome was achieved in all type I cases and 2 type II cases, Engel III was in 2 type II cases, Engel II was in 2 type III cases. Conclusions Postoperative seizure control in PNT may be closely associated with the MRI types, and type I may have a better prognosis in seizure control following tumor removal than type II and type III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (EMPNST) is a rare malignant soft tissue tumor, and is more common in adult male. EMPNST originates from nerve, mainly located in the limbs, head and neck, and spine. It is an aggressive tumor with high tendency for local recurrence, and about half of the cases appear distant metastasis. This paper aims to investigate the clinicopathological features of cervial EMPNST. Methods and Results A 48 - year - old male mainly presented weakness of limbs, expecially left lower extremty with ankle swelling. MRI showed space - occupying lesion in segment C3-5, considering recurrence of intraspinal tumor 2 years after operation. Tumor resection, repairing of spinal dura mater and laminectomy were made from inion to C7 level. It was found during the surgery that most part of the tumor was located in front of C3-5 spinal nerve, left intraspinal and outside of dura mater. Because part of the tumor grew through the opening of titanium plate, the tumor could not be totally removed. According to postoperative histomorphological observation, tumor cells arranged in sheets or nests, and were separated by fibrous tissue. Most tumor cells were epithelioid, while small part of tumor cells were fusiform. Frequent mitotic activity was found, and part of the region appeared focal necrosis. Immunohistochemical staining showed that tumor cells were positive for pan cytokeratin (PCK), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), vimentin (Vim), synaptophysin (Syn), chromogranin A (CgA), and S?100 protein (S?100); and were negative for actin, desmin (Des), progestrone receptor (PR), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), CD34, CD31 and HMB45; Ki - 67 labeling index was above 25% . Reticular fiber staining showed that the epithelioid cell nests were surrounded by reticular fibers. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detection showed negative for SS18 gene translocation. Combining with the history, the final pathological diagnosis was cervical EMPNST. Conclusion EMPNST lacks of morphological characteristics, and needs to be differentiated from a variety of benign or malignant tumors exhibiting epithelioid features. It is considered that clinical materials, morphological features and immunophenotype are helpful to avoid confusion with other similar lesions. S?100 is not a specific marker, but is a valuable diagnostic index. PCK and EMA can present strongly positive expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a transient dysfunction caused by the damage of peripheral nerve and central nervous system, characterized with hyperalgesia, allodynia and spontaneous pain. Surgical treatment of neuropathic pain has experienced a long process, and plays an important role. This paper reviews recent documents of surgical techniques in the treatment of neuropathic pain. There are three kinds of surgical techniques: neuromodulation, microsurgical lesions and nerve decompression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is a low-grade glioma that occurs mainly in the cerebellum of children and young adults. This article is to report a rare case of PA with angiocentric arrangement in the supratentorial region of a 28 - year - old male. The pathomorphism of this tumor is different from that of typical PA, since most tumor cells grow in single layer around the hyalinized degenerative vessels, that is to say, angiocentric pattern. This paper aims to discuss the clinical, imaging and pathological features of PA with angiocentric arrangement and clinicopathological differentiations from relevant tumors, so as to improve the ability of diagnosing and differentiating this kind of tumor. Methods and Results A 28 - year - old male with no significant past history presented with repeated grand mal seizures and did not recover in the treatment with antiepileptic drugs. Physical and neurological examinations were normal. Electroencephalography (EEG) found no typical epileptic wave or focal d wave. CT and MRI showed a superficial cystic mass with a mural nodule and clear boundary in the left frontal cortex. During the resection of the tumor, the lesion was identified as cystic structure on the surface and solid structure within the cyst wall. Optical microscopy findings revealed that tumour cells with round or oval nuclei and cytoplasm showing slender hair-like protuberance of both ends were arranged in single layer around hyalinized blood vessels. Some tumor cells with fusiform nuclei showed compact fascicles or loose stellate reticulum. Rosenthal fibers and eosinophilic granular bodies were occasionally seen. According to immunohistochemical staining, the tumor cells were diffusely positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Vimentin (Vim), S-100 protein (S-100), Nestin, CD56, and focally positive for Olig2, while the tumor cells were negative