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Summary Memories are thought to be retrieved by attractor dynamics if a given input is sufficiently similar to a stored attractor state [ 1–5 ]. The hippocampus, a region crucial for spatial navigation [ 6–12 ] and episodic memory [ 13–18 ], has been associated with attractor-based computations [ 5, 9 ], receiving support from the way rodent place cells “remap” nonlinearly between spatial representations [ 19–22 ]. In humans, nonlinear response patterns have been reported in perceptual categorization tasks [ 23–25 ]; however, it remains elusive whether human memory retrieval is driven by attractor dynamics and what neural mechanisms might underpin them. To test this, we used a virtual reality [ 7, 11, 26–28 ] task where participants learned object-location associations within two distinct virtual reality environments. Participants were subsequently exposed to four novel intermediate environments, generated by linearly morphing the background landscapes of the familiar environments, while tracking fMRI activity. We show that linear changes in environmental context cause linear changes in activity patterns in sensory cortex but cause dynamic, nonlinear changes in both hippocampal activity pattern and remembered locations. Furthermore, the sigmoidal response in the hippocampus scaled with the strength of the sigmoidal pattern in spatial memory. These results indicate that mnemonic decisions in an ambiguous novel context relate to putative attractor dynamics in the hippocampus, which support the dynamic remapping of memories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer was fascinated by the symptoms of Auguste D., a 50-year-old woman admitted to the Frankfurt Psychiatric Hospital in 1901 who suffered from memory disturbances, paranoia and progressive confusion. After her death and autopsy, Alzheimer described histological alterations in her brain that later came to be known as amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (Figure 1). The case report was published in a psychiatric textbook some years later, and this peculiar and (at the time) seemingly rare illness was later named Alzheimer's disease., (Copyright © 2018.)