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Objective To investigate the effect of retaining fascia on the survival of dorsal flap in rats, and to explore the hemodynamic changes and mechanisms. Methods From January 2016 to April 2016, 30 healthy SD rats were selected from Department of Plastic Surgery of The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University. A local in situ flap model with a size of 2.0 cm×8.0 cm was established on the right back of the rat, randomly divided into 3 groups A, B and C with 10 rats in each group. Group A was the perforator pedicle flap group, group B was the perforator fascial pedicle flap group, group C was the random flap group. In group A and B, the right posterior intercostal vessel was used as the perforating vessel of the flap. The skin flap color, swelling and necrosis were observed postoperatively, and the survival rate of the three groups was calculated at 7 and 14 days postoperatively. The blood perfusion values of the three groups were compared within 7 days after the operation. Back flap angiography was performed by gelatin-lead oxide perfusion to observe the vascular structure of the flap at 7 and 14 days postoperatively. Results Seven and 14 days after the operation, the survival rate of groups A and B was significantly higher than that of group C, and the survival rate of group B was higher than that of group A (P<0.05). There was no statistical significance between 7 and 14 days after surgery (P>0.05), gelatin-lead oxide perfusion angiography showed that the number of true vascular anastomoses in group B was significantly higher than that in other groups. Conclusion Reserving the perforator pedicle and surrounding fascia of the flap is more beneficial to the survival of the flap than reserving the perforator or fascia alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]