for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), P53, neuronal nuclei antigen (NeuN), neurofilament protein (NFP), synaptophysin (Syn) and CD34. The overall MIB - 1 labeling index was 1% . According to these findings, the tumor was diagnosed as PA with angiocentric arrangement in the left frontal lobe (WHO Grade I). The patient was not given further treatment including radiotherapy or chemotherapy after surgery. One year follow - up showed no onset of seizures or tumor recurrence. Conclusion This is the first case report of a cerebrellum PA with extensive angiocentric arrangement in an adult. According to the clinical and histomorphological (including the angiocentric arrangement) features, the differential diagnosis should include pilomyxoid astrocytoma, astroblastoma, angiocentric glioma, cortical ependymoma and papillary glioneuronal tumor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology & Neurosurgery is the property of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology & Neurosurgery and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology & Neurosurgery is the property of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Neurology & Neurosurgery and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background Papillary tumor of the pineal region (PTPR) is a newly recognized distinct entity in the 2007 WHO nomenclature. This tumor is characterized by epithelial - appearing areas with papillary features and more densely cellular areas that often display ependymal-like differentiation, which is likely to originate from the specialized ependymocytes of subcommissural organ near the Sylvian cerebral aqueduct. Due to its rarity and non - specific appearance in radiological exanimation, it is a diagnostic challenge for radiologists and histopathologists to differentiate PTPR from other primary or metastatic lesions located in the pineal region because of their similarities in radiological and histological findings. The aim of this study is to summarize the clinicopathological features of PTPR and discuss the differential diagnosis of histologically similar papillary tumors in pineal region. Methods The clinical manifestations of a patient with PTPR occurring in supratentorial pineal region were presented retrospectively. Resected mass was routinely paraffin - embedded and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Dako EnVision immunohistochemical staining system was used to detect the tumor antigen expressions, including vimentin (Vim), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S-100 protein (S-100), pan cytokeratin (PCK), cytokeratin 7 (CK7), CK20, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN), synaptophysin (Syn), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and Ki-67 labeling index (MIB-1). Results A 57-year-old male patient presented with 6-month history of mild headache, and became severe in last one month. MRI revealed a solid well - circumscribed lesion in supratentorial midline near the pineal region and the posterior third ventricle with mild heterogeneous enhancement. Craniotomy was performed and the tumor was removed totally. Histological examination revealed that the lesion contained papillary areas lined by columnar epithelioid tumor cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and more cellular areas with cells exhibiting clear or eosinophilic cytoplasm. Perivascular pseudorosettes and ependymal rosettes may be identified. The tumor cells were observed to invade the surrounding brain parenchymal. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the tumor cells were diffusely positive to Vim, PCK and S-100, but negative to GFAP, EMA, CK7 and CK20. Syn and NSE were observed to be focally weak positivity. Ki-67 labeling index was approximately 5%. Based on clinical presentations and histological findings, a final histological diagnosis of PTPR, WHO grade II - III, was made according to the criteria of WHO classification. The patient did not receive chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and was followed-up for 12 months, without any neurological deficit or signs of recurrence. Conclusions PTPR is a rare tumor of central nervous system with aggressive clinical behaviors. Due to the relative paucity of reported cases of PTPR, its natural history is unknown. Histological grading criteria remain undefined, and the prognosis of tumor is uncertain. Due to similarities in histological findings, it may be difficult to differentiate PTPR from other primary or metastatic tumors with prominent papillary feature occurring in central nervous system. Thorough inspection under the microscopy and appropriate immunohistochemical profile are necessary for correct diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) brought about much pressure in modern aging society both economically and psychologically, so it is meaningful to carry out AD research. Being considered as the most successful multi-center, inter-disciplinary and longitudinal research in AD field, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) has obtained outstanding achievements. In this review, we attempt to introduce the research plan of ADNI project for reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]