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This study explored the feasibility of adjuvant immunotherapy after NICT and surgery. A retrospective study was conducted on NSCLC patients who underwent NICT and surgery. Two patient groups were defined based on their adjuvant therapy after NICT and surgery: the Chemo group (chemotherapy alone) and the Immuno+Chemo group (chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy). Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were also analyzed. In total, 209 patients were enrolled. The median DFS for the Immuno+Chemo group and the Chemo group was not reached vs. 26 months (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.498, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.315-0.787, p  = 0.002). A significant difference in OS was also observed; however, the median OS was not reached in either group (HR: 0.526, 95% CI: 0.287-0.965, p  = 0.034). Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy was significantly more effective than adjuvant chemotherapy alone in patients with NSCLC treated with NICT and surgery., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024 The Authors.)