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The U.S. 89 Archaeological Project investigated 41 prehistoric sites located approximately 30 km north of Flagstaff, Arizona. All sites were on Coconino National Forest (CNF) land, specifically the Peaks Ranger District. The project was conducted hy Desert Archaeology, Inc., personnel for the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) prior to widening and improvement of 26.7 km (16.6 miles) of U.S. 89, between the southern boundary of Wupatki National Monument in the north, and the town of Fernwood in the south. Archaeological fieldwork occurred over two primary field seasons in 1997 and 1998, with a very brief field season in 1999. A total of almost 12 person-years of labor was expended on the fieldwork. The U.S. 89 project area crosses diverse environmental zones, ranging from juniper-sage grasslands in the north at approximately 5,700 ft (1,737 m) asl, to ponderosa pine forests at over 7,200 ft (2,195 m) asl in the south. Mixed pinyon pine and juniper woodlands comprise the middle elevations. Five elevation zones were defined, using increments of 500 ft as a proxy for changes in precipitation, temperature, and vegetation. Additionally, all project area sites are within 25 km of Sunset Crater, with the closest sites only 5-6 km west of the volcano. Sunset Crater erupted for a very short period (months to a few years) sometime between A.D. 1050 and 1125. Basalt lava from the eruption covered an area of approximately 8 km2, while another 2,300 km2 was covered by cinder and ash deposits. Sunset Crater cinders were found on all project area sites. An isopach map of cinder depth constructed for this project indicates that, minimally, the U.S. 89 sites were covered with from 5-50 cm of volcanic material, which had a significant impact on prehistoric settlement, subsistence, and economic systems. Prehistoric adaptation to environmental variability, as well as to the Sunset Crater eruption, were primary research themes. This volume presents the analyses of the non-ceramic artifacts from the 41 investigated sites. These artifacts comprise approximately 16.5 percent of the 98,329 total recovered artifacts: 15,610 pieces of flaked stone, 1,163 pieces of ground stone, 96 bone tools, 70 pieces of shell, and 237 miscellaneous artifacts, which include stone beads, jewelry, and pieces of pigment. Additionally, 3,493 pieces of unworked animal bone were also recovered.

The Tonto Creek Archaeological Project (TCAP), funded by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT), was conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., in advance of the 1994-1996 realignment of Arizona State Route 188 in the Tonto Basin of east-central Arizona. From 1992 to 1996, portions of 27 archaeological sites were investigated. Site components ranged in date from the Middle Archaic period to the Late Historic era. Most dated to the Colonial, Sedentary, and early Classic periods, circa A.D. 750-1325. A total of 108 pithouse, pitroom, and mason surface structures were excavated, as well as numerous other cultural features. These are discussed in Anthropological Papers No. 22, which contains the site and non-mortuary feature descriptions as well as background information on project methods, chronology, and the local environment. More than 300 burials were recovered, with early Classic inhumations accounting for nearly 90 percent of the sample. The burial descriptions and analyses of osteodontic remains and artifact classes recovered primarily from mortuary contexts are presented in Anthropological Papers No. 24. The artifact classes include shell and ground stone jewelry, bone artifacts, wooden objects, and clay-lined painted baskets. Anthropological Papers No. 23 (Volume 1) reports on the various analyses conducted on the ceramic assemblage recovered from both domestic and mortuary contexts in the project area. This volume, Anthropological Papers No. 23 (Volume 2) discusses the analyses of flaked and ground stone, pollen, botanical, and faunal remains. Among the important findings of the flaked stone analysis (Chapter 9) is the association of "high" side-notched projectile points with Miami/Hardt phase contexts. This point type is one of the few diagnostic artifacts from this pivotal and inadequately resolved interval. The proliferation of projectile points during the Classic period, in terms of both quantity and types, and potentially more lethal design suggests increased conflict shortly before final abandonment of the project area. The meager Classic period faunal assemblage (Chapter 13) is dominated by small animals, indicating the heightened interest in projectile points is not related to an increase in large game hunting. Temporal trends in ground stone (Chapter 10) include an increase, over time, in the proportion of designed artifacts over expedient tools. The variety of tools and the range of activities in which they are utilized also increase. By the Classic period, a significant portion of the ground stone tool assemblage was used in nonfood-processing activities such as architectural construction, shaftsmoothing, hideworking, and woodworking. Several unique contexts are also described in detail, including a cache of ground and unworked stone items recovered from a floor pit in a small pre-Classic pithouse that may have been used as a sweat lodge. Sagebrush was the only economic pollen type recovered from this structure. A large and varied collection of macrobotanical remains (Chapter 11) and pollen (Chapter 12) was recovered from the project area. The presence of maize in Early Agricultural contexts at the Boatyard site indicates this cultigen has a long history in the Tonto Basin, extending back at least into the first millennium B.C. Although maize continues to be an important resource throughout the prehistoric sequence, the TCAP macrobotanical record documents a dramatic increase in agave and wild grass exploitation during the perhaps "not-so" Sedentary period. Notable trends in the Classic period botanical assemblage include continued high maize and agave ubiquities and a substantial increase in cotton ubiquity. The latter may be related to an expansion of irrigation systems in the adjacent Tonto Creek floodplain as indicated by elevated Evening Primrose Family pollen counts.

This volume presents analyses of the ceramics collected from excavations conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc. as part of the Tonto Creek Archaeological Project (TCAP) in the Tonto Basin, Gila County, of east-central Arizona. The project was funded by the Arizona Department of Transportation prior to the widening and realignment of State Route 188 from 1994 to 1996. Over the course of fieldwork from 1992 to 1996, 27 sites were investigated through mapping, surface collection, and excavation. Site components ranged in age from the Middle Archaic to the late Historic era. This volume reports on materials from ceramic period components at prehistoric sites, generally dating from about A.D. 700 to A.D. 1350. A synthetic period-level approach is taken, rather than site-by-site treatment; site-specific discussions are found in Anthropological Papers Number 22, Volumes 1 and 2. The primary goal in this volume is to examine basin-wide temporal trends of functional and stylistic change in ceramic assemblages, patterns of production and distribution, and general ceramic technology. The Pioneer, Colonial, Sedentary, and early Classic periods are represented in the ceramic assemblage. Investigated sites include seasonal farmsteads and year-round habitation sites, as well as several limited-activity sites. Occupational, functional, and temporal variation are well established in the data set. In addition to extensive sherd collections from domestic contexts (architectural and general refuse), 1,259 whole and reconstructible vessels from all contexts were analyzed, including 1,044 from mortuary contexts. Analyses focused on temporal trends in ceramic assemblages, production and exchange, functional variation, and stylistic variation. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the ceramic collection. General temporal trends are summarized, the project area is placed in regional context, and basic research questions are formulated. Chapter 2 addresses chronological issues, including site dating, temporal trends in settlement, and temporal variation in ceramic wares and vessel forms. Chapter 3 details the petrographic analysis used to model production and exchange of utilitarian pottery manufactured within the Tonto Basin. A synthetic treatment of ceramic production and exchange is presented in Anthropological Papers Number 25. Chapter 4 presents a detailed analysis of whole and reconstructible vessels, including variation in form and size. Chapter 5 explores functional variation in the whole vessel collection. A study of the worked sherds, particularly perforated disks (or "spindle whorls"), is presented in Chapter 6. A stylistic analysis of decorated whole vessels is the topic of Chapter 7, focusing on attributes that distinguish "local" or Tonto Basin design structures from nonlocal designs. Chapter 8 synthesizes the preceding chapters. Conclusions are drawn from the detailed analyses that bear on the general research questions posed in Chapter 1. Temporal and regional implications of these results are also discussed.

Archaeological excavations at El Dumpe and the Embankment site were conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc. in the summer of 1994. The Arizona Department of Transportation had made plans to install frontage roads on each side of Interstate 10, between Speedway Boulevard and Grant Road. Archaeological testing had previously suggested these sites might be National Register eligible. Work at El Dumpe involved collecting samples from this 1930s to 1940s dump. The University of Arizona Garbage Project coordinated data recovery and artifact analysis. The study focused on how the Depression and World War II affected Tucson residents. The findings suggest that some rationing took place during the war. Tucson residents also purchased more products bottled in glass during the war, a trend that continued afterward. An archival study provides a history of refuse disposal for the Tucson area. Excavations at the Embankment site uncovered a large stone foundation and associated features, including a large trash deposit. The building appears to have been torn down around 1944 or 1945. The artifacts recovered suggest the structure was a restaurant or tavern. Unfortunately, no surviving documents were found for the building.

This report summarizes the results of an archaeological mitigation project for a 30-ft-wide right-of-way for an access road to Tucson Water's new reservoir at the Julian Wash site, AZ BB:13:17 (ASM). This project uncovered a cluster of five pithouses and 36 related extramural features that date to the transition between the Middle and Late Rincon subphases in the Tucson Basin Hohokam chronology, about A.D 1070 to 1150. The cluster of pithouses is probably part of a larger house group arranged around a common courtyard and occupied by a single extended household. A mixed subsistence strategy of farming, foraging, and hunting is represented in the macrobotanical, pollen, and faunal remains, and occupation from at least spring through fall is indicated by the seasons of wild plant resources that were exploited. Maize, beans, and squash were cultivated, probably in the floodplain with canal irrigation, while agave was probably dry farmed on the bajada above. Materials for chipped and ground stone tools were directly procured from local sources. The chipped stone assemblage reflects a largely expedient technology, but with some conservation of tools, flakes, and cores to extend artifact uselife. The ground stone assemblage indicates intensive processing of plants and minerals for food and pigments. Tire limited number and variety of shell artifacts indicate down-the-line exchange of marine shells from the Gulf of California and on-site manufacture of shell ornaments. Identification of pottery temper sources indicates that the pottery was not manufactured at this site; most of it was produced at nearby contemporaneous settlements at the West Branch and St. Mary's sites. Analysis shows that the design styles on the pottery from these two production centers became increasingly distinctive from tire Middle to Late Rincon subphases.

Excavations at the large Hohokam ballcourt settlement of Los Morteros, AZ AA: 12:57 (ASM), in 1987 and 1988 resulted in the identification of 770 prehistoric cultural features, including 349 structures, an adobewalled compound enclosure, and at least five discrete cemeteries in the northern and southern portions of the kilometer-long site. Ninety-eight of the structures were fully or partially excavated. Also identified were a historic canal and evidence pointing to the location of the historic Point of the Mountains stage station, the Francisco Ruelas homestead, and a small Yaqui settlement dating to the 1920s. Research focused on the delineation of prehistoric settlement structure over time. The occupation was found to date from the Rillito, Rincon, and Tanque Verde phases of the Tucson Basin sequence. A large number of the structures excavated had burned with substantial floor assemblages, providing a large set of whole or restorable artifacts from well-dated contexts for evaluation. In addition, many large trash deposits were identified and excavated. Analyses of ceramics from unmixed, stratigraphically overlapping deposits led to a refinement of the ceramic chronology, with the Middle Rincon subphase split into Middle Rincon 1, Middle Rincon 2, and Middle Rincon 3 (MR1, MR2, and MR3). Some unusual types of artifacts were recovered, including painted and etched shell, painted bone, a copper bell, three fulgurites, and portions of two macaw skeletons. During the Rincon phase, the settlement was composed of a series of discrete residential loci, each including two to four courtyard groups with one to four structures apiece. Each residential locus appeared to have its own cemetery, horno, and trash disposal area(s). The residential loci were abandoned during the Late Rincon subphase, and a completely different settlement structure was established immediately thereafter, partly overlapping the previous occupation. This Late Rincon and the Tanque Verde phase occupation may have been at least partly seasonal, based on architectural and paleobotanical evidence. A shift in the use of agave accompanied this change in settlement. The compound enclosure, built in the latter portion of the Late Rincon subphase, may have been razed and supplanted in the Tanque Verde phase by two or more adobe structures that lacked an enclosing wall. New data are presented on the Linda Vista trincheras and on a masonry wall that blocks access to the hillside village. Alternatives to current models of community cohesion are presented that consider the possibility of conflict and greater mobility in settlement placement over time.

In August, 1990, archaeologists from Desert Archaeology, Inc. monitored the excavation of a water pipeline trench through the northeastern edge of a multiple-occupation archaeological site sitting upon and buried within an alluvial fan at the western edge of the Santa Cruz River terrace. Several prehistoric cultural features in a buried occupation horizon were identified. Mesquite wood charcoal from the floor of a pithouse yielded a conventional radiocarbon date of 3040 ± 1 1 0 B.P. (radiocarbon years before A.D. 1950), confirming a Late Archaic date for this phase of site occupation. Charred maize cupules and kernels identified in samples of sediment from the pithouse floor represent, therefore, new evidence of the earliest phase of agricultural settlement along the river valleys of the Sonoran Desert